Andrew C Godley
Biographic Data
| ID | 4071493 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Andrew C Godley |
| GIVEN NAMES | Andrew C |
| FAMILY NAME | Godley |
| SIGNATURE | GODLEY A C |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Reading |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-3160-2499 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 24 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 120 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 24 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1994 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Recycling waste byproducts and restructuring in the UK animal feed industry, 1859–1914: Exploring the historical emergence of the circular economy
There have been several calls among circular economy (CE) scholars for a greater understanding of its historical origins. CE thinking first emerged in Britain in the late 1850s and 1860s associated with the emerging animal feeds sector. Despite large literatures on the history of the beef and dairying sectors, animal feeds remain under-researched in business history. The invention of compound animal feed in 1859 enabled the unwanted byproducts fr…
Structure and meaning in strategic paradoxes: Exploring historical context in the emergence of agrifood standards
This paper uses a historical case study of the emergence of a set of agrifood standards to explore the historical development of strategic paradoxes. The paper demonstrates the value of historical methodologies of 'zooming in and out' for understanding the contexts in which paradoxical organisational structures develop over time. We explore the evolution of a significant strategic paradox, showing how changing relations between UK poultry produce…
Green entrepreneurship in UK foods and the emergence of the alternative meat sector: Quorn 1965–2006
The pioneer in alternative proteins was the British company Marlow Foods, which created the world’s first mycoprotein product under the Quorn brand name. This article explores its emergence and development between 1965 and 2006. This case study supports three of the broad premises in the existing literature on business history of green entrepreneurship; that green innovation typically takes longer than non-green, is therefore more costly, and tha…
The complementarity perspective to the entrepreneurial ecosystem taxonomy
Small business and poverty: Evidence from post-Soviet cities
The relationship between small business and poverty is inadequately substantiated, despite being an important economic and social nexus. We test the direct impact of small business on poverty, and of poverty on small business. Using panel data across 115 post-Soviet cities in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine, we examine early (1995–2002) and later (2003–08) transition periods. The findings show small business can…
Technology Transfer in the Interwar U.S. Pharmaceutical Sector: The Case of E. Merck of Darmstadt and Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey
This is a case study of the U.S. pharmaceutical producer, Merck & Co. By 1940 this was one of the leading pharmaceutical producers in the United States, and the company went on to become one of the global industry leaders after World War II. It was founded in 1891 as the U.S. subsidiary of a much larger German pharmaceutical company, E. Merck of Darmstadt. The existing understanding of Merck & Co.’s history emphasizes how it was reacquired by the…
Collective financing among Chinese entrepreneurs and department store retailing in China
Chinese entrepreneurship in department store retailing differed from that seen in other emerging economies before 1940. Rather than the leading examples of the format being owned by advanced economy firms, in China a small group of Cantonese entrepreneurs established what became known as the ‘Big Four’ department stores in Shanghai. By 1940 the ‘Big Four’ department stores were among the most famous stores in China, and among the biggest business…
Made in Italy. Made in Britain. Quality, brands and innovation in the European poultry market, 1950–80
This paper compares the development of the poultry industry in Italy with the UK. Earlier research has suggested that the UK poultry industry developed a symbiotic relationship with the emerging supermarket retailers. Italy had a retarded supermarket sector. Its distribution system favoured small-scale, independent butchers rather than chains of self-service supermarkets. Despite this the Italian poultry industry also modernised, adopting US tech…
Globalisation and the evolution of international retailing: A comment on Alexander's ‘British overseas retailing, 1900–1960’
Nicholas Alexander's (2011. British overseas retailing, 1900–60: International firm characteristics, market selections and entry modes. Business History, 53, 530–556) survey of British overseas retailers from 1900 to 1960 provides pathbreaking new evidence of international retailing activity during the first globalisation boom. The article surveys this and other recent evidence, and confirms that international retailing was far more significant u…
The veterinary medicine industry in Britain in the twentieth century1: British Veterinary Medicine
