Sandra Destradi
Biographic Data
| ID | 4085659 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Sandra Destradi |
| GIVEN NAMES | Sandra |
| FAMILY NAME | Destradi |
| SIGNATURE | DESTRADI S |
| AFFILIATIONS | German Institute for Global and Area Studies |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7509-9349 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 25 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 247 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 25 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2008 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
Populist Publics’ Affinity for Nuclear Weapons? Explaining Opposition to the Nuclear Sharing Weapons in European Populist Publics
Extant work studying the relationship between populism and nuclear weapons policy predicts a populist affinity for nuclear weapons. However, this relationship may not be so straightforward in Europe, which relies in part on the nuclear umbrella of the United States for its deterrence. We present a theory which asserts that the anti-elitism and popular sovereignty dimensions of populism may manifest as anti-Americanism and an affinity for Putin’s …
The Long‐Term Effects of Populism on Foreign Policy: Berlusconi's Legacy and Its Impact on Italy's Approach to the EU and International Politics
What are the long‐term effects of populism on foreign policy? This aspect has not been addressed yet by the burgeoning literature on the international consequences of populism. In this contribution, we hypothesise that the two distinctive features of populist foreign policy‐making, mobilisation/politicisation and personalisation/centralisation, leave a long‐term imprint on foreign policy. We carry out a first plausibility probe of our hypotheses …
Do populists escalate international disputes
Among the potentially most consequential effects of populism is its impact on countries' international conflict behaviour. However, empirical evidence about populists' approach to international disputes is inconclusive. We develop a theoretical framework focused on mobilization and personalization, which we argue are particularly relevant characteristics of populist foreign policy-making. We hypothesize that, on a conflict-cooperation continuum, …
The effects of global populism: Assessing the Populist Impact on International Affairs
With the global rise to power of populist leaders over the past decade, research on populism, including its international implications, has flourished. However, we still lack a nuanced understanding of the international effects of this new populist wave. The special section that this article introduces seeks to bridge this gap by systematically examining three types of international effects of populism. One group of contributions addresses the im…
New Directions in the Study of Populism in International Relations
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the international dimensions of populism, by now a major political phenomenon around the world. This interest, however, has been confined largely to the state level, especially the influence of populism on foreign policy. In this Forum, we argue that it is important for analysis to move beyond the state level and view populism as a concept and phenomenon of international relations (IR) rather …
Global resurgence of the right: Conceptual and regional perspectives
In the past decades, right-wing (populist) governments have emerged all over the world; the influence of right-wing political actors is growing in practically all western democracies and in many countries of the global South. It is therefore no wonder that the (populist) right has become one of the most studied subjects in contemporary political science. This edited volume contributes to this ever-growing strand of literature, but stands out beca…
Populism and the politicisation of foreign policy
Populists in power often resort to the politicisation of foreign policy to generate domestic support. This article explores this process. First, it conceptualises populist politicisation of foreign policy. Second, it develops expectations on how such politicisation will take place: the distinctive features of populism (the intensity of populist discourse, the relative weight of anti-elitism and people-centrism, and a transnational understanding o…
Populism and foreign policy: A research agenda (Introduction)
The worldwide rise of populist governments represents one of the most crucial political developments of recent years. In Europe in particular, a range of populist parties and leaders have been voted into power and have formed (or joined) governments over the past decade - this is true, for instance, in Austria, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Italy or Poland. As populist actors leave the opposition to seize the reins of executive power, they h…
Partisan Federalism and Subnational Governments’ International Engagements: Insights from India
This article situates the international activities of subnational governments in India within the broader political economy of federalism. It argues that the nature and the extent of subnational states’ engagements in international affairs are a function of the partisan political relationship the state incumbents have with the national incumbents. The article takes a mixed methods approach. An analysis of 1,153 episodes of international engagemen…
Populism and International Relations: (Un)predictability, personalisation, and the reinforcement of existing trends in world politics
