Elizabeth A Stuart
Biographic Data
| ID | 4127420 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Elizabeth A Stuart |
| GIVEN NAMES | Elizabeth A |
| FAMILY NAME | Stuart |
| SIGNATURE | STUART E A |
| AFFILIATIONS | Johns Hopkins University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-9042-8611 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 60 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 891 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 60 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2007 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 8 |
Racial Disparities in Food Insecurity for High- and Low-Income Households
This cross-sectional study examines if intersectionality based on race and low-income status is related to food insecurity rates and the role that the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program plays
School District and Community Factors Associated with Test Score Declines During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Using data from approximately 7,800 school districts, we show that test score declines during the pandemic were large and highly variable. We find that test score declines were larger in lower-income and minority districts, but that within districts, White students and non–economically disadvantaged students lost about the same amount of ground as Black, Hispanic, and economically disadvantaged students. We find that the test score declines were …
Methodological Rigor in Health Policy and Health Services Research
Associations between the Affordable Care Act’s Medicaid expansion and youth violent offense charges and adjudications from 2008 to 2018
Financial strain, schooling modality and mental health of US adults living with children during the Covid-19 pandemic
BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic upended contexts for families; relatively little work has studied the influence of rapidly changing contexts on the mental health of parents. We aimed to assess the relation between financial strain and schooling modality with the mental health of adults living with school-age children across the pandemic. METHODS: Using a large, national sample from the COVID-19 Trends and Impact Surveys (N=1 485 072 responses f…
Effects of Texas State Agency Integration on Mental Health Service Use Among Individuals with Co-occurring Cognitive Disabilities and Mental Health Conditions
This study uses Texas's 2017 integration of the state disability and mental health agencies as a case study, combining interviews with Texas agency and advocacy organization leaders to examine perceptions of agency integration and augmented synthetic control analyses of 2014-2020 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to examine impacts on mental health service use among individuals with co-occurring cognitive disabilities (including intellectual and d…
Association Between Hospital Adoption of an Emergency Department Treatment Pathway for Opioid Use Disorder and Patient Initiation of Buprenorphine After Discharge
In this cohort study, the O-HQIP was associated with an increased initiation of buprenorphine in patients with OUD presenting to the ED. These findings suggest that statewide incentive programs may effectively improve outcomes for patients with OUD
High-deductible Health Plans and Nonfatal Opioid Overdose
OBJECTIVES: Opioid-related overdose is a public health emergency in the United States. Meanwhile, high-deductible health plans (HDHPs) have become more prevalent in the United States over the last 2 decades, raising concern about their potential for discouraging high-need populations, like those with opioid use disorder (OUD), from engaging in care that may mitigate the probability of overdose. This study assesses the impact of an employer offeri…
Measurement Approaches to Estimating Methadone Continuity in Opioid Use Disorder Care
BACKGROUND: Long-term treatment with medications for opioid use disorder (OUD), including methadone, is lifesaving. There has been little examination of how to measure methadone continuity in claims data. OBJECTIVES: To develop an approach for measuring methadone continuity in claims data, and compare estimates of methadone versus buprenorphine continuity. RESEARCH DESIGN: Observational cohort study using de-identified commercial claims from Optu…
STEM doctorate recipients with disabilities experienced early in life earn lower salaries and are underrepresented among higher academic positions
Association Between State Opioid Prescribing Cap Laws and Receipt of Opioid Prescriptions Among Children and Adolescents
In this cross-sectional study, no association was observed between state opioid prescribing cap laws and the receipt of opioid prescriptions among children and adolescents. Alternative strategies, such as opioid prescribing guidelines tailored to youths, are needed
Determining Predictors of Weight Loss in a Behavioral Intervention: A Case Study in the Use of Lasso Regression
The analyses in this paper demonstrate the importance of tracking weight loss incrementally during an intervention as an indicator for overall weight loss, as well as the challenges in predicting long-term weight loss with other variables commonly available in clinical trials. The methods used in this paper also exemplify how to effectively analyze a clinical trial dataset containing many variables and identify factors related to desired outcomes
