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Caroline Howard Grøn

Biographic Data

ID4096689
NAMECaroline Howard Grøn
GIVEN NAMESCaroline Howard
FAMILY NAMEGrøn
SIGNATUREGRØN C H
AFFILIATIONSAarhus University
ORCID0000-0003-3276-8498
VERIFIEDYes
TOTAL WORKS13
TOTAL CITATIONS44
AUTHOR COUNT13
EDITOR COUNT0
FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR2011
LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR2026
H-INDEX4
  • Leader Accessibility as a Precondition for Relational Leadership Approaches to Work

    Emily Rose Tangsgaard, Caroline Howard Grøn•ARTICLE•Public Performance & Management…•2026

    Studies of public leadership have documented positive effects of strong relations between leaders and employees. We argue that employee-experienced leader accessibility, defined as a leader’s availability and engagement with their employees, is an important precondition for relational leadership approaches to work. The organization of work conditions leaders’ opportunities for being accessible, but we lack basic knowledge of how antecedents such …

  • Balancing Neutral and Responsive Competences in the Context of Functional Politicization

    Open Access•Niels Opstrup, Heidi Houlberg Salomonsen et al.•ARTICLE•Public Administration•2026

    Democratic governments can legitimately expect permanent civil servants to undertake functionally politicized tasks, such as providing political‐tactical advice. However, safeguarding the neutrality and legitimacy of a permanent civil service in the context of functional politicization necessitates that political considerations do not override professional judgment or impede the delivery of free, frank and fearless advice. Although existing resea…

  • Love thy neighbour? Management team environment and effective leadership behaviour in public organizations

    Open Access•Caroline Howard Grøn, Christian Bøtcher Jacobsen•ARTICLE•Public Management Review•2026•References: 42

    Public managers rarely manage alone, but how do public management teams function? Responding to the need for empirical research about the interdependencies between public managers, we explore the concept of management teams, introduce the concept of internal management team environment, and argue for its importance for leader well-being and leadership behaviour. We use survey data from a broad sample of public managers and their employees to expl…

  • Leadership Styles and International Agenda-Setting

    Open Access•Jonas Fritzler, Caroline Howard Grøn et al.•ARTICLE•Foreign Policy Analysis•2025•Cited by: 1•References: 31

    Small states and middle powers suffer from a “power deficit” that leaves them with limited means and opportunities to exercise coercive power in international relations. Nevertheless, a growing number of studies has documented the success of these states in influencing international affairs. This study examines how different leadership styles matter for small-state and middle-power agenda-setting in international affairs. Drawing on recent advanc…

  • Managing in all the right directions? The relationship between public managers’ perceived autonomy and leading upwards, sidewards, outwards and downwards

    Caroline Howard Grøn, Niels Opstrup et al.•ARTICLE•Public Management Review•2024

    Although researchers have discussed autonomy as important at the organizational level, the autonomy of the individual manager has not received similar attention. Knowledge about how managerial autonomy is used is, however, important for understanding the conditions under which management matters. We ask whether perceived managerial autonomy enables public managers to prioritize their efforts to support their individual career progression, organiz…

  • In unsteady waters

    Open Access•Caroline Howard Grøn, Niels Opstrup et al.•ARTICLE•International Review of…•2024•Cited by: 1•References: 7

    Public service bargains (PSBs) have become a central heuristic to understand the relationship between politicians and senior bureaucrats. In this article, we add to the existing literature by exploring how both politicians and senior bureaucrats make sense of a PSB in disequilibrium. Based on individual and focus group interviews and six case studies of breakdown in the bargain, we find that bargains may be unstable due to both changing circumsta…

  • Transposition’ of EU regulations

    Jens Blom-Hansen, Jørgen Grønnegård Christensen et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of European Public Policy•2023•Cited by: 8•References: 34

    This paper argues for the inclusion of regulations in studies of EU policy implementation and compliance. Although both EU directives and EU regulations are to be implemented by the member states, the literature has devoted almost exclusive attention to directives. This is because, first, directives are considered more important than regulations. Second, the notification of the transposition of directives provides a convenient way to compare impl…

  • Charismatic leadership in foreign policy

    Open Access•Anders Wivel, Caroline Howard Grøn•ARTICLE•International Affairs•2021

    Charismatic leadership is an integral yet understudied aspect of foreign policy in liberal democratic states. Combining insights from recent developments on charismatic leadership in organization and management studies with literature on foreign policy, we construct a novel theoretical framework for understanding how foreign policy leaders exercise charismatic leadership. We argue that charismatic leadership makes sense of who ‘we’ are and where …