Economic historians have focused research effort on accounting for the growth and significance of Britain's pharmaceutical industry, but little effort has so far been directed at the veterinary medicine industry, which formed an important part of the wider sector. This article addresses that gap. Factors responsible for that sector's relative insignificance until the 1950s included a general tendency to slaughter rather than to treat sick animals…
Weetman Pearson in Mexico and the Emergence of a British Oil Major, 1901–1919
British overseas investment was a powerful force behind rapid global integration before World War I. Close to half of the total was in the form of foreign direct investment. Weetman Pearson was among the most successful of Britain's overseas-based entrepreneurs of the period. By 1919, the Pearson group of companies had become one of Britain's most valuable industrial enterprises, having diversified from international contracting into the Mexican …
Democratizing Luxury and the Contentious “Invention of the Technological Chicken” in Britain
In 1950, poultry comprised 1 percent of the total meat consumed in Britain. But over the next thirty years, chicken consumption grew at the rate of 10 percent per annum, while overall meat consumption remained stagnant. By 1980, poultry made up a quarter of the total share of the market, replacing beef, mutton, and bacon in the British diet. This transformation was made possible by dramatic changes in production, dependent on technological innova…
Revisiting the psychic distance paradox: International retailing in China in the long run (1840–2005)
This paper uses original research on the roles played by two sets of foreign entrants into Chinese retailing since the 1850s – the overseas Chinese entrants and western entrants – to explore the psychic distance paradox over the long run. It explains how the advantages of psychic closeness in Chinese retailing have always been important in reducing entry barriers, but that the rising costs of technology have increased the significance of firm pro…
Selling the Sewing Machine Around the World: Singer’s International Marketing Strategies, 1850–1920
The sewing machine was one of the first standardized and mass-marketed complex consumer durables to have been diffused widely around the world before 1920. This global diffusion was almost the sole responsibility of one firm, Singer. Despite its American origins, Singer’s success lay principally overseas. New data provide insight into the company’s international marketing strategies. Although the firm had a reputation for marketing sophistication…
The Emergence Of Modern Marketing: Internation Dimensions
Introduction
Foreign Multinationals and Innovation in British Retailing, 1850-1962
This essay draws on the first systematic study of foreign direct investment in British retailing up to the 1960s. It shows that while foreign multinationals were unimportant in British retailing overall, they dominated some retail trades. Moreover, these retail entrants were mostly not by retailers but by manufacturers. Their motives varied but were mostly seemingly related to their need to control distribution channels and build brands. Foreign …
Jewish Immigrant Entrepreneurship in New York and London 1880–1914: Enterprise and Culture
How successful were the East European Jewish immigrants in London compared with the vast majority that went to New York? This critical question - one that lies at the heart of debates on Jewish modern
Cultural Factors in Economic Growth
Foreign Direct Investment in British Retailing, 1850–1962
This article describes a newly compiled dataset on foreign multinationals in British retailing and compares the patterns of inward investment in retailing with those in manufacturing. Foreign retailers were present in Britain well before foreign manufacturers, but their numbers did not grow as dramatically after 1890. Strikingly, very few pre-World War Two foreign entrants into UK retailing were actually retailers. The great majority were instead…
Pioneering Foreign Direct Investment in British Manufacturing
This article analyzes all known cases of foreign direct investment in British manufacturing prior to 1890. From 1890 onwards the bulk of foreign entrants were industrial goods producers. Before 1890, the pioneering entrants were mostly consumer goods manufacturers. The article demonstrates that, with one monumental exception, these pioneers were narrowly focused, driven entirely by a concern about enhancing access to the British market. Typically…
Introduction: Banks, Networks and Small Firm Finance
Jewish Soft Loan Societies in New York and London and Immigrant Entrepreneurship, 1880–1914
The east European Jews who settled in New York and London in increasing numbers after 1880 were noted by contemporaries as being particularly entrepreneurial. The explanation offered by commentators at the time emphasised cultural exceptionality. This article does not dismiss this argument but seeks, rather, to understand the high levels of self-employment among Jewish immigrants by concentrating on the economic conditions of the principal immigr…