Trends in cannabis use among U.S. adults amid the Covid-19 pandemic
Factors associated with county‐level mental health during the Covid‐19 pandemic
The objective of this study is to determine county‐level factors associated with anxiety, depression, and isolation during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. This study used daily data from 23,592,355 respondents of a nationwide Facebook‐based survey from April 2020 to July 2021, aggregated to the week‐county level to yield 212,581 observations. Mental distress prevalences were modeled using weighted linear mixed‐effects models wit…
Teachers’ Mental Health During the Covid-19 Pandemic
With an emergence of research investigating the educational impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, empirical studies assessing teachers’ mental health throughout the pandemic have been scarce. Using a large national data set, the current study compares mental health outcomes during the pandemic between pre-K–12 teachers and professionals in other occupations. Further, we compare the prevalence of mental health outcomes between in-person and remote tea…
Performance of a Predictive Model versus Prescription-Based Thresholds in Identifying Patients at Risk of Fatal Opioid Overdose
Background: Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs) collect controlled substance prescriptions dispensed within a state. Many PDMP programs perform targeted outreach (i.e., “unsolicited reporting”) for patients who exceed numerical thresholds, however, the degree to which patients at highest risk of fatal opioid overdose are identified has not been compared with one another or with a predictive model. Methods: A retrospective analysis was p…
Global trends and predictors of face mask usage during the Covid-19 pandemic
The decision to wear a face mask in public settings is significantly associated with sociodemographic factors, risky social behaviors, and mask policies. This has important implications for health prevention policies and messaging, including the potential need for more targeted policy and messaging design
Family Caregiver Training Needs and Medicare Home Health Visit Utilization
BACKGROUND: Medicare home health providers are now required to deliver family caregiver training, but potential consequences for service intensity are unknown. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess how family caregiver training needs affect the number and type of home health visits received. DESIGN: Observational study using linked National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), Outcomes and Assessment Information Set (OASIS), and …
The relationship between joining a US free trade agreement and processed food sales, 2002–2016: A comparative interrupted time-series analysis
Objective: To examine changes in sales of highly processed foods, including infant formulas, in countries joining free trade agreements (FTAs) with the US. Design: Annual country-level data for food and beverage sales come from Euromonitor International. Analyses are conducted in a comparative interrupted time-series (CITS) framework using multivariate random-effects linear models, adjusted for key confounders: gross domestic product (GDP) per ca…
Evidence concerning the regulation of firearms design, sale, and carrying on fatal mass shootings in the United States
Research Summary We used data from the FBI's Supplemental Homicide Reports and other publicly available databases to calculate state‐level annual incidence of fatal mass shootings for 1984–2017. Negative binomial regression models were used to estimate the associations between changes in key gun laws and fatal mass shootings. Handgun purchaser licensing laws and bans of large‐capacity magazines (LCMs) were associated with significant reductions i…
Purchaser Licensing, Point-of-Sale Background Check Laws, and Firearm Homicide and Suicide in 4 US States, 1985–2017
Objectives. To estimate and compare the effects of state background check policies on firearm-related mortality in 4 US states. Methods. Annual data from 1985 to 2017 were used to examine Maryland and Pennsylvania, which implemented point-of-sale comprehensive background check (CBC) laws for handgun purchasers; Connecticut, which adopted a handgun purchaser licensing law; and Missouri, which repealed a similar law. Using synthetic control methods…
Mental Distress in the United States at the Beginning of the Covid-19 Pandemic
Objectives. To assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental distress in US adults. Methods. Participants were 5065 adults from the Understanding America Study, a probability-based Internet panel representative of the US adult population. The main exposure was survey completion date (March 10–16, 2020). The outcome was mental distress measured via the 4-item version of the Patient Health Questionnaire. Results. Among states with 50 or more…
Integrating Community Health Worker Roles to Improve Facility Delivery Utilization in Tanzania: Evidence from an Interrupted Time Series Analysis
Using the Results from Rigorous Multisite Evaluations to Inform Local Policy Decisions