As populists have formed governments all over the world, it becomes imperative to study the consequences of the rise of populism for International Relations. Yet, systematic academic analyses of the international impact of populist government formation are still missing, and political commentators tend to draw conclusions from few cases of right-wing populism in the Global North. But populism – conceptualised as a ‘thin’ ideology based on anti-el…
Explaining emerging powers’ reluctance to adopt intervention norms: Normative contestation and hierarchies of responsibility
We argue that emerging powers’ reluctance to conform to new norms at the global level is grounded not in rejection of norms’ content, but in contestation of norms’ implementation, and of the hierarchical manner in which responsibility is defined and attributed. The assessment of Brazil and India’s approach to the issue of intervention supports our argument
Populism and Foreign Policy: The Case of India
What kind of foreign policy do populists execute once in power? Based on the existing literature, we conceptualize populism as a set of ideas whose two core elements are anti-elitism and antipluralism. From this we develop a set of hypotheses regarding both substantive aspects of foreign policy as well as foreign policy–making processes of populist leaders in government. An analysis of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's foreign policy record s…
Reluctant powers? Rising powers’ contributions to regional crisis management
Rising powers have often been characterised as ‘reluctant’ when it comes to their contributions to global governance. However, also within their regions they have sometimes pursued indecisive, muddling-through policies, including in the field of security. This paper addresses the puzzling issue of rising powers’ reluctant approach to regional crisis management. It conceptualises reluctance as entailing the two constitutive dimensions of hesitatio…
Rising Powers in World Politics
India’s Reluctant Approach to r2p: Lessons from Perilous Interventions
This contribution uses the analytical lens of ‘reluctance’ to assess some of the broader implications of the arguments made by Hardeep Singh Puri in Perilous Interventions . Based on a conceptualization of reluctance that entails the two constitutive dimensions of ‘hesitation’ and ‘recalcitrance’, the article finds that India was only moderately reluctant when it came to unscr 1973, but grew increasingly reluctant vis-à-vis r2p after military ope…
Reluctance in international politics: A conceptualization
Contemporary rising powers have often pursued a hesitant and ambiguous foreign-policy and have belied the expectations of potential followers and established powers who would want them to engage more actively in global and regional governance. The existing analytical toolbox of International Relations does not offer suitable concepts to make sense of the widespread phenomenon of states that pursue hesitant, inconsistent courses of action and do n…
Engaging Rising Powers: Lessons from India
The volume The Engagement of India: Strategies and Responses , edited by Ian Hall, is part of an emerging strand of theory-driven literature that deals with India as a rising power in international politics. However, the book is distinct from several existing contributions, which focus specifically on India’s foreign policy approach toward a range of countries (e.g., Ganguly 2010 ) as well as from “classics” on India as a rising power ( Cohen 200…
Soft Sovereignty, Rising Powers, and Subnational Foreign Policy-Making: The Case of India
The rise of ‘new powers’ in international politics has been frequently associated with a re-emergence of traditional notions of sovereignty as a backlash against the weakening of nation-state sovereignty related to globalization. We argue that the coexistence of these trends has led to new forms of ‘soft sovereignty’. Soft sovereignty means that rising powers both gain and lose authority: From above, their freedom from interference within the int…
India in South Asia: Domestic identity politics and foreign policy from Nehru to the BJP
Against the backdrop of India's increasing visibility on the international stage, in recent years a growing number of studies have been addressing Indian foreign policy and its role as a regional p
India: A Reluctant Partner for Afghanistan
The year 2014 will prove crucial for Afghanistan. The presidential elections will shape the country's political future, both who will govern and how much the process of democratic consolidation wil
Speech Is Silver, Silence Is Golden? The Consequences of Failed Mediation in Civil Wars
Despite the frequent failure of mediation efforts, the potential negative impact of this outcome on conflict dynamics in civil wars has not been systematically studied. Starting from the assumption that the failure of mediation may cause the conflict parties to conclude that non-violent strategies are ineffective, we develop a rationalist model to explain under what conditions mediation failure might lead to the escalation of violence. Shifts in …
India and Sri Lanka's Civil War
This article focuses on India's relationship with Sri Lanka in examining why a regional power failed to manage a conflict in its immediate neighborhood. Historical and domestic factors help explain India's largely hands-off policy (1991–2006). In contrast, regional and international factors underpin its support of Colombo's military campaign against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, including New Delhi's concerns about China
