Ralf Emmers
Biographic Data
| ID | 4064778 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Ralf Emmers |
| GIVEN NAMES | Ralf |
| FAMILY NAME | Emmers |
| SIGNATURE | EMMERS R |
| AFFILIATIONS | Nanyang Technological University |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 30 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 110 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 29 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2001 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Coalition-building and the politics of hegemonic ordering in the Indo-Pacific
US–China great power competition in the Indo-Pacific is intensifying, with important consequences for the conceptualisation of regional order. However, many debates remain largely wedded to binary analysis, failing to capture the complexity and fluidity of an evolving Indo-Pacific order. This Special Issue posits instead that the US and China are seeking to establish coalitional hegemonies through the competition for power, position and influence…
How Indonesia and Vietnam navigate coalitional networks in the Indo-Pacific
This article explores how two Southeast Asian middle powers, Indonesia and Vietnam, have responded to U.S. and China-led efforts to build coalitional hegemonies in the Indo-Pacific. Through the lens of network analysis, the article argues that while Indonesia and Vietnam have sought to enhance their positions in the coalitional networks that are being established by China and the United States, neither Jakarta nor Hanoi wants to be embedded exclu…
Evaluating the Prospects for US–Southeast Asia Relations under the Second Trump Administration
What are the prospects for the relationship between Trump 2.0 and Southeast Asia? The ties between the US and this region have been inconsistent, with periods of intense engagement but also moments of US distraction or preoccupation with other regions and issues. Given this historical context and the current challenges of discerning a clear strategy toward the region, this article evaluates the possible approach of Trump 2.0 toward Southeast Asia…
Why the quad is not squaring off in the South China Sea: Evaluating interests, objectives and capacity
The Quad has formulated repeated statements confirming their shared interests and common commitment to maritime issues and highlighting the South China Sea as an area of strategic priority. However, beyond diplomatic declarations, the Quad has taken few actions in the maritime domain and none to influence the dynamics of the South China Sea disputes. Why words have not been translated into action is the central question of this article. Comparati…
Keeping the peace in Southeast Asia: Asean and the quest for positive peace
Southeast Asia has gone through a remarkable transformation in recent decades and seen peaceful change since the end of the Cold War era despite great power interference and rivalry and ongoing territorial disputes including the South China Sea conflict. The region has transformed its image from the so-called Balkans of the East in the 1960s and 1970s to an economically competitive and peaceful region today. Despite these accomplishments, the rec…
The Oxford Handbook of Peaceful Change in International Relations
With the rapid rise of China and the relative decline of the United States, the topic of power transition conflicts is back in popular and scholarly attention. The discipline of International Relations offers much on why violent power transition conflicts occur, yet very few substantive treatments exist on why and how peaceful changes happen in world politics. This Handbook is the first comprehensive treatment of the subject of peaceful change in…
Vietnam and the search for security leadership in Asean
Indonesia has traditionally been viewed as a de facto leader of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the regional body remains the cornerstone of Indonesian foreign policy. The paper addresses the question of whether other member states have become influential actors or even sectoral leaders in their own right by playing a direct role in a particular aspect of ASEAN affairs. This question is addressed by examining the regional p…
The Future of the San Francisco System: Pressures and Prospects
This article discusses the pressures on the San Francisco System, and argues that despite these challenges, the hub‐and‐spokes framework is likely to persist. While the impact of these pressures on individual alliances may vary, this system as a whole is expected to modify in three primary ways. Specifically, the San Francisco System is likely to become more diffused, selectively interconnected, as well as characterized by more insecurity toward …
Unpacking Asean Neutrality: The Quest for Autonomy and Impartiality in Southeast Asia
Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs - Volume 40, Number 3, December 2018
Non-Traditional Security in Asia: Dilemmas in Securitization
Contents: Preface Understanding the dynamics of securitizing non-traditional security, Mely Caballero-Anthony and Ralf Emmers Securitization matrix in South Asia: Bangladeshi migrants as enemy alien, Priyankar Upadhyaya Malaysia's approach to Indonesian migrant labor: securitization, politics or catharsis?, Joseph Chinyong Liow Securitizing Piracy in Southeast Asia: Malaysia, the International Maritime Bureau and Singapore, J.N. Mak Securitizing …