Evidence‐based policy at the local level requires predicting the impact of an intervention to inform whether it should be adopted. Increasingly, local policymakers have access to published research evaluating the effectiveness of policy interventions from national research clearinghouses that review and disseminate evidence from program evaluations. Through these evaluations, local policymakers have a wealth of evidence describing what works, but…
Can volunteer community health workers manage multiple roles? An interrupted time-series analysis of combined HIV and maternal and child health promotion in Iringa, Tanzania
Community health workers (CHWs) play a critical role in health promotion, but their workload is often oriented around a single disease. Renewed interest in expansion of multipurpose CHWs to cover an integrated package of services must contend with the debate over how effectively CHWs can perform an increased range of tasks. In this study, we examine whether an existing cadre of HIV-focused paid volunteer CHWs in Iringa, Tanzania, can take on new …
Matching as Nonparametric Preprocessing for Reducing Model Dependence in Parametric Causal Inference
Although published works rarely include causal estimates from more than a few model specifications, authors usually choose the presented estimates from numerous trial runs readers never see. Given the often large variation in estimates across choices of control variables, functional forms, and other modeling assumptions, how can researchers ensure that the few estimates presented are accurate or representative? How do readers know that publicatio…
Theory and Practice in Nonprobability Surveys
Many in the survey research community have expressed concern at the growing popularity of nonprobability surveys. The absence of random selection prompts justified concerns about self-selection producing biased results and means that traditional, design-based estimation is inappropriate. This paper seeks to provide insight into the conditions under which nonprobability surveys can be expected to provide estimates free of selection bias. In fields…
Using full matching to estimate causal effects in nonexperimental studies: Examining the relationship between adolescent marijuana use and adult outcomes
Matching methods such as nearest neighbor propensity score matching are increasingly popular techniques for controlling confounding in nonexperimental studies. However, simple k:1 matching methods, which select k well-matched comparison individuals for each treated individual, are sometimes criticized for being overly restrictive and discarding data (the unmatched comparison individuals). The authors illustrate the use of a more flexible method c…
Opioid Overdose Deaths and Florida’s Crackdown on Pill Mills
Objectives. We examined the effect on opioid overdose mortality of Florida state laws and law enforcement operations targeting “pill mills.” Methods. We collected 2003 to 2012 mortality data from the Florida Department of Health and the North Carolina State Center for Health Statistics (the comparison state) to estimate changes in the rates of death from prescription opioid, heroin, or any opioid overdose. Results. Florida’s actions were associat…
Mental Distress in the United States at the Beginning of the Covid-19 Pandemic
Objectives. To assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental distress in US adults. Methods. Participants were 5065 adults from the Understanding America Study, a probability-based Internet panel representative of the US adult population. The main exposure was survey completion date (March 10–16, 2020). The outcome was mental distress measured via the 4-item version of the Patient Health Questionnaire. Results. Among states with 50 or more…
External Validity in Policy Evaluations That Choose Sites Purposively
Evaluations of the impact of social programs are often carried out in multiple "sites," such as school districts, housing authorities, local TANF offices, or One-Stop Career Centers. Most evaluations select sites purposively following a process that is nonrandom. Unfortunately, purposive site selection can produce a sample of sites that is not representative of the population of interest for the program. In this paper, we propose a conceptual mod…
Association Between Connecticut’s Permit-to-Purchase Handgun Law and Homicides
Objectives. We sought to estimate the effect of Connecticut’s implementation of a handgun permit-to-purchase law in October 1995 on subsequent homicides. Methods. Using the synthetic control method, we compared Connecticut’s homicide rates after the law’s implementation to rates we would have expected had the law not been implemented. To estimate the counterfactual, we used longitudinal data from a weighted combination of comparison states identi…
Teachers’ Mental Health During the Covid-19 Pandemic
With an emergence of research investigating the educational impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, empirical studies assessing teachers’ mental health throughout the pandemic have been scarce. Using a large national data set, the current study compares mental health outcomes during the pandemic between pre-K–12 teachers and professionals in other occupations. Further, we compare the prevalence of mental health outcomes between in-person and remote tea…
Purchaser Licensing, Point-of-Sale Background Check Laws, and Firearm Homicide and Suicide in 4 US States, 1985–2017
