D Machin
Biographic Data
| ID | 4134 |
|---|---|
| NAME | D Machin |
| GIVEN NAMES | D |
| FAMILY NAME | Machin |
| SIGNATURE | MACHIN D |
| AFFILIATIONS | Örebro University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-3295-3602 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 110 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 809 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 110 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1982 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 14 |
Introduction to Special Issue on Food Packaging: Marketized health in the world’s cupboards
Selling international style healthy-branded foods in Malaysia: How the packaging design for ‘plant-based’ foods risks misleading/misdirecting consumers
Scholars in food and nutrition studies have urged for more research on how global diets are entering into new territories around the world, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region, about which less is known. In particular, there is concern as diet-related disease tends to escalate after the arrival of supermarkets and ultra-processed foods. In this region, there has been growing government promotion of, and public interest in, healthy eating. How…
Representing societies in language teaching textbooks: Localized ideologies in language learning materials
This introductory article to the special issue on representing societies in language teaching textbooks lays out how to analytically approach the data using multimodal critical discourse analysis. Foremost, it explains that we must place the texts into the socio-political context of the societies where they are produced. Doing such critical multimodal analysis is not about the texts per se, but is concerned rather with their role in the social an…
How health influencers use algorithms to create discourses: Distorting medical information for niche marketing groups
Health professionals are concerned about how social media influencers, lacking professional training, have become leading players in the provision of health-related knowledge to the public. Such information can be, at best, misleading. Yet, as scholars have observed, there is still less good understanding of this form of influencer-created, health-related, content and why it is so successful. In this paper, using critical discourse analysis, we e…
How the nature of social media platforms supports faulty knowledge production by influencers: The case of nutrition guidance for mothers on Chinese social media
Using the case of nutrition influencers on Chinese Weibo, this paper considers how social media platforms shape knowledge production and the representation of expertise. It is known that members of the public now mainly obtain information about health, illness on social media, chiefly through social media influencers. This creates concern for health professionals, given that such information tends to be highly misleading. Here we use multimodal c…
How US-defined ‘international law’ becomes legitimized in the news media: BBC coverage of the case of the US against Huawei/Meng Wanzhou
The US has ‘international’ laws, created domestically, which used to support national global interests, enforced by threats of exclusion from the dollar-based world trading system. These create problems for, and are contested by, governments around the world, Using Critical Discourse Analysis, this paper analyses BBC international news reporting on one case where these laws were used against the chief financial officer of Huawei in regard to brea…
Editors’ Foreword
How tick list sustainability distracts from actual sustainable action: The UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
The United Nations ‘Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’ lays out 17 Sustainable Development Goals to address a range of global issues related to the future of the planet and human well-being. Critics, however, argue that the Agenda, a complex product of multi-stakeholder governance, in its drive to accommodate many competing voices, is overloaded with weakly defined, overlapping and contradictory issues, concepts …
Humanitarian discourse as racism disclaimer: The representation of Roma in Swedish press
Roma communities remain Europe’s most marginalized and disadvantaged population, facing increasing discrimination, especially after the 2015 refugee crisis. European media often portrays them as criminals or anti-social, furthering misunderstanding and social exclusion. This article examines Swedish news media’s representation of Roma, which, at a surface level, appears much less negative. Using Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis, we analyze …
How to Do Critical Discourse Analysis: A Multimodal Introduction
Introduction: How Meaning Is Created Making Active Choices: Language as a Set of Resources Analysing Semiotic Choices: Words and Images Presenting Speech and Speakers: Quoting Verbs Representing People: Language and Identity Representing Actions: Transitivity and Verb Processes Concealing and Taking for Granted: Nominalization and Presupposition Persuading with Abstraction: Rhetoric and Metaphor Committing and Evading: Truth, Modality and Hedging…
Stand with women in Afghanistan: Civic participation, symbolism, and morality in political activism on Twitter
At the time of writing, it had become common to find trending social media hashtags where users were expressing their feelings about current social and political issues through a range of symbolic gestures, such as striking a pose, wearing a garment, or changing their personal icon. Scholars had begun to consider such gestures in regard to whether they constitute a meaningful form of civic participation or activism. In the present paper, we seek …
Racism is not just hate speech: Ethnonationalist victimhood in YouTube comments about the Roma during Covid-19
Research shows that racism and xenophobia soared during the Covid-19 pandemic and this was certainly the case with the Roma in Romania. In this article, using critical discourse analysis, we analyse comments left below a television news clip posted on YouTube early in the crisis. This gives us valuable access to the way racism and xenophobia are linguistically expressed in social media, particularly in this Romanian context. It yields insights in…
Management discourse in university administrative documents in Sweden: How it recontextualizes and fragments scholarly practices and work processes
Studies in CDA have revealed the nature of the marketized language that now infuses universities and other public institutions, but there is no comprehensive study as to how this language enters the everyday practices of the university through different levels of steering documents and meetings. In this paper, taking one example from a corpus of data from a larger project on New Public Management in Sweden, we show how successively more detailed …