India as a democracy promoter? New Delhi's involvement in Nepal's return to democracy
According to the theory of ‘democratic peace’, India, as the largest democracy in the world and as South Asia's predominant regional power, should be expected to promote democracy in neighbouring countries. However, New Delhi lacks any kind of official democracy-promotion policy, and its past record on democracy promotion efforts in the region is mixed at best. Against this background, the article analyses the substantial role India has come to p…
Regional powers and their strategies: Empire, hegemony, and leadership
Regional powers are often conceived of as ‘regional leading powers’, states which adopt a cooperative and benevolent attitude in their international relations with their neighbours. The article argues that regional powers can follow a much wider range of foreign policy strategies in their region. Three ideal-typical regional strategies are identified: empire, hegemony, and leadership. The article is devoted to a theory-led distinction and clarifi…
Empire, Hegemony, and Leadership: Developing a Research Framework for the Study of Regional Powers
Populism and the politicisation of foreign policy
Populists in power often resort to the politicisation of foreign policy to generate domestic support. This article explores this process. First, it conceptualises populist politicisation of foreign policy. Second, it develops expectations on how such politicisation will take place: the distinctive features of populism (the intensity of populist discourse, the relative weight of anti-elitism and people-centrism, and a transnational understanding o…
Populism and foreign policy: A research agenda (Introduction)
The worldwide rise of populist governments represents one of the most crucial political developments of recent years. In Europe in particular, a range of populist parties and leaders have been voted into power and have formed (or joined) governments over the past decade - this is true, for instance, in Austria, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Italy or Poland. As populist actors leave the opposition to seize the reins of executive power, they h…
Populism and Foreign Policy: The Case of India
What kind of foreign policy do populists execute once in power? Based on the existing literature, we conceptualize populism as a set of ideas whose two core elements are anti-elitism and antipluralism. From this we develop a set of hypotheses regarding both substantive aspects of foreign policy as well as foreign policy–making processes of populist leaders in government. An analysis of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's foreign policy record s…
Populism and International Relations: (Un)predictability, personalisation, and the reinforcement of existing trends in world politics
As populists have formed governments all over the world, it becomes imperative to study the consequences of the rise of populism for International Relations. Yet, systematic academic analyses of the international impact of populist government formation are still missing, and political commentators tend to draw conclusions from few cases of right-wing populism in the Global North. But populism – conceptualised as a ‘thin’ ideology based on anti-el…
Regional powers and their strategies: Empire, hegemony, and leadership
Regional powers are often conceived of as ‘regional leading powers’, states which adopt a cooperative and benevolent attitude in their international relations with their neighbours. The article argues that regional powers can follow a much wider range of foreign policy strategies in their region. Three ideal-typical regional strategies are identified: empire, hegemony, and leadership. The article is devoted to a theory-led distinction and clarifi…
Partisan Federalism and Subnational Governments’ International Engagements: Insights from India
This article situates the international activities of subnational governments in India within the broader political economy of federalism. It argues that the nature and the extent of subnational states’ engagements in international affairs are a function of the partisan political relationship the state incumbents have with the national incumbents. The article takes a mixed methods approach. An analysis of 1,153 episodes of international engagemen…
Soft Sovereignty, Rising Powers, and Subnational Foreign Policy-Making: The Case of India
The rise of ‘new powers’ in international politics has been frequently associated with a re-emergence of traditional notions of sovereignty as a backlash against the weakening of nation-state sovereignty related to globalization. We argue that the coexistence of these trends has led to new forms of ‘soft sovereignty’. Soft sovereignty means that rising powers both gain and lose authority: From above, their freedom from interference within the int…
New Directions in the Study of Populism in International Relations
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the international dimensions of populism, by now a major political phenomenon around the world. This interest, however, has been confined largely to the state level, especially the influence of populism on foreign policy. In this Forum, we argue that it is important for analysis to move beyond the state level and view populism as a concept and phenomenon of international relations (IR) rather …
India and Sri Lanka's Civil War