Objectives. To estimate and compare the effects of state background check policies on firearm-related mortality in 4 US states. Methods. Annual data from 1985 to 2017 were used to examine Maryland and Pennsylvania, which implemented point-of-sale comprehensive background check (CBC) laws for handgun purchasers; Connecticut, which adopted a handgun purchaser licensing law; and Missouri, which repealed a similar law. Using synthetic control methods…
Estimating Causal Effects Using School-Level Data Sets
Education researchers, practitioners, and policymakers alike are committed to identifying interventions that teach students more effectively. Increased emphasis on evaluation and accountability has increased desire for sound evaluations of these interventions; and at the same time, school-level data have become increasingly available. This article shows researchers how to bridge these two trends through careful use of school-level data to estimat…
Evidence concerning the regulation of firearms design, sale, and carrying on fatal mass shootings in the United States
Research Summary We used data from the FBI's Supplemental Homicide Reports and other publicly available databases to calculate state‐level annual incidence of fatal mass shootings for 1984–2017. Negative binomial regression models were used to estimate the associations between changes in key gun laws and fatal mass shootings. Handgun purchaser licensing laws and bans of large‐capacity magazines (LCMs) were associated with significant reductions i…
Generalizability of Randomized Trial Results to Target Populations: Design and Analysis Possibilities
Randomized trials play an important role in estimating the effect of a policy or social work program in a given population. While most trial designs benefit from strong internal validity, they often lack external validity, or generalizability, to the target population of interest. In other words, one can obtain an unbiased estimate of the study sample average treatment effect (SATE) from a randomized trial; however, this estimate may not equal th…
The association between cortisol and neighborhood disadvantage in a U.S. population-based sample of adolescents
The Nonuse, Misuse, and Proper Use of Pilot Studies in Experimental Evaluation Research
This article discusses the nonuse, misuse, and proper use of pilot studies in experimental evaluation research. The authors first show that there is little theoretical, practical, or empirical guidance available to researchers who seek to incorporate pilot studies into experimental evaluation research designs. The authors then discuss how pilot studies can be misused, using statistical simulations to illustrate the error that can result from usin…
Political Factors Affecting the Enactment of State-Level Clean Indoor Air Laws
Objectives. We examined the effects of key political institutional factors on the advancement of state-level clean indoor air laws. Methods. We performed an observational study of state-level clean indoor air law enactment among all 50 US states from 1993 to 2010 by using extended Cox hazard models to assess risk of enacting a relevant law. Results. During the 18-year period from 1993 to 2010, 28 states passed a law covering workplaces, 33 states…
Causal Impact: Epidemiological Approaches for a Public Health of Consequence
Causal Impact: Epidemiological Approaches for a Public Health of Consequence Affiliation Daniel Westreich PhD, Jessie K. Edwards PhD, Elizabeth T. Rogawski PhD, Michael G. Hudgens PhD, Elizabeth A. Stuart PhD, and Stephen R. Cole PhDDaniel Westreich, Jessie K. Edwards, and Stephen R. Cole are with the Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. Elizabeth T. Rogawski is with the Di…
Using the Results from Rigorous Multisite Evaluations to Inform Local Policy Decisions
Evidence‐based policy at the local level requires predicting the impact of an intervention to inform whether it should be adopted. Increasingly, local policymakers have access to published research evaluating the effectiveness of policy interventions from national research clearinghouses that review and disseminate evidence from program evaluations. Through these evaluations, local policymakers have a wealth of evidence describing what works, but…
STEM doctorate recipients with disabilities experienced early in life earn lower salaries and are underrepresented among higher academic positions
Factors associated with county‐level mental health during the Covid‐19 pandemic
The objective of this study is to determine county‐level factors associated with anxiety, depression, and isolation during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. This study used daily data from 23,592,355 respondents of a nationwide Facebook‐based survey from April 2020 to July 2021, aggregated to the week‐county level to yield 212,581 observations. Mental distress prevalences were modeled using weighted linear mixed‐effects models wit…
Can volunteer community health workers manage multiple roles? An interrupted time-series analysis of combined HIV and maternal and child health promotion in Iringa, Tanzania
Community health workers (CHWs) play a critical role in health promotion, but their workload is often oriented around a single disease. Renewed interest in expansion of multipurpose CHWs to cover an integrated package of services must contend with the debate over how effectively CHWs can perform an increased range of tasks. In this study, we examine whether an existing cadre of HIV-focused paid volunteer CHWs in Iringa, Tanzania, can take on new …