Enduring Mistrust and Conflict Management in Southeast Asia: An Assessment of Asean as a Security Community
The paper explores whether the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has matured from a weak cooperative arrangement in its early days into a functioning security community by 2016. It first introduces a Deutschian and a constructivist understanding of security communities before examining ASEAN's involvement in the security realm since 1967. The paper claims that the regional body is not yet a security community, partly due to residual …
What explains the success of preventive diplomacy in Southeast Asia
Inter-state preventive diplomacy (PD) has mostly been regarded as successful in Southeast Asia as evidenced by the absence of inter-state armed conflict. This success has generally been credited to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Yet, in terms of addressing specific crises, the paper argues that three factors are critical to the success of inter-state PD in Southeast Asia: the level of great power interest in particular disputes, the …
Asean’s Search for Neutrality in the South China Sea
This article seeks to make a contribution to the existing literature on the South China Sea issue by focusing on the impact of regional institutions on conflict management and resolution as well as the limits these institutions face when seeking to de-escalate disputes. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has attempted to preserve its neutrality and unity over sovereignty disputes and has focused on the establishment of a conflict …
Regional security strategies of middle powers in the Asia-Pacific
This paper seeks to enrich understandings of middle-power security strategies by examining countries that lack great-power capabilities but still aim to influence the regional security environment. Based on a literature review highlighting the functional and behavioral approaches of middle power diplomacy, we note that these elements could also apply to their regional security strategies. The paper focuses on regional security strategy as a subse…
Indonesia's role in Asean: A case of incomplete and sectorial leadership
Indonesia is often regarded as the natural leader of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in light of its geographical dimensions, large population, strategic position and natural resources. The country has felt entitled to a position of leadership and has generally been recognized by the other ASEAN members as first among equals. While the de facto leadership of Indonesia has traditionally been accepted as conventional wisdom, litt…
Resource Management and Contested Territories in East Asia
The Sea of Japan
The Dokdo/Takeshima dispute has remained a major irritant in Japan-Korea relations, preventing a deepening of diplomatic ties. Nationalism and the quest for natural resources have, in the context of the Dokdo/ Takeshima issue, been locked in a complex relationship. The availability of abundant fisheries in the waters surrounding the islets has caused tensions between the two nations since the 1950s. This chapter discusses the prospect for resourc…
The Five Power Defence Arrangements and Defense Diplomacy in Southeast Asia
The Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA) marked its 40th year of existence on November 1, 2011. What explains the durability of a collection of bilateral consultative arrangements initially conceived in the context of the British military withdrawal from East of Suez? Examining the FPDA as an institutional expression of defense diplomacy in Southeast Asia sheds light on its longevity. The arrangements have successfully operated as a defense dip…
The Asean Regional Forum and Preventive Diplomacy: Built to Fail
Various reasons purport to explain why the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Regional Forum (ARF) has failed to evolve from confidence building to preventive diplomacy (PD). These include the ARF's large membership, its strict adherence to sovereignty and noninterference principles that contradict any effective implementation of PD, and contrasting strategic perspectives among its participants. Although these factors have certainly hindered …
The Asian and global financial crises: Consequences for East Asian regionalism
This article provides a comparative study of the consequences of the Asian and global financial crises for East Asian regionalism. It explains how and why the effects of the two crises on regional institutions were divergent. The differences derived from
The changing power distribution in the South China Sea: Implications for conflict management and avoidance
This article focuses on the changing distribution of power in the South China Sea and assesses the implications this has for conflict management and avoidance. Power is discussed here both in terms of naval military resources and with reference to behaviour and influence. The article argues that there is a growing asymmetry of naval power in the South China Sea to the advantage of China. Southeast Asian claimants are concerned about the rapidly c…
Comprehensive security and resilience in Southeast Asia: Asean's approach to terrorism 1