This article focuses on India's relationship with Sri Lanka in examining why a regional power failed to manage a conflict in its immediate neighborhood. Historical and domestic factors help explain India's largely hands-off policy (1991–2006). In contrast, regional and international factors underpin its support of Colombo's military campaign against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, including New Delhi's concerns about China
Reluctance in international politics: A conceptualization
Contemporary rising powers have often pursued a hesitant and ambiguous foreign-policy and have belied the expectations of potential followers and established powers who would want them to engage more actively in global and regional governance. The existing analytical toolbox of International Relations does not offer suitable concepts to make sense of the widespread phenomenon of states that pursue hesitant, inconsistent courses of action and do n…
India as a democracy promoter? New Delhi's involvement in Nepal's return to democracy
According to the theory of ‘democratic peace’, India, as the largest democracy in the world and as South Asia's predominant regional power, should be expected to promote democracy in neighbouring countries. However, New Delhi lacks any kind of official democracy-promotion policy, and its past record on democracy promotion efforts in the region is mixed at best. Against this background, the article analyses the substantial role India has come to p…
The effects of global populism: Assessing the Populist Impact on International Affairs
With the global rise to power of populist leaders over the past decade, research on populism, including its international implications, has flourished. However, we still lack a nuanced understanding of the international effects of this new populist wave. The special section that this article introduces seeks to bridge this gap by systematically examining three types of international effects of populism. One group of contributions addresses the im…
Explaining emerging powers’ reluctance to adopt intervention norms: Normative contestation and hierarchies of responsibility
We argue that emerging powers’ reluctance to conform to new norms at the global level is grounded not in rejection of norms’ content, but in contestation of norms’ implementation, and of the hierarchical manner in which responsibility is defined and attributed. The assessment of Brazil and India’s approach to the issue of intervention supports our argument
India’s Reluctant Approach to r2p: Lessons from Perilous Interventions
This contribution uses the analytical lens of ‘reluctance’ to assess some of the broader implications of the arguments made by Hardeep Singh Puri in Perilous Interventions . Based on a conceptualization of reluctance that entails the two constitutive dimensions of ‘hesitation’ and ‘recalcitrance’, the article finds that India was only moderately reluctant when it came to unscr 1973, but grew increasingly reluctant vis-à-vis r2p after military ope…
India: A Reluctant Partner for Afghanistan
The year 2014 will prove crucial for Afghanistan. The presidential elections will shape the country's political future, both who will govern and how much the process of democratic consolidation wil
The Long‐Term Effects of Populism on Foreign Policy: Berlusconi's Legacy and Its Impact on Italy's Approach to the EU and International Politics
What are the long‐term effects of populism on foreign policy? This aspect has not been addressed yet by the burgeoning literature on the international consequences of populism. In this contribution, we hypothesise that the two distinctive features of populist foreign policy‐making, mobilisation/politicisation and personalisation/centralisation, leave a long‐term imprint on foreign policy. We carry out a first plausibility probe of our hypotheses …
Do populists escalate international disputes
Among the potentially most consequential effects of populism is its impact on countries' international conflict behaviour. However, empirical evidence about populists' approach to international disputes is inconclusive. We develop a theoretical framework focused on mobilization and personalization, which we argue are particularly relevant characteristics of populist foreign policy-making. We hypothesize that, on a conflict-cooperation continuum, …
Reluctant powers? Rising powers’ contributions to regional crisis management
Rising powers have often been characterised as ‘reluctant’ when it comes to their contributions to global governance. However, also within their regions they have sometimes pursued indecisive, muddling-through policies, including in the field of security. This paper addresses the puzzling issue of rising powers’ reluctant approach to regional crisis management. It conceptualises reluctance as entailing the two constitutive dimensions of hesitatio…
Empire, Hegemony, and Leadership: Developing a Research Framework for the Study of Regional Powers
Regional powers and their strategies: Empire, hegemony, and leadership
Regional powers are often conceived of as ‘regional leading powers’, states which adopt a cooperative and benevolent attitude in their international relations with their neighbours. The article argues that regional powers can follow a much wider range of foreign policy strategies in their region. Three ideal-typical regional strategies are identified: empire, hegemony, and leadership. The article is devoted to a theory-led distinction and clarifi…
India and Sri Lanka's Civil War