Web-based Survey Data Collection With Peer Support and Advocacy Organizations: Implications of Participatory Methods
The extensive involvement of people with psychiatric histories in project design and implementation were important strategies that contributed to this study's success
Estimating Causal Effects Using School-Level Data Sets
Education researchers, practitioners, and policymakers alike are committed to identifying interventions that teach students more effectively. Increased emphasis on evaluation and accountability has increased desire for sound evaluations of these interventions; and at the same time, school-level data have become increasingly available. This article shows researchers how to bridge these two trends through careful use of school-level data to estimat…
Matching as Nonparametric Preprocessing for Reducing Model Dependence in Parametric Causal Inference
Although published works rarely include causal estimates from more than a few model specifications, authors usually choose the presented estimates from numerous trial runs readers never see. Given the often large variation in estimates across choices of control variables, functional forms, and other modeling assumptions, how can researchers ensure that the few estimates presented are accurate or representative? How do readers know that publicatio…
Misunderstandings Between Experimentalists and Observationalists about Causal Inference
We attempt to clarify, and suggest how to avoid, several serious misunderstandings about and fallacies of causal inference. These issues concern some of the most fundamental advantages and disadvantages of each basic research design. Problems include improper use of hypothesis tests for covariate balance between the treated and control groups, and the consequences of using randomization, blocking before randomization and matching after assignment…
Using full matching to estimate causal effects in nonexperimental studies: Examining the relationship between adolescent marijuana use and adult outcomes
Matching methods such as nearest neighbor propensity score matching are increasingly popular techniques for controlling confounding in nonexperimental studies. However, simple k:1 matching methods, which select k well-matched comparison individuals for each treated individual, are sometimes criticized for being overly restrictive and discarding data (the unmatched comparison individuals). The authors illustrate the use of a more flexible method c…
Community Violence and Youth: Affect, Behavior, Substance Use, and Academics
Community violence is recognized as a major public health problem (WHO, World Report on Violence and Health, 2002) that Americans increasingly understand has adverse implications beyond inner-cities. However, the majority of research on chronic community violence exposure focuses on ethnic minority, impoverished, and/or crime-ridden communities while treatment and prevention focuses on the perpetrators of the violence, not on the youth who are it…
Propensity score techniques and the assessment of measured covariate balance to test causal associations in psychological research.
There is considerable interest in using propensity score (PS) statistical techniques to address questions of causal inference in psychological research. Many PS techniques exist, yet few guidelines are available to aid applied researchers in their understanding, use, and evaluation. In this study, the authors give an overview of available techniques for PS estimation and PS application. They also provide a way to help compare PS techniques, using…
Improving propensity score weighting using machine learning
Machine learning techniques such as classification and regression trees (CART) have been suggested as promising alternatives to logistic regression for the estimation of propensity scores. The authors examined the performance of various CART‐based propensity score models using simulated data. Hypothetical studies of varying sample sizes ( n =500, 1000, 2000) with a binary exposure, continuous outcome, and 10 covariates were simulated under seven …
Matching Methods for Causal Inference: A Review and a Look Forward
When estimating causal effects using observational data, it is desirable to replicate a randomized experiment as closely as possible by obtaining treated and control groups with similar covariate distributions. This goal can often be achieved by choosing well-matched samples of the original treated and control groups, thereby reducing bias due to the covariates. Since the 1970's, work on matching methods has examined how to best choose treated an…
Matching Methods for Selection of Participants for Follow-Up
This work examines ways to make the best use of limited resources when selecting individuals to follow up in a longitudinal study estimating causal effects. In the setting under consideration, covariate information is available for all individuals but outcomes have not yet been collected and may be expensive to gather, and thus only a subset of the comparison subjects will be followed. Expressions in Rubin and Thomas (1996, 2000) show the benefit…
Multiple imputation by chained equations: What is it and how does it work?