This paper explores how the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has tackled the threat of terrorism since 9/11 and the Bali bombings. It claims that ASEAN has applied its traditional approach to security, based on comprehensive security and the principle of resilience, when addressing this challenge. The resilience concept underpins the nexus between national and regional security and emphasizes domestic regime consolidation re-enforce…
International Regime-Building in Asean: Cooperation against the Illicit Trafficking and Abuse of Drugs
Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs - Volume 29, Number 3, December 2007
Order and Security in Southeast Asia: Essays in Memory of Michael Leifer
Michael Leifer, who died in 2001, was one of the leading scholars of Southeast Asian international relations. He was hugely influential through his extensive writings and his contacts with people in government and business in the region. In this book, many of Leifer’s students, colleagues and friends come together to explore the key themes of his work on Southeast Asia, including the notion of ‘order’, security, maritime law and foreign policy. T…
Institutional Arrangements to Counter Human Trafficking in the Asia Pacific
Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs - Volume 28, Number 3, December 2006
Asean and the securitization of transnational crime in Southeast Asia
This article studies the securitization of transnational crime by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) since 1996–97. It first introduces transnational crime as a criminal matter before positioning it within the international security debate through an elaboration of the Copenhagen School and its securitization theory. It then examines whether transnational crime has been articulated in security terms in the ASEAN rhetoric. The arti…
Indonesia's role in Asean: A case of incomplete and sectorial leadership
Indonesia is often regarded as the natural leader of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in light of its geographical dimensions, large population, strategic position and natural resources. The country has felt entitled to a position of leadership and has generally been recognized by the other ASEAN members as first among equals. While the de facto leadership of Indonesia has traditionally been accepted as conventional wisdom, litt…
The Asian and global financial crises: Consequences for East Asian regionalism
This article provides a comparative study of the consequences of the Asian and global financial crises for East Asian regionalism. It explains how and why the effects of the two crises on regional institutions were divergent. The differences derived from
Keeping the peace in Southeast Asia: Asean and the quest for positive peace
Southeast Asia has gone through a remarkable transformation in recent decades and seen peaceful change since the end of the Cold War era despite great power interference and rivalry and ongoing territorial disputes including the South China Sea conflict. The region has transformed its image from the so-called Balkans of the East in the 1960s and 1970s to an economically competitive and peaceful region today. Despite these accomplishments, the rec…
The Asean Regional Forum and Preventive Diplomacy: Built to Fail
Various reasons purport to explain why the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Regional Forum (ARF) has failed to evolve from confidence building to preventive diplomacy (PD). These include the ARF's large membership, its strict adherence to sovereignty and noninterference principles that contradict any effective implementation of PD, and contrasting strategic perspectives among its participants. Although these factors have certainly hindered …
The changing power distribution in the South China Sea: Implications for conflict management and avoidance
This article focuses on the changing distribution of power in the South China Sea and assesses the implications this has for conflict management and avoidance. Power is discussed here both in terms of naval military resources and with reference to behaviour and influence. The article argues that there is a growing asymmetry of naval power in the South China Sea to the advantage of China. Southeast Asian claimants are concerned about the rapidly c…
Regional security strategies of middle powers in the Asia-Pacific
This paper seeks to enrich understandings of middle-power security strategies by examining countries that lack great-power capabilities but still aim to influence the regional security environment. Based on a literature review highlighting the functional and behavioral approaches of middle power diplomacy, we note that these elements could also apply to their regional security strategies. The paper focuses on regional security strategy as a subse…
Comprehensive security and resilience in Southeast Asia: Asean's approach to terrorism 1
This paper explores how the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has tackled the threat of terrorism since 9/11 and the Bali bombings. It claims that ASEAN has applied its traditional approach to security, based on comprehensive security and the principle of resilience, when addressing this challenge. The resilience concept underpins the nexus between national and regional security and emphasizes domestic regime consolidation re-enforce…