This article focuses on India's relationship with Sri Lanka in examining why a regional power failed to manage a conflict in its immediate neighborhood. Historical and domestic factors help explain India's largely hands-off policy (1991–2006). In contrast, regional and international factors underpin its support of Colombo's military campaign against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, including New Delhi's concerns about China
India as a democracy promoter? New Delhi's involvement in Nepal's return to democracy
According to the theory of ‘democratic peace’, India, as the largest democracy in the world and as South Asia's predominant regional power, should be expected to promote democracy in neighbouring countries. However, New Delhi lacks any kind of official democracy-promotion policy, and its past record on democracy promotion efforts in the region is mixed at best. Against this background, the article analyses the substantial role India has come to p…
Speech Is Silver, Silence Is Golden? The Consequences of Failed Mediation in Civil Wars
Despite the frequent failure of mediation efforts, the potential negative impact of this outcome on conflict dynamics in civil wars has not been systematically studied. Starting from the assumption that the failure of mediation may cause the conflict parties to conclude that non-violent strategies are ineffective, we develop a rationalist model to explain under what conditions mediation failure might lead to the escalation of violence. Shifts in …
India in South Asia: Domestic identity politics and foreign policy from Nehru to the BJP
Against the backdrop of India's increasing visibility on the international stage, in recent years a growing number of studies have been addressing Indian foreign policy and its role as a regional p
India: A Reluctant Partner for Afghanistan
The year 2014 will prove crucial for Afghanistan. The presidential elections will shape the country's political future, both who will govern and how much the process of democratic consolidation wil
Soft Sovereignty, Rising Powers, and Subnational Foreign Policy-Making: The Case of India
The rise of ‘new powers’ in international politics has been frequently associated with a re-emergence of traditional notions of sovereignty as a backlash against the weakening of nation-state sovereignty related to globalization. We argue that the coexistence of these trends has led to new forms of ‘soft sovereignty’. Soft sovereignty means that rising powers both gain and lose authority: From above, their freedom from interference within the int…
Engaging Rising Powers: Lessons from India
The volume The Engagement of India: Strategies and Responses , edited by Ian Hall, is part of an emerging strand of theory-driven literature that deals with India as a rising power in international politics. However, the book is distinct from several existing contributions, which focus specifically on India’s foreign policy approach toward a range of countries (e.g., Ganguly 2010 ) as well as from “classics” on India as a rising power ( Cohen 200…
Rising Powers in World Politics
India’s Reluctant Approach to r2p: Lessons from Perilous Interventions
This contribution uses the analytical lens of ‘reluctance’ to assess some of the broader implications of the arguments made by Hardeep Singh Puri in Perilous Interventions . Based on a conceptualization of reluctance that entails the two constitutive dimensions of ‘hesitation’ and ‘recalcitrance’, the article finds that India was only moderately reluctant when it came to unscr 1973, but grew increasingly reluctant vis-à-vis r2p after military ope…
Reluctance in international politics: A conceptualization
Contemporary rising powers have often pursued a hesitant and ambiguous foreign-policy and have belied the expectations of potential followers and established powers who would want them to engage more actively in global and regional governance. The existing analytical toolbox of International Relations does not offer suitable concepts to make sense of the widespread phenomenon of states that pursue hesitant, inconsistent courses of action and do n…
Populism and Foreign Policy: The Case of India
What kind of foreign policy do populists execute once in power? Based on the existing literature, we conceptualize populism as a set of ideas whose two core elements are anti-elitism and antipluralism. From this we develop a set of hypotheses regarding both substantive aspects of foreign policy as well as foreign policy–making processes of populist leaders in government. An analysis of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's foreign policy record s…
Reluctant powers? Rising powers’ contributions to regional crisis management
Rising powers have often been characterised as ‘reluctant’ when it comes to their contributions to global governance. However, also within their regions they have sometimes pursued indecisive, muddling-through policies, including in the field of security. This paper addresses the puzzling issue of rising powers’ reluctant approach to regional crisis management. It conceptualises reluctance as entailing the two constitutive dimensions of hesitatio…
Populism and International Relations: (Un)predictability, personalisation, and the reinforcement of existing trends in world politics
As populists have formed governments all over the world, it becomes imperative to study the consequences of the rise of populism for International Relations. Yet, systematic academic analyses of the international impact of populist government formation are still missing, and political commentators tend to draw conclusions from few cases of right-wing populism in the Global North. But populism – conceptualised as a ‘thin’ ideology based on anti-el…
Explaining emerging powers’ reluctance to adopt intervention norms: Normative contestation and hierarchies of responsibility
We argue that emerging powers’ reluctance to conform to new norms at the global level is grounded not in rejection of norms’ content, but in contestation of norms’ implementation, and of the hierarchical manner in which responsibility is defined and attributed. The assessment of Brazil and India’s approach to the issue of intervention supports our argument
Partisan Federalism and Subnational Governments’ International Engagements: Insights from India
This article situates the international activities of subnational governments in India within the broader political economy of federalism. It argues that the nature and the extent of subnational states’ engagements in international affairs are a function of the partisan political relationship the state incumbents have with the national incumbents. The article takes a mixed methods approach. An analysis of 1,153 episodes of international engagemen…
Populism and foreign policy: A research agenda (Introduction)
The worldwide rise of populist governments represents one of the most crucial political developments of recent years. In Europe in particular, a range of populist parties and leaders have been voted into power and have formed (or joined) governments over the past decade - this is true, for instance, in Austria, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Italy or Poland. As populist actors leave the opposition to seize the reins of executive power, they h…
Populism and the politicisation of foreign policy
Populists in power often resort to the politicisation of foreign policy to generate domestic support. This article explores this process. First, it conceptualises populist politicisation of foreign policy. Second, it develops expectations on how such politicisation will take place: the distinctive features of populism (the intensity of populist discourse, the relative weight of anti-elitism and people-centrism, and a transnational understanding o…
New Directions in the Study of Populism in International Relations
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the international dimensions of populism, by now a major political phenomenon around the world. This interest, however, has been confined largely to the state level, especially the influence of populism on foreign policy. In this Forum, we argue that it is important for analysis to move beyond the state level and view populism as a concept and phenomenon of international relations (IR) rather …
Global resurgence of the right: Conceptual and regional perspectives
In the past decades, right-wing (populist) governments have emerged all over the world; the influence of right-wing political actors is growing in practically all western democracies and in many countries of the global South. It is therefore no wonder that the (populist) right has become one of the most studied subjects in contemporary political science. This edited volume contributes to this ever-growing strand of literature, but stands out beca…
Do populists escalate international disputes
Among the potentially most consequential effects of populism is its impact on countries' international conflict behaviour. However, empirical evidence about populists' approach to international disputes is inconclusive. We develop a theoretical framework focused on mobilization and personalization, which we argue are particularly relevant characteristics of populist foreign policy-making. We hypothesize that, on a conflict-cooperation continuum, …
The effects of global populism: Assessing the Populist Impact on International Affairs
With the global rise to power of populist leaders over the past decade, research on populism, including its international implications, has flourished. However, we still lack a nuanced understanding of the international effects of this new populist wave. The special section that this article introduces seeks to bridge this gap by systematically examining three types of international effects of populism. One group of contributions addresses the im…
Populist Publics’ Affinity for Nuclear Weapons? Explaining Opposition to the Nuclear Sharing Weapons in European Populist Publics
Extant work studying the relationship between populism and nuclear weapons policy predicts a populist affinity for nuclear weapons. However, this relationship may not be so straightforward in Europe, which relies in part on the nuclear umbrella of the United States for its deterrence. We present a theory which asserts that the anti-elitism and popular sovereignty dimensions of populism may manifest as anti-Americanism and an affinity for Putin’s …
The Long‐Term Effects of Populism on Foreign Policy: Berlusconi's Legacy and Its Impact on Italy's Approach to the EU and International Politics
What are the long‐term effects of populism on foreign policy? This aspect has not been addressed yet by the burgeoning literature on the international consequences of populism. In this contribution, we hypothesise that the two distinctive features of populist foreign policy‐making, mobilisation/politicisation and personalisation/centralisation, leave a long‐term imprint on foreign policy. We carry out a first plausibility probe of our hypotheses …
Political science (22 works) · Politics (17 works) · Law (16 works) · Law (15 works) · Political economy (15 works) · Sociology (13 works) · International Development and Aid (12 works) · Economics (11 works) · Foreign policy (11 works) · Political Conflict and Governance (11 works)