Carola Lingaas
Biographic Data
| ID | 4091910 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Carola Lingaas |
| GIVEN NAMES | Carola |
| FAMILY NAME | Lingaas |
| SIGNATURE | LINGAAS C |
| AFFILIATIONS | VID Specialized University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-5641-4371 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 16 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 4 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 16 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2015 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 1 |
The Butcher’
In every armed conflict, there is at least one protagonist who is nicknamed the ‘butcher’: the Nazi officer Klaus Barbie was called the ‘Butcher of Lyon’ for personally torturing prisoners, Radovan Karadžić acquired the name ‘Butcher of Bosnia’, while Yahya Sinwar of Hamas was termed the ‘Butcher of Khan Younis’. Despite these commonalities across time and space, there exists no research into the butcher metaphor, let alone how it is employed in …
(U)lovlig smakløse ytringer
Du er for mørkhudet til å være her», sa den mannlige norske komikeren til en yngre kvinne og kjent forfatter som han møtte på en bar. Han ble anmeldt til politiet for hatefulle ytringer, og ba om unnskyldning ved å hevde at uttalelsen var et «ekstremt klønete forsøk på å være morsom». Anmeldelsen ble henlagt av statsadvokaten fordi ytringen ikke ble vurdert til å være «kvalifisert krenkende». Men hva betyr egentlig det? I denne artikkelen present…
Archival Opacity on Genocide Perpetrators in Rwanda
This article discusses the methodological challenges of archival research on perpetrators of genocide, especially with regard to the selectivity, accessibility, and availability of perpetrator testimonies in the Genocide Archive of Rwanda, which is primarily a victimary archive, to use Sara Kendall’s term. The discussion extends beyond Rwanda to include reflections on the purpose and focus of post-conflict archives, the silencing or enhancing of …
Dangerous Individuals
What role do user-generated GIFs (Graphics Interchange Format) have in social media and how do they contribute to distorted representations of genocides? This article analyses the availability of GIFs in Facebook Messenger in light of Facebook’s own Community Standards that prohibit the sharing of content with references to “dangerous individuals.” The company explicitly proscribes the representation of perpetrator(s) of multiple-victim violence.…
Righting Injustices Towards the Sámi
One of the mandates of the Norwegian Truth and Reconciliation Commission ( trc ) is to contribute to reconciliation between the majority population and the Sámi and Kven population. The Commission is tasked to create greater equality between the majority and minority populations as well as increasing the knowledge about the Sámi and Kven population in the majority. In this paper, we will focus on the Sámi indigenous people. We will examine three …
Special Issue
Special Issue on ‘Disentangling the Relationship between Religion and Law’
Religious Group Identities in Genocide
Everyone has multiple intersecting identities and belongs to several groups. In cases of genocide, how do courts deal with intersecting identities? Are they relevant for the identification of the victims? This paper argues that social identity theory may assist in the legal interpretation of the ‘religious group’ of the law of genocide where individuals are targeted for their – perceived or real –membership of a competing religious group.Accordin…
Dehumanising Ideology, Metaphors, and Psychological Othering as Evidence of Genocidal Intent
Evidence of genocidal intent is rarely overtly available. Prosecutors arguably avoid prosecuting the crime of genocide because of its too-high evidentiary threshold. This paper argues that psychology, linguistics, and biology provide some of the tools that courts should revert to in the proof of the dolus specialis . Every genocide is characterised by dehumanisation. There is an intrinsic connection between the génocidaire ’s understanding of the…
Conceptualizing the National Group for the Crime of Genocide
“National group” is one of four victim groups that is explicitly protected by international criminal law from genocide. At the core of any genocide lies an element of identity. Yet, the fixed group categories that the law provides for seemingly do not conform to the fluidity of group identities. Is the law at all able to account for identity fault lines? By recourse to research on identity construction and otherness, this article argues that the …
Domestic Violence in Child Protection Cases before the European Court of Human Rights
In a number of child protection cases, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has concluded that the child should remain in foster care or can be forcibly adopted because of the history of domestic violence between the parents, even when the abused parent has been found to be capable of child care. In the cases examined here, the ECtHR did not take into consideration the situation of the parent who experienced intimate partner violence. On th…