The Indochinese enlargement of Asean: Security expectations and outcomes
The article examines the extent to which Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia have gained from their participation in ASEAN. To assess the security and diplomatic benefits of their membership, it identifies three expectations held by the Indochinese states—enhanced international status, improved security and relations vis-à-vis other ASEAN members, and more room for manoeuvre when dealing with non-member states. The study demonstrates, however, that while …
Regional Hegemonies and the Exercise of Power in Southeast Asia: A Study of Indonesia and Vietnam
This article investigates efforts by Indonesia and Vietnam to achieve hegemony within their respective sub-regions of Southeast Asia. The two countries have exercised both benevolent and coercive power in their foreign policy. The article examines under which circumstances uses of benevolent and coercive instruments have helped the countries attain hegemony
Enduring Mistrust and Conflict Management in Southeast Asia: An Assessment of Asean as a Security Community
The paper explores whether the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has matured from a weak cooperative arrangement in its early days into a functioning security community by 2016. It first introduces a Deutschian and a constructivist understanding of security communities before examining ASEAN's involvement in the security realm since 1967. The paper claims that the regional body is not yet a security community, partly due to residual …
Vietnam and the search for security leadership in Asean
Indonesia has traditionally been viewed as a de facto leader of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the regional body remains the cornerstone of Indonesian foreign policy. The paper addresses the question of whether other member states have become influential actors or even sectoral leaders in their own right by playing a direct role in a particular aspect of ASEAN affairs. This question is addressed by examining the regional p…
International Regime-Building in Asean: Cooperation against the Illicit Trafficking and Abuse of Drugs
Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs - Volume 29, Number 3, December 2007
Coalition-building and the politics of hegemonic ordering in the Indo-Pacific
US–China great power competition in the Indo-Pacific is intensifying, with important consequences for the conceptualisation of regional order. However, many debates remain largely wedded to binary analysis, failing to capture the complexity and fluidity of an evolving Indo-Pacific order. This Special Issue posits instead that the US and China are seeking to establish coalitional hegemonies through the competition for power, position and influence…
How Indonesia and Vietnam navigate coalitional networks in the Indo-Pacific
This article explores how two Southeast Asian middle powers, Indonesia and Vietnam, have responded to U.S. and China-led efforts to build coalitional hegemonies in the Indo-Pacific. Through the lens of network analysis, the article argues that while Indonesia and Vietnam have sought to enhance their positions in the coalitional networks that are being established by China and the United States, neither Jakarta nor Hanoi wants to be embedded exclu…
Why the quad is not squaring off in the South China Sea: Evaluating interests, objectives and capacity
The Quad has formulated repeated statements confirming their shared interests and common commitment to maritime issues and highlighting the South China Sea as an area of strategic priority. However, beyond diplomatic declarations, the Quad has taken few actions in the maritime domain and none to influence the dynamics of the South China Sea disputes. Why words have not been translated into action is the central question of this article. Comparati…
Unpacking Asean Neutrality: The Quest for Autonomy and Impartiality in Southeast Asia
Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs - Volume 40, Number 3, December 2018
The Five Power Defence Arrangements and Defense Diplomacy in Southeast Asia
The Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA) marked its 40th year of existence on November 1, 2011. What explains the durability of a collection of bilateral consultative arrangements initially conceived in the context of the British military withdrawal from East of Suez? Examining the FPDA as an institutional expression of defense diplomacy in Southeast Asia sheds light on its longevity. The arrangements have successfully operated as a defense dip…
Institutional Arrangements to Counter Human Trafficking in the Asia Pacific
Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs - Volume 28, Number 3, December 2006
The Influence of the Balance of Power Factor within the Asean Regional Forum
While the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) may be seen as an A SEAN attempt to expand to the wider region its approach to co-operative security, its establishment also involved power-balancing considerations. The Forum was created with the denial of hegemony in mind but not in a conventional sense. In deed, the constraining of power was expected to be dependent on political rather than military means. The ARF was conceived as an instrument for ensuring…