Multivariate imputation by chained equations (MICE) has emerged as a principled method of dealing with missing data. Despite properties that make MICE particularly useful for large imputation procedures and advances in software development that now make it accessible to many researchers, many psychiatric researchers have not been trained in these methods and few practical resources exist to guide researchers in the implementation of this techniqu…
Commentary: Using Potential Outcomes to Understand Causal Mediation Analysis
In this commentary, we demonstrate how the potential outcomes framework can help understand the key identification assumptions underlying causal mediation analysis. We show that this framework can lead to the development of alternative research design and statistical analysis strategies applicable to the longitudinal data settings considered by Maxwell, Cole, and Mitchell (2011)
The Use of Propensity Scores in Mediation Analysis
Mediation analysis uses measures of hypothesized mediating variables to test theory for how a treatment achieves effects on outcomes and to improve subsequent treatments by identifying the most efficient treatment components. Most current mediation analysis methods rely on untested distributional and functional form assumptions for valid conclusions, especially regarding the relation between the mediator and outcome variables. Propensity score me…
Efectos de la Exposición de los Adolescentes a la Violencia en la Comunidad: El Proyecto More
Research on chronic community violence exposure focuses on ethnic minority, impoverished, and crime-ridden communities while treatment and prevention focuses on the perpetrators of the violence, not on the youth who are its direct or indirect victims. School-based treatment and preventive interventions are needed for children at elevated risk for exposure to community violence. This paper describes The Multiple Opportunities to Reach Excellence (…
Associations Between Depressive and Anxious Symptoms and Prenatal Alcohol Use
External Validity in Policy Evaluations That Choose Sites Purposively
Evaluations of the impact of social programs are often carried out in multiple "sites," such as school districts, housing authorities, local TANF offices, or One-Stop Career Centers. Most evaluations select sites purposively following a process that is nonrandom. Unfortunately, purposive site selection can produce a sample of sites that is not representative of the population of interest for the program. In this paper, we propose a conceptual mod…
Prognostic score–based balance measures can be a useful diagnostic for propensity score methods in comparative effectiveness research
OBJECTIVE: Examining covariate balance is the prescribed method for determining the degree to which propensity score methods should be successful at reducing bias. This study assessed the performance of various balance measures, including a proposed balance measure based on the prognostic score (similar to a disease risk score), to determine which balance measures best correlate with bias in the treatment effect estimate. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING…
Current Cigarette Smoking Among HIV-Positive Current and Former Drug Users: Associations with Individual and Social Characteristics
A short history of providing medical history within the British medical undergraduate curriculum
This article aims to discuss the history of medical history in the British medical undergraduate curriculum and it reviews the main characters and organisations that have attempted to earn it a place in the curriculum. It also reviews the arguments for and against the study of the subject that have been used over the last 160 years
The association between cortisol and neighborhood disadvantage in a U.S. population-based sample of adolescents
The Patient-centered Medical Home: An Evaluation of a Single Private Payer Demonstration in New Jersey
BACKGROUND: The patient-centered medical home (PCMH) has increasingly been looked to by policy makers, health care providers, and private insurers as a potential solution to the fragmented and inefficient US health care system. Whether the PCMH achieves these goals is not known. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate a PCMH demonstration project implemented in 2011 in 8 New Jersey primary care practices covering over 10,000 plan members. RESEARCH DESIGN: We con…
Using propensity scores in difference-in-differences models to estimate the effects of a policy change
Generalizing Observational Study Results: Applying Propensity Score Methods to Complex Surveys
OBJECTIVE: To provide a tutorial for using propensity score methods with complex survey data. DATA SOURCES: Simulated data and the 2008 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. STUDY DESIGN: Using simulation, we compared the following methods for estimating the treatment effect: a naïve estimate (ignoring both survey weights and propensity scores), survey weighting, propensity score methods (nearest neighbor matching, weighting, and subclassification), …
Political Factors Affecting the Enactment of State-Level Clean Indoor Air Laws
Objectives. We examined the effects of key political institutional factors on the advancement of state-level clean indoor air laws. Methods. We performed an observational study of state-level clean indoor air law enactment among all 50 US states from 1993 to 2010 by using extended Cox hazard models to assess risk of enacting a relevant law. Results. During the 18-year period from 1993 to 2010, 28 states passed a law covering workplaces, 33 states…
Causal Inference: Overview
Moving towards best practice when using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) using the propensity score to estimate causal treatment effects in observational studies
The propensity score is defined as a subject's probability of treatment selection, conditional on observed baseline covariates. Weighting subjects by the inverse probability of treatment received creates a synthetic sample in which treatment assignment is independent of measured baseline covariates. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) using the propensity score allows one to obtain unbiased estimates of average treatment effects. Ho…
Medicine (43 works) · Psychology (28 works) · Statistics (22 works) · Advanced Causal Inference Techniques (21 works) · Computer Science (21 works) · Mathematics (19 works) · Psychiatry (18 works) · Econometrics (15 works) · Environmental health (14 works) · Gerontology (12 works)