The Concept of Race in International Criminal Law
Gregory Gordon, Atrocity Speech Law
Atrocity speech is a largely unsettled area of international criminal law, situated in a field of tension between criminalizing acts resulting from inflammatory speech on the one hand and the protection of freedom of expression on the other. Recent developments involving increased nationalism and populism have certainly helped to capture scholarly attention on hate crimes. As such, the publication of Gregory Gordon’s Atrocity Speech Law by Oxford…
The ‘Contextual Elements’ of the Crime of Genocide
In his book The ‘Contextual Elements’ of the Crime of Genocide, Nasour Koursami sets an ambitious goal of uncovering whether the definition of the crime of genocide contains contextual elements, de
Imagined Identities
The provisions on genocide protect four exclusive, amongst others the racial, groups. Yet, international criminal tribunals are manifestly uncomfortable with collective groupings and interpret ‘race’ rather inconsistently. Nevertheless, there is a tendency to a subjective approach based upon the perpetrator’s perception of the targeted group. The victim’s membership is accordingly not determined objectively, but by the perception of differentness…
The Elephant in the Room
The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court contains the term ‘racial’ in its provisions on the crime of genocide, persecution and apartheid. However, it fails to provide for a definition of this historically burdened term. International criminal law is guided by the principle of legality and legal norms should be as narrowly defined as possible. This article will therefore attempt to provide a contemporary legal definition of ‘racial’. …
Imagined Identities
The provisions on genocide protect four exclusive, amongst others the racial, groups. Yet, international criminal tribunals are manifestly uncomfortable with collective groupings and interpret ‘race’ rather inconsistently. Nevertheless, there is a tendency to a subjective approach based upon the perpetrator’s perception of the targeted group. The victim’s membership is accordingly not determined objectively, but by the perception of differentness…
Dangerous Individuals
What role do user-generated GIFs (Graphics Interchange Format) have in social media and how do they contribute to distorted representations of genocides? This article analyses the availability of GIFs in Facebook Messenger in light of Facebook’s own Community Standards that prohibit the sharing of content with references to “dangerous individuals.” The company explicitly proscribes the representation of perpetrator(s) of multiple-victim violence.…
The Elephant in the Room
The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court contains the term ‘racial’ in its provisions on the crime of genocide, persecution and apartheid. However, it fails to provide for a definition of this historically burdened term. International criminal law is guided by the principle of legality and legal norms should be as narrowly defined as possible. This article will therefore attempt to provide a contemporary legal definition of ‘racial’. …
The Elephant in the Room
The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court contains the term ‘racial’ in its provisions on the crime of genocide, persecution and apartheid. However, it fails to provide for a definition of this historically burdened term. International criminal law is guided by the principle of legality and legal norms should be as narrowly defined as possible. This article will therefore attempt to provide a contemporary legal definition of ‘racial’. …
Imagined Identities
The provisions on genocide protect four exclusive, amongst others the racial, groups. Yet, international criminal tribunals are manifestly uncomfortable with collective groupings and interpret ‘race’ rather inconsistently. Nevertheless, there is a tendency to a subjective approach based upon the perpetrator’s perception of the targeted group. The victim’s membership is accordingly not determined objectively, but by the perception of differentness…
Gregory Gordon, Atrocity Speech Law
Atrocity speech is a largely unsettled area of international criminal law, situated in a field of tension between criminalizing acts resulting from inflammatory speech on the one hand and the protection of freedom of expression on the other. Recent developments involving increased nationalism and populism have certainly helped to capture scholarly attention on hate crimes. As such, the publication of Gregory Gordon’s Atrocity Speech Law by Oxford…
The ‘Contextual Elements’ of the Crime of Genocide
In his book The ‘Contextual Elements’ of the Crime of Genocide, Nasour Koursami sets an ambitious goal of uncovering whether the definition of the crime of genocide contains contextual elements, de