The Influence of the Balance of Power Factor within the Asean Regional Forum
Asean and the securitization of transnational crime in Southeast Asia
This article studies the securitization of transnational crime by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) since 1996–97. It first introduces transnational crime as a criminal matter before positioning it within the international security debate through an elaboration of the Copenhagen School and its securitization theory. It then examines whether transnational crime has been articulated in security terms in the ASEAN rhetoric. The arti…
The Indochinese enlargement of Asean: Security expectations and outcomes
The article examines the extent to which Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia have gained from their participation in ASEAN. To assess the security and diplomatic benefits of their membership, it identifies three expectations held by the Indochinese states—enhanced international status, improved security and relations vis-à-vis other ASEAN members, and more room for manoeuvre when dealing with non-member states. The study demonstrates, however, that while …
Regional Hegemonies and the Exercise of Power in Southeast Asia: A Study of Indonesia and Vietnam
This article investigates efforts by Indonesia and Vietnam to achieve hegemony within their respective sub-regions of Southeast Asia. The two countries have exercised both benevolent and coercive power in their foreign policy. The article examines under which circumstances uses of benevolent and coercive instruments have helped the countries attain hegemony
Order and Security in Southeast Asia: Essays in Memory of Michael Leifer
Michael Leifer, who died in 2001, was one of the leading scholars of Southeast Asian international relations. He was hugely influential through his extensive writings and his contacts with people in government and business in the region. In this book, many of Leifer’s students, colleagues and friends come together to explore the key themes of his work on Southeast Asia, including the notion of ‘order’, security, maritime law and foreign policy. T…
Institutional Arrangements to Counter Human Trafficking in the Asia Pacific
Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs - Volume 28, Number 3, December 2006
International Regime-Building in Asean: Cooperation against the Illicit Trafficking and Abuse of Drugs
Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs - Volume 29, Number 3, December 2007
Comprehensive security and resilience in Southeast Asia: Asean's approach to terrorism 1
This paper explores how the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has tackled the threat of terrorism since 9/11 and the Bali bombings. It claims that ASEAN has applied its traditional approach to security, based on comprehensive security and the principle of resilience, when addressing this challenge. The resilience concept underpins the nexus between national and regional security and emphasizes domestic regime consolidation re-enforce…
The changing power distribution in the South China Sea: Implications for conflict management and avoidance
This article focuses on the changing distribution of power in the South China Sea and assesses the implications this has for conflict management and avoidance. Power is discussed here both in terms of naval military resources and with reference to behaviour and influence. The article argues that there is a growing asymmetry of naval power in the South China Sea to the advantage of China. Southeast Asian claimants are concerned about the rapidly c…
The Asean Regional Forum and Preventive Diplomacy: Built to Fail
Various reasons purport to explain why the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Regional Forum (ARF) has failed to evolve from confidence building to preventive diplomacy (PD). These include the ARF's large membership, its strict adherence to sovereignty and noninterference principles that contradict any effective implementation of PD, and contrasting strategic perspectives among its participants. Although these factors have certainly hindered …
The Asian and global financial crises: Consequences for East Asian regionalism
This article provides a comparative study of the consequences of the Asian and global financial crises for East Asian regionalism. It explains how and why the effects of the two crises on regional institutions were divergent. The differences derived from
The Five Power Defence Arrangements and Defense Diplomacy in Southeast Asia
The Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA) marked its 40th year of existence on November 1, 2011. What explains the durability of a collection of bilateral consultative arrangements initially conceived in the context of the British military withdrawal from East of Suez? Examining the FPDA as an institutional expression of defense diplomacy in Southeast Asia sheds light on its longevity. The arrangements have successfully operated as a defense dip…
Resource Management and Contested Territories in East Asia
The Sea of Japan
The Dokdo/Takeshima dispute has remained a major irritant in Japan-Korea relations, preventing a deepening of diplomatic ties. Nationalism and the quest for natural resources have, in the context of the Dokdo/ Takeshima issue, been locked in a complex relationship. The availability of abundant fisheries in the waters surrounding the islets has caused tensions between the two nations since the 1950s. This chapter discusses the prospect for resourc…