  • One of the Boys? Gender Similarities and Differences in Human Capital among Senior Civil Servants in Denmark

    Open Access•Hjalte Gram, Caroline Howard Grøn•ARTICLE•Scandinavian Political Studies•2020•References: 51

    Studies have shown how women are underrepresented in senior executive positions in public and private organizations. Equal representation matters both for reasons of performance and legitimacy, and, to understand the mechanisms behind the glass ceiling, we explore if the women making it to the top of the Danish civil service differ from the men who do so. We want to understand if senior executive positions require something different of women tha…

  • In the Mayor We Trust? Trust as the Micro-Foundation of Complementary Politico-Administrative Relations in Local Governments

    Open Access•Caroline Howard Grøn, Heidi Houlberg Salomonsen•ARTICLE•Administration & Society•2019•Cited by: 7•References: 41

    This article investigates trust between politicians and public officials in local government. Beginning with Svara’s claim that such relations are characterized by complementarity, we point to the importance of trust as the micro foundation for these relationships. Applying a mixed-methods strategy, we investigate a number of factors we expect to be related to the level of trust between politicians and public officials, as perceived by the latter…

  • Political instability and the ability of local government to respond to reputational threats in unison

    Open Access•Caroline Howard Grøn, Heidi Houlberg Salomonsen•ARTICLE•International Review of…•2019•Cited by: 4•References: 16

    This article investigates whether local governments are able to act in a unified manner when responding to reputational threats posed by negative media coverage. Based on an argument that local governments facing political instability are less able to perform in unison, the article investigates a number of expectations, including various types of political instability (council, agenda and policy area instability) and their relation to different t…

  • Who's at the table? An analysis of ministers’ participation in EU Council of Ministers meetings

    Caroline Howard Grøn, Heidi Houlberg Salomonsen•ARTICLE•Journal of European Public Policy•2015•Cited by: 3•References: 22

    The Council of Ministers is an important part of EU decision-making. However, contrary to what is formally expected member, states are not always represented by ministers at Council meetings. Unfortunately, our knowledge of who is actually participating is limited. First, the article investigates the extent to which ministers actually participate in Council meetings. We conclude that a substantial number of the participants are not ministers. Sec…

  • Maximizing Influence in the European Union after the Lisbon Treaty

    Caroline Howard Grøn, Anders Wivel•ARTICLE•Journal of European Integration•2011•Cited by: 20•References: 21

    How do small states maximize their influence in the European Union? This article argues that the traditional small state approach to European integration is being undermined by formal and informal developments in the EU. Small states must therefore change their traditional policy focused on binding the great powers to a smart state strategy utilizing small state weakness to gain influence. We outline the basic characteristics of a smart state str…

  • Maximizing Influence in the European Union after the Lisbon Treaty

    Caroline Howard Grøn, Anders Wivel•ARTICLE•Journal of European Integration•2011•Cited by: 20•References: 21

    How do small states maximize their influence in the European Union? This article argues that the traditional small state approach to European integration is being undermined by formal and informal developments in the EU. Small states must therefore change their traditional policy focused on binding the great powers to a smart state strategy utilizing small state weakness to gain influence. We outline the basic characteristics of a smart state str…

  • Transposition’ of EU regulations

    Jens Blom-Hansen, Jørgen Grønnegård Christensen et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of European Public Policy•2023•Cited by: 8•References: 34

    This paper argues for the inclusion of regulations in studies of EU policy implementation and compliance. Although both EU directives and EU regulations are to be implemented by the member states, the literature has devoted almost exclusive attention to directives. This is because, first, directives are considered more important than regulations. Second, the notification of the transposition of directives provides a convenient way to compare impl…

  • In the Mayor We Trust? Trust as the Micro-Foundation of Complementary Politico-Administrative Relations in Local Governments

    Open Access•Caroline Howard Grøn, Heidi Houlberg Salomonsen•ARTICLE•Administration & Society•2019•Cited by: 7•References: 41

    This article investigates trust between politicians and public officials in local government. Beginning with Svara’s claim that such relations are characterized by complementarity, we point to the importance of trust as the micro foundation for these relationships. Applying a mixed-methods strategy, we investigate a number of factors we expect to be related to the level of trust between politicians and public officials, as perceived by the latter…

  • Political instability and the ability of local government to respond to reputational threats in unison

    Open Access•Caroline Howard Grøn, Heidi Houlberg Salomonsen•ARTICLE•International Review of…•2019•Cited by: 4•References: 16