The Concept of Race in International Criminal Law
Domestic Violence in Child Protection Cases before the European Court of Human Rights
In a number of child protection cases, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has concluded that the child should remain in foster care or can be forcibly adopted because of the history of domestic violence between the parents, even when the abused parent has been found to be capable of child care. In the cases examined here, the ECtHR did not take into consideration the situation of the parent who experienced intimate partner violence. On th…
Special Issue on ‘Disentangling the Relationship between Religion and Law’
Religious Group Identities in Genocide
Everyone has multiple intersecting identities and belongs to several groups. In cases of genocide, how do courts deal with intersecting identities? Are they relevant for the identification of the victims? This paper argues that social identity theory may assist in the legal interpretation of the ‘religious group’ of the law of genocide where individuals are targeted for their – perceived or real –membership of a competing religious group.Accordin…
Dehumanising Ideology, Metaphors, and Psychological Othering as Evidence of Genocidal Intent
Evidence of genocidal intent is rarely overtly available. Prosecutors arguably avoid prosecuting the crime of genocide because of its too-high evidentiary threshold. This paper argues that psychology, linguistics, and biology provide some of the tools that courts should revert to in the proof of the dolus specialis . Every genocide is characterised by dehumanisation. There is an intrinsic connection between the génocidaire ’s understanding of the…
Conceptualizing the National Group for the Crime of Genocide
“National group” is one of four victim groups that is explicitly protected by international criminal law from genocide. At the core of any genocide lies an element of identity. Yet, the fixed group categories that the law provides for seemingly do not conform to the fluidity of group identities. Is the law at all able to account for identity fault lines? By recourse to research on identity construction and otherness, this article argues that the …
Special Issue
Righting Injustices Towards the Sámi
One of the mandates of the Norwegian Truth and Reconciliation Commission ( trc ) is to contribute to reconciliation between the majority population and the Sámi and Kven population. The Commission is tasked to create greater equality between the majority and minority populations as well as increasing the knowledge about the Sámi and Kven population in the majority. In this paper, we will focus on the Sámi indigenous people. We will examine three …
Archival Opacity on Genocide Perpetrators in Rwanda
This article discusses the methodological challenges of archival research on perpetrators of genocide, especially with regard to the selectivity, accessibility, and availability of perpetrator testimonies in the Genocide Archive of Rwanda, which is primarily a victimary archive, to use Sara Kendall’s term. The discussion extends beyond Rwanda to include reflections on the purpose and focus of post-conflict archives, the silencing or enhancing of …
Dangerous Individuals
What role do user-generated GIFs (Graphics Interchange Format) have in social media and how do they contribute to distorted representations of genocides? This article analyses the availability of GIFs in Facebook Messenger in light of Facebook’s own Community Standards that prohibit the sharing of content with references to “dangerous individuals.” The company explicitly proscribes the representation of perpetrator(s) of multiple-victim violence.…
The Butcher’
In every armed conflict, there is at least one protagonist who is nicknamed the ‘butcher’: the Nazi officer Klaus Barbie was called the ‘Butcher of Lyon’ for personally torturing prisoners, Radovan Karadžić acquired the name ‘Butcher of Bosnia’, while Yahya Sinwar of Hamas was termed the ‘Butcher of Khan Younis’. Despite these commonalities across time and space, there exists no research into the butcher metaphor, let alone how it is employed in …
(U)lovlig smakløse ytringer
Du er for mørkhudet til å være her», sa den mannlige norske komikeren til en yngre kvinne og kjent forfatter som han møtte på en bar. Han ble anmeldt til politiet for hatefulle ytringer, og ba om unnskyldning ved å hevde at uttalelsen var et «ekstremt klønete forsøk på å være morsom». Anmeldelsen ble henlagt av statsadvokaten fordi ytringen ikke ble vurdert til å være «kvalifisert krenkende». Men hva betyr egentlig det? I denne artikkelen present…
Political science (14 works) · Law (13 works) · Sociology (13 works) · Law (10 works) · Criminology (8 works) · Genocide (8 works) · International Law and Human Rights (7 works) · Historical and Contemporary Political Dynamics (6 works) · Global Peace and Security Dynamics (4 works) · International law (4 works)