The Development of the UK Clothing Industry, 1850–1950: Output and Productivity Growth
The clothing industry was one of the most important sources of employment in the UK economy prior to 1914, especially for women. Yet, apart from the supposed dominance by sweaters, little is known about it. The article considers the long-term development of the industry by providing new estimates for industry output and productivity growth over the period. The 1860s and the 1890s are shown to be the two periods when significantly higher gains in …
Enterprise and Culture: Jewish Immigrants in London and New York, 1880–1914
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Selling the Sewing Machine Around the World: Singer’s International Marketing Strategies, 1850–1920
The sewing machine was one of the first standardized and mass-marketed complex consumer durables to have been diffused widely around the world before 1920. This global diffusion was almost the sole responsibility of one firm, Singer. Despite its American origins, Singer’s success lay principally overseas. New data provide insight into the company’s international marketing strategies. Although the firm had a reputation for marketing sophistication…
Democratizing Luxury and the Contentious “Invention of the Technological Chicken” in Britain
In 1950, poultry comprised 1 percent of the total meat consumed in Britain. But over the next thirty years, chicken consumption grew at the rate of 10 percent per annum, while overall meat consumption remained stagnant. By 1980, poultry made up a quarter of the total share of the market, replacing beef, mutton, and bacon in the British diet. This transformation was made possible by dramatic changes in production, dependent on technological innova…
Foreign Multinationals and Innovation in British Retailing, 1850-1962
This essay draws on the first systematic study of foreign direct investment in British retailing up to the 1960s. It shows that while foreign multinationals were unimportant in British retailing overall, they dominated some retail trades. Moreover, these retail entrants were mostly not by retailers but by manufacturers. Their motives varied but were mostly seemingly related to their need to control distribution channels and build brands. Foreign …
Foreign Direct Investment in British Retailing, 1850–1962
This article describes a newly compiled dataset on foreign multinationals in British retailing and compares the patterns of inward investment in retailing with those in manufacturing. Foreign retailers were present in Britain well before foreign manufacturers, but their numbers did not grow as dramatically after 1890. Strikingly, very few pre-World War Two foreign entrants into UK retailing were actually retailers. The great majority were instead…
Revisiting the psychic distance paradox: International retailing in China in the long run (1840–2005)
This paper uses original research on the roles played by two sets of foreign entrants into Chinese retailing since the 1850s – the overseas Chinese entrants and western entrants – to explore the psychic distance paradox over the long run. It explains how the advantages of psychic closeness in Chinese retailing have always been important in reducing entry barriers, but that the rising costs of technology have increased the significance of firm pro…
The Emergence Of Modern Marketing: Internation Dimensions
Introduction
Introduction: Banks, Networks and Small Firm Finance
Made in Italy. Made in Britain. Quality, brands and innovation in the European poultry market, 1950–80
This paper compares the development of the poultry industry in Italy with the UK. Earlier research has suggested that the UK poultry industry developed a symbiotic relationship with the emerging supermarket retailers. Italy had a retarded supermarket sector. Its distribution system favoured small-scale, independent butchers rather than chains of self-service supermarkets. Despite this the Italian poultry industry also modernised, adopting US tech…
Weetman Pearson in Mexico and the Emergence of a British Oil Major, 1901–1919
British overseas investment was a powerful force behind rapid global integration before World War I. Close to half of the total was in the form of foreign direct investment. Weetman Pearson was among the most successful of Britain's overseas-based entrepreneurs of the period. By 1919, the Pearson group of companies had become one of Britain's most valuable industrial enterprises, having diversified from international contracting into the Mexican …
Jewish Soft Loan Societies in New York and London and Immigrant Entrepreneurship, 1880–1914
The east European Jews who settled in New York and London in increasing numbers after 1880 were noted by contemporaries as being particularly entrepreneurial. The explanation offered by commentators at the time emphasised cultural exceptionality. This article does not dismiss this argument but seeks, rather, to understand the high levels of self-employment among Jewish immigrants by concentrating on the economic conditions of the principal immigr…
Technology Transfer in the Interwar U.S. Pharmaceutical Sector: The Case of E. Merck of Darmstadt and Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey
This is a case study of the U.S. pharmaceutical producer, Merck & Co. By 1940 this was one of the leading pharmaceutical producers in the United States, and the company went on to become one of the global industry leaders after World War II. It was founded in 1891 as the U.S. subsidiary of a much larger German pharmaceutical company, E. Merck of Darmstadt. The existing understanding of Merck & Co.’s history emphasizes how it was reacquired by the…
Collective financing among Chinese entrepreneurs and department store retailing in China
Chinese entrepreneurship in department store retailing differed from that seen in other emerging economies before 1940. Rather than the leading examples of the format being owned by advanced economy firms, in China a small group of Cantonese entrepreneurs established what became known as the ‘Big Four’ department stores in Shanghai. By 1940 the ‘Big Four’ department stores were among the most famous stores in China, and among the biggest business…
Globalisation and the evolution of international retailing: A comment on Alexander's ‘British overseas retailing, 1900–1960’
Nicholas Alexander's (2011. British overseas retailing, 1900–60: International firm characteristics, market selections and entry modes. Business History, 53, 530–556) survey of British overseas retailers from 1900 to 1960 provides pathbreaking new evidence of international retailing activity during the first globalisation boom. The article surveys this and other recent evidence, and confirms that international retailing was far more significant u…
Pioneering Foreign Direct Investment in British Manufacturing
This article analyzes all known cases of foreign direct investment in British manufacturing prior to 1890. From 1890 onwards the bulk of foreign entrants were industrial goods producers. Before 1890, the pioneering entrants were mostly consumer goods manufacturers. The article demonstrates that, with one monumental exception, these pioneers were narrowly focused, driven entirely by a concern about enhancing access to the British market. Typically…
Structure and meaning in strategic paradoxes: Exploring historical context in the emergence of agrifood standards
This paper uses a historical case study of the emergence of a set of agrifood standards to explore the historical development of strategic paradoxes. The paper demonstrates the value of historical methodologies of 'zooming in and out' for understanding the contexts in which paradoxical organisational structures develop over time. We explore the evolution of a significant strategic paradox, showing how changing relations between UK poultry produce…
The veterinary medicine industry in Britain in the twentieth century1: British Veterinary Medicine
Economic historians have focused research effort on accounting for the growth and significance of Britain's pharmaceutical industry, but little effort has so far been directed at the veterinary medicine industry, which formed an important part of the wider sector. This article addresses that gap. Factors responsible for that sector's relative insignificance until the 1950s included a general tendency to slaughter rather than to treat sick animals…
Green entrepreneurship in UK foods and the emergence of the alternative meat sector: Quorn 1965–2006
The pioneer in alternative proteins was the British company Marlow Foods, which created the world’s first mycoprotein product under the Quorn brand name. This article explores its emergence and development between 1965 and 2006. This case study supports three of the broad premises in the existing literature on business history of green entrepreneurship; that green innovation typically takes longer than non-green, is therefore more costly, and tha…
Small business and poverty: Evidence from post-Soviet cities
The relationship between small business and poverty is inadequately substantiated, despite being an important economic and social nexus. We test the direct impact of small business on poverty, and of poverty on small business. Using panel data across 115 post-Soviet cities in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine, we examine early (1995–2002) and later (2003–08) transition periods. The findings show small business can…
The Development of the UK Clothing Industry, 1850–1950: Output and Productivity Growth
The clothing industry was one of the most important sources of employment in the UK economy prior to 1914, especially for women. Yet, apart from the supposed dominance by sweaters, little is known about it. The article considers the long-term development of the industry by providing new estimates for industry output and productivity growth over the period. The 1860s and the 1890s are shown to be the two periods when significantly higher gains in …
Enterprise and Culture: Jewish Immigrants in London and New York, 1880–1914
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Enterprise and Culture: Jewish Immigrants in London and New York, 1880–1914
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
The Development of the UK Clothing Industry, 1850–1950: Output and Productivity Growth