    This article investigates whether local governments are able to act in a unified manner when responding to reputational threats posed by negative media coverage. Based on an argument that local governments facing political instability are less able to perform in unison, the article investigates a number of expectations, including various types of political instability (council, agenda and policy area instability) and their relation to different t…

  • Who's at the table? An analysis of ministers’ participation in EU Council of Ministers meetings

    Caroline Howard Grøn, Heidi Houlberg Salomonsen•ARTICLE•Journal of European Public Policy•2015•Cited by: 3•References: 22

    The Council of Ministers is an important part of EU decision-making. However, contrary to what is formally expected member, states are not always represented by ministers at Council meetings. Unfortunately, our knowledge of who is actually participating is limited. First, the article investigates the extent to which ministers actually participate in Council meetings. We conclude that a substantial number of the participants are not ministers. Sec…

  • Leadership Styles and International Agenda-Setting

    Open Access•Jonas Fritzler, Caroline Howard Grøn et al.•ARTICLE•Foreign Policy Analysis•2025•Cited by: 1•References: 31

    Small states and middle powers suffer from a “power deficit” that leaves them with limited means and opportunities to exercise coercive power in international relations. Nevertheless, a growing number of studies has documented the success of these states in influencing international affairs. This study examines how different leadership styles matter for small-state and middle-power agenda-setting in international affairs. Drawing on recent advanc…

  • In unsteady waters

    Open Access•Caroline Howard Grøn, Niels Opstrup et al.•ARTICLE•International Review of…•2024•Cited by: 1•References: 7

    Public service bargains (PSBs) have become a central heuristic to understand the relationship between politicians and senior bureaucrats. In this article, we add to the existing literature by exploring how both politicians and senior bureaucrats make sense of a PSB in disequilibrium. Based on individual and focus group interviews and six case studies of breakdown in the bargain, we find that bargains may be unstable due to both changing circumsta…

  • Maximizing Influence in the European Union after the Lisbon Treaty

    Caroline Howard Grøn, Anders Wivel•ARTICLE•Journal of European Integration•2011•Cited by: 20•References: 21

    How do small states maximize their influence in the European Union? This article argues that the traditional small state approach to European integration is being undermined by formal and informal developments in the EU. Small states must therefore change their traditional policy focused on binding the great powers to a smart state strategy utilizing small state weakness to gain influence. We outline the basic characteristics of a smart state str…

  • Who's at the table? An analysis of ministers’ participation in EU Council of Ministers meetings

    Caroline Howard Grøn, Heidi Houlberg Salomonsen•ARTICLE•Journal of European Public Policy•2015•Cited by: 3•References: 22

    The Council of Ministers is an important part of EU decision-making. However, contrary to what is formally expected member, states are not always represented by ministers at Council meetings. Unfortunately, our knowledge of who is actually participating is limited. First, the article investigates the extent to which ministers actually participate in Council meetings. We conclude that a substantial number of the participants are not ministers. Sec…

  • In the Mayor We Trust? Trust as the Micro-Foundation of Complementary Politico-Administrative Relations in Local Governments

    Open Access•Caroline Howard Grøn, Heidi Houlberg Salomonsen•ARTICLE•Administration & Society•2019•Cited by: 7•References: 41

    This article investigates trust between politicians and public officials in local government. Beginning with Svara’s claim that such relations are characterized by complementarity, we point to the importance of trust as the micro foundation for these relationships. Applying a mixed-methods strategy, we investigate a number of factors we expect to be related to the level of trust between politicians and public officials, as perceived by the latter…

  • Political instability and the ability of local government to respond to reputational threats in unison

    Open Access•Caroline Howard Grøn, Heidi Houlberg Salomonsen•ARTICLE•International Review of…•2019•Cited by: 4•References: 16

    This article investigates whether local governments are able to act in a unified manner when responding to reputational threats posed by negative media coverage. Based on an argument that local governments facing political instability are less able to perform in unison, the article investigates a number of expectations, including various types of political instability (council, agenda and policy area instability) and their relation to different t…

  • One of the Boys? Gender Similarities and Differences in Human Capital among Senior Civil Servants in Denmark

    Open Access•Hjalte Gram, Caroline Howard Grøn•ARTICLE•Scandinavian Political Studies•2020•References: 51

    Studies have shown how women are underrepresented in senior executive positions in public and private organizations. Equal representation matters both for reasons of performance and legitimacy, and, to understand the mechanisms behind the glass ceiling, we explore if the women making it to the top of the Danish civil service differ from the men who do so. We want to understand if senior executive positions require something different of women tha…