Asean’s Search for Neutrality in the South China Sea
This article seeks to make a contribution to the existing literature on the South China Sea issue by focusing on the impact of regional institutions on conflict management and resolution as well as the limits these institutions face when seeking to de-escalate disputes. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has attempted to preserve its neutrality and unity over sovereignty disputes and has focused on the establishment of a conflict …
Regional security strategies of middle powers in the Asia-Pacific
This paper seeks to enrich understandings of middle-power security strategies by examining countries that lack great-power capabilities but still aim to influence the regional security environment. Based on a literature review highlighting the functional and behavioral approaches of middle power diplomacy, we note that these elements could also apply to their regional security strategies. The paper focuses on regional security strategy as a subse…
Indonesia's role in Asean: A case of incomplete and sectorial leadership
Indonesia is often regarded as the natural leader of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in light of its geographical dimensions, large population, strategic position and natural resources. The country has felt entitled to a position of leadership and has generally been recognized by the other ASEAN members as first among equals. While the de facto leadership of Indonesia has traditionally been accepted as conventional wisdom, litt…
Enduring Mistrust and Conflict Management in Southeast Asia: An Assessment of Asean as a Security Community
The paper explores whether the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has matured from a weak cooperative arrangement in its early days into a functioning security community by 2016. It first introduces a Deutschian and a constructivist understanding of security communities before examining ASEAN's involvement in the security realm since 1967. The paper claims that the regional body is not yet a security community, partly due to residual …
What explains the success of preventive diplomacy in Southeast Asia
Inter-state preventive diplomacy (PD) has mostly been regarded as successful in Southeast Asia as evidenced by the absence of inter-state armed conflict. This success has generally been credited to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Yet, in terms of addressing specific crises, the paper argues that three factors are critical to the success of inter-state PD in Southeast Asia: the level of great power interest in particular disputes, the …
Non-Traditional Security in Asia: Dilemmas in Securitization
Contents: Preface Understanding the dynamics of securitizing non-traditional security, Mely Caballero-Anthony and Ralf Emmers Securitization matrix in South Asia: Bangladeshi migrants as enemy alien, Priyankar Upadhyaya Malaysia's approach to Indonesian migrant labor: securitization, politics or catharsis?, Joseph Chinyong Liow Securitizing Piracy in Southeast Asia: Malaysia, the International Maritime Bureau and Singapore, J.N. Mak Securitizing …
Unpacking Asean Neutrality: The Quest for Autonomy and Impartiality in Southeast Asia
Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs - Volume 40, Number 3, December 2018
Vietnam and the search for security leadership in Asean
Indonesia has traditionally been viewed as a de facto leader of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the regional body remains the cornerstone of Indonesian foreign policy. The paper addresses the question of whether other member states have become influential actors or even sectoral leaders in their own right by playing a direct role in a particular aspect of ASEAN affairs. This question is addressed by examining the regional p…
The Future of the San Francisco System: Pressures and Prospects
This article discusses the pressures on the San Francisco System, and argues that despite these challenges, the hub‐and‐spokes framework is likely to persist. While the impact of these pressures on individual alliances may vary, this system as a whole is expected to modify in three primary ways. Specifically, the San Francisco System is likely to become more diffused, selectively interconnected, as well as characterized by more insecurity toward …
The Oxford Handbook of Peaceful Change in International Relations
With the rapid rise of China and the relative decline of the United States, the topic of power transition conflicts is back in popular and scholarly attention. The discipline of International Relations offers much on why violent power transition conflicts occur, yet very few substantive treatments exist on why and how peaceful changes happen in world politics. This Handbook is the first comprehensive treatment of the subject of peaceful change in…
Political science (29 works) · Law (20 works) · Law (17 works) · Politics (17 works) · Sociology (17 works) · Economics (16 works) · International Relations and Foreign Policy (15 works) · China (13 works) · Geography (12 works) · Political economy (12 works)