The clothing industry was one of the most important sources of employment in the UK economy prior to 1914, especially for women. Yet, apart from the supposed dominance by sweaters, little is known about it. The article considers the long-term development of the industry by providing new estimates for industry output and productivity growth over the period. The 1860s and the 1890s are shown to be the two periods when significantly higher gains in …
Introduction: Banks, Networks and Small Firm Finance
Jewish Soft Loan Societies in New York and London and Immigrant Entrepreneurship, 1880–1914
The east European Jews who settled in New York and London in increasing numbers after 1880 were noted by contemporaries as being particularly entrepreneurial. The explanation offered by commentators at the time emphasised cultural exceptionality. This article does not dismiss this argument but seeks, rather, to understand the high levels of self-employment among Jewish immigrants by concentrating on the economic conditions of the principal immigr…
Pioneering Foreign Direct Investment in British Manufacturing
This article analyzes all known cases of foreign direct investment in British manufacturing prior to 1890. From 1890 onwards the bulk of foreign entrants were industrial goods producers. Before 1890, the pioneering entrants were mostly consumer goods manufacturers. The article demonstrates that, with one monumental exception, these pioneers were narrowly focused, driven entirely by a concern about enhancing access to the British market. Typically…
Cultural Factors in Economic Growth
Foreign Direct Investment in British Retailing, 1850–1962
This article describes a newly compiled dataset on foreign multinationals in British retailing and compares the patterns of inward investment in retailing with those in manufacturing. Foreign retailers were present in Britain well before foreign manufacturers, but their numbers did not grow as dramatically after 1890. Strikingly, very few pre-World War Two foreign entrants into UK retailing were actually retailers. The great majority were instead…
Jewish Immigrant Entrepreneurship in New York and London 1880–1914: Enterprise and Culture
How successful were the East European Jewish immigrants in London compared with the vast majority that went to New York? This critical question - one that lies at the heart of debates on Jewish modern
The Emergence Of Modern Marketing: Internation Dimensions
Introduction
Foreign Multinationals and Innovation in British Retailing, 1850-1962
This essay draws on the first systematic study of foreign direct investment in British retailing up to the 1960s. It shows that while foreign multinationals were unimportant in British retailing overall, they dominated some retail trades. Moreover, these retail entrants were mostly not by retailers but by manufacturers. Their motives varied but were mostly seemingly related to their need to control distribution channels and build brands. Foreign …
Selling the Sewing Machine Around the World: Singer’s International Marketing Strategies, 1850–1920
The sewing machine was one of the first standardized and mass-marketed complex consumer durables to have been diffused widely around the world before 1920. This global diffusion was almost the sole responsibility of one firm, Singer. Despite its American origins, Singer’s success lay principally overseas. New data provide insight into the company’s international marketing strategies. Although the firm had a reputation for marketing sophistication…
Democratizing Luxury and the Contentious “Invention of the Technological Chicken” in Britain
In 1950, poultry comprised 1 percent of the total meat consumed in Britain. But over the next thirty years, chicken consumption grew at the rate of 10 percent per annum, while overall meat consumption remained stagnant. By 1980, poultry made up a quarter of the total share of the market, replacing beef, mutton, and bacon in the British diet. This transformation was made possible by dramatic changes in production, dependent on technological innova…
Revisiting the psychic distance paradox: International retailing in China in the long run (1840–2005)
This paper uses original research on the roles played by two sets of foreign entrants into Chinese retailing since the 1850s – the overseas Chinese entrants and western entrants – to explore the psychic distance paradox over the long run. It explains how the advantages of psychic closeness in Chinese retailing have always been important in reducing entry barriers, but that the rising costs of technology have increased the significance of firm pro…
Weetman Pearson in Mexico and the Emergence of a British Oil Major, 1901–1919
British overseas investment was a powerful force behind rapid global integration before World War I. Close to half of the total was in the form of foreign direct investment. Weetman Pearson was among the most successful of Britain's overseas-based entrepreneurs of the period. By 1919, the Pearson group of companies had become one of Britain's most valuable industrial enterprises, having diversified from international contracting into the Mexican …
The veterinary medicine industry in Britain in the twentieth century1: British Veterinary Medicine