  • Charismatic leadership in foreign policy

    Open Access•Anders Wivel, Caroline Howard Grøn•ARTICLE•International Affairs•2021

    Charismatic leadership is an integral yet understudied aspect of foreign policy in liberal democratic states. Combining insights from recent developments on charismatic leadership in organization and management studies with literature on foreign policy, we construct a novel theoretical framework for understanding how foreign policy leaders exercise charismatic leadership. We argue that charismatic leadership makes sense of who ‘we’ are and where …

  • Transposition’ of EU regulations

    Jens Blom-Hansen, Jørgen Grønnegård Christensen et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of European Public Policy•2023•Cited by: 8•References: 34

    This paper argues for the inclusion of regulations in studies of EU policy implementation and compliance. Although both EU directives and EU regulations are to be implemented by the member states, the literature has devoted almost exclusive attention to directives. This is because, first, directives are considered more important than regulations. Second, the notification of the transposition of directives provides a convenient way to compare impl…

  • Managing in all the right directions? The relationship between public managers’ perceived autonomy and leading upwards, sidewards, outwards and downwards

    Caroline Howard Grøn, Niels Opstrup et al.•ARTICLE•Public Management Review•2024

    Although researchers have discussed autonomy as important at the organizational level, the autonomy of the individual manager has not received similar attention. Knowledge about how managerial autonomy is used is, however, important for understanding the conditions under which management matters. We ask whether perceived managerial autonomy enables public managers to prioritize their efforts to support their individual career progression, organiz…

  • In unsteady waters

    Open Access•Caroline Howard Grøn, Niels Opstrup et al.•ARTICLE•International Review of…•2024•Cited by: 1•References: 7

    Public service bargains (PSBs) have become a central heuristic to understand the relationship between politicians and senior bureaucrats. In this article, we add to the existing literature by exploring how both politicians and senior bureaucrats make sense of a PSB in disequilibrium. Based on individual and focus group interviews and six case studies of breakdown in the bargain, we find that bargains may be unstable due to both changing circumsta…

  • Leadership Styles and International Agenda-Setting

    Open Access•Jonas Fritzler, Caroline Howard Grøn et al.•ARTICLE•Foreign Policy Analysis•2025•Cited by: 1•References: 31

    Small states and middle powers suffer from a “power deficit” that leaves them with limited means and opportunities to exercise coercive power in international relations. Nevertheless, a growing number of studies has documented the success of these states in influencing international affairs. This study examines how different leadership styles matter for small-state and middle-power agenda-setting in international affairs. Drawing on recent advanc…

  • Leader Accessibility as a Precondition for Relational Leadership Approaches to Work

    Emily Rose Tangsgaard, Caroline Howard Grøn•ARTICLE•Public Performance & Management…•2026

    Studies of public leadership have documented positive effects of strong relations between leaders and employees. We argue that employee-experienced leader accessibility, defined as a leader’s availability and engagement with their employees, is an important precondition for relational leadership approaches to work. The organization of work conditions leaders’ opportunities for being accessible, but we lack basic knowledge of how antecedents such …

  • Balancing Neutral and Responsive Competences in the Context of Functional Politicization

    Open Access•Niels Opstrup, Heidi Houlberg Salomonsen et al.•ARTICLE•Public Administration•2026

    Democratic governments can legitimately expect permanent civil servants to undertake functionally politicized tasks, such as providing political‐tactical advice. However, safeguarding the neutrality and legitimacy of a permanent civil service in the context of functional politicization necessitates that political considerations do not override professional judgment or impede the delivery of free, frank and fearless advice. Although existing resea…

  • Love thy neighbour? Management team environment and effective leadership behaviour in public organizations

    Open Access•Caroline Howard Grøn, Christian Bøtcher Jacobsen•ARTICLE•Public Management Review•2026•References: 42

    Public managers rarely manage alone, but how do public management teams function? Responding to the need for empirical research about the interdependencies between public managers, we explore the concept of management teams, introduce the concept of internal management team environment, and argue for its importance for leader well-being and leadership behaviour. We use survey data from a broad sample of public managers and their employees to expl…

Political science (11 works) · Law (8 works) · Economics (7 works) · Law (7 works) · Public Policy and Administration Research (7 works) · Public Administration (6 works) · Business (5 works) · Politics (5 works) · Public Administration (5 works) · Public relations (5 works)

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