Beyond the humanitarian savior logics? UNHCR's public communication strategies for the Syrian and Central African crises
Forcibly displaced people often face restrictive migration policies and stereotypical discourses. Therefore, this study analyzes UNHCR's public communication strategies towards the Syrian and Central African crises. Through a comparative-synchronic multimodal critical discourse analysis (MCDA) of UNHCR's (international) press releases (N = 28), news stories (N = 233), photos (N = 462) and videos (N = 50) of 2015, we examined its main representati…
The law and critical discourse studies
The law, in its majestic equality, forbids the rich as well as the poor to sleep under bridges, to beg in the streets, and to steal bread. (Jacques Anatole François Thibault)
The depoliticization of law in the news: BBC reporting on US use of extraterritorial or ‘long-arm’ law against China
In this paper we explore how a public national media outlet, the British BBC, represents an international legal case which has a highly political nature. The case is US versus Huawei/Meng Wanzhou, which took place between 2018 and 2021. Accusations were that the Chinese technology company committed fraud, leading the global HSBC bank to breach US sanctions against Iran. The charges were made by the US using what is called an ‘extraterritorial law…
The gains and losses of identity politics: The case of a social media social justice movement called stylelikeU
StyleLikeU is a hugely successful online social media platform that presents itself as a social justice movement related to body acceptance. Presenting moving personal stories, it offers a site for what it calls ‘diverse individuals’ to share their experiences as part of promoting individual self-acceptance in the face of a world that prioritizes one kind of body over another, which take the form of ableism, racism, sexism, homophobia, transphobi…
It's still them: Concealed racism against Roma in Romanian television news
Research shows that news media around the world carry negative representations of ethnic minorities which incite violence, hatred or lead to more marginalisation and social exclusion [Bhatia, M., Poynting, S., & Tufail, W. (2018). Media, crime and racism. Springer; Elias, A., Mansouri, F., & Paradies, Y. (2021). Media, public discourse and racism. In A. Elias, F. Mansouri, & Y. Paradies (Eds.), Racism in Australia today (pp. 211–240). Palgrave Ma…
Why digital administrative systems create extra work and demoralize us: A study of performativity and decontextualization caused by Unikum in Swedish preschools
Designing food packaging to present healthy and ethical diets to the New Chinese middle classes
‘Healthy’ and ‘ethical’ food is one of the fastest-growing food trends around the world. Yet scholars in this journal have shown that what this means in many territories tends to be dominated by Western-centric concepts. They call for the need to decenter the dominant Euro-American and Anglo-centric food scholarship in order to throw light on these processes. To better understand food globalization, one must consider how regional history, culture…
What gets lost in Twitter ‘cancel culture’ hashtags? Calling out racists reveals some limitations of social justice campaigns
Twitter campaigns attacking those who make racist or xenophobic statements are valuable, raising the public profile of opinions that will not tolerate racism in any form. They also indicate how our major institutions are failing to address important matters of social justice. But there is concern that social media, such as Twitter, tends to extremes, moral outrages, lack of nuance and incivility, which shape how issues become represented. In this…
Using humor to disguise racism in television news: The case of the Roma
It has been argued that more research is needed on the role of humor in the expression of racism. One reason is that, in the ‘post racial’ society, overt racism has become publicly unacceptable and, therefore, tends to appear in more concealed forms. In this paper, as part of a larger project on media representations of the Roma, we look at the role of humor in a Romanian television news clip reporting on the financial rewards of begging. We draw…
The legitimization of the use of sweat shops by H&M in the Swedish press
In the Swedish news-media we find sporadic critical, or reflective, reporting on the production conditions of Swedish ‘sweat-shop’ factories in the Global South, used to supply Transnational Corporations (TNCs). In this paper we carry out a critical discourse analysis, in particular using Van Leeuwen’s social actor and social action analysis, to look at examples from a larger corpus of 88 news reports and editorials from the Swedish press, betwee…
Introduction to Multimodal Analysis: Second Edition
Introduction to Multimodal Analysis is a unique and accessible textbook that critically explains this ground-breaking approach to visual analysis. Now thoroughly revised and updated, the second edition reflects the most recent developments in theory and shifts in communication, outlining the tools for analysis and providing a clear model that students can follow. Chapters on colour, typography, framing and composition contain fresh, contemporary …
Introduction: A sociosemiotic exploration of identity and discourse
Among the categories of the telecom and internet frauds, the online romance scam is of particular concern for its sharp rise of victim numbers and the huge amount of cost. A social semiotic approach could be used to investigate the victim identity of the online romance scam from the aspects of the (re)construction and interpretation of discursive practices. The range of papers in this section shows that the study of text, context and the way that…
What is multimodal critical discourse studies
Discourses are communicated not only through political speeches and news items but through entertainment media such as computer games and movies, in the social and material culture of everyday life
Building the World’s Visual Language: The Increasing Global Importance of Image Banks in Corporate Media
Many of the images we now find in magazines, news, promotional material and advertisements are bought cheaply from image banks like Getty Images, which can be accessed by people all around the world. These images are technically of high quality. They have bright lighting and flat colours; attractive models are highly posed and are set in non-descript locations to make them usable across the world. They do not represent actual places or events and…
The need for a social and affordance-driven multimodal critical discourse studies
Given the way multimodality as a field has expanded, becoming more diverse and complex, it is important to pause to identify exactly which concepts, theories and processes of multimodal analysis are more or less