Economic historians have focused research effort on accounting for the growth and significance of Britain's pharmaceutical industry, but little effort has so far been directed at the veterinary medicine industry, which formed an important part of the wider sector. This article addresses that gap. Factors responsible for that sector's relative insignificance until the 1950s included a general tendency to slaughter rather than to treat sick animals…
Globalisation and the evolution of international retailing: A comment on Alexander's ‘British overseas retailing, 1900–1960’
Nicholas Alexander's (2011. British overseas retailing, 1900–60: International firm characteristics, market selections and entry modes. Business History, 53, 530–556) survey of British overseas retailers from 1900 to 1960 provides pathbreaking new evidence of international retailing activity during the first globalisation boom. The article surveys this and other recent evidence, and confirms that international retailing was far more significant u…
Made in Italy. Made in Britain. Quality, brands and innovation in the European poultry market, 1950–80
This paper compares the development of the poultry industry in Italy with the UK. Earlier research has suggested that the UK poultry industry developed a symbiotic relationship with the emerging supermarket retailers. Italy had a retarded supermarket sector. Its distribution system favoured small-scale, independent butchers rather than chains of self-service supermarkets. Despite this the Italian poultry industry also modernised, adopting US tech…
Collective financing among Chinese entrepreneurs and department store retailing in China
Chinese entrepreneurship in department store retailing differed from that seen in other emerging economies before 1940. Rather than the leading examples of the format being owned by advanced economy firms, in China a small group of Cantonese entrepreneurs established what became known as the ‘Big Four’ department stores in Shanghai. By 1940 the ‘Big Four’ department stores were among the most famous stores in China, and among the biggest business…
Technology Transfer in the Interwar U.S. Pharmaceutical Sector: The Case of E. Merck of Darmstadt and Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey
This is a case study of the U.S. pharmaceutical producer, Merck & Co. By 1940 this was one of the leading pharmaceutical producers in the United States, and the company went on to become one of the global industry leaders after World War II. It was founded in 1891 as the U.S. subsidiary of a much larger German pharmaceutical company, E. Merck of Darmstadt. The existing understanding of Merck & Co.’s history emphasizes how it was reacquired by the…
The complementarity perspective to the entrepreneurial ecosystem taxonomy
Small business and poverty: Evidence from post-Soviet cities
The relationship between small business and poverty is inadequately substantiated, despite being an important economic and social nexus. We test the direct impact of small business on poverty, and of poverty on small business. Using panel data across 115 post-Soviet cities in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine, we examine early (1995–2002) and later (2003–08) transition periods. The findings show small business can…
Structure and meaning in strategic paradoxes: Exploring historical context in the emergence of agrifood standards
This paper uses a historical case study of the emergence of a set of agrifood standards to explore the historical development of strategic paradoxes. The paper demonstrates the value of historical methodologies of 'zooming in and out' for understanding the contexts in which paradoxical organisational structures develop over time. We explore the evolution of a significant strategic paradox, showing how changing relations between UK poultry produce…
Green entrepreneurship in UK foods and the emergence of the alternative meat sector: Quorn 1965–2006
The pioneer in alternative proteins was the British company Marlow Foods, which created the world’s first mycoprotein product under the Quorn brand name. This article explores its emergence and development between 1965 and 2006. This case study supports three of the broad premises in the existing literature on business history of green entrepreneurship; that green innovation typically takes longer than non-green, is therefore more costly, and tha…
Recycling waste byproducts and restructuring in the UK animal feed industry, 1859–1914: Exploring the historical emergence of the circular economy
There have been several calls among circular economy (CE) scholars for a greater understanding of its historical origins. CE thinking first emerged in Britain in the late 1850s and 1860s associated with the emerging animal feeds sector. Despite large literatures on the history of the beef and dairying sectors, animal feeds remain under-researched in business history. The invention of compound animal feed in 1859 enabled the unwanted byproducts fr…
Economics (19 works) · Business (15 works) · Political science (15 works) · Commerce (7 works) · Historical Economic and Social Studies (7 works) · Marketing (7 works) · History (6 works) · Law (6 works) · Marketing (6 works) · Migration, Ethnicity, and Economy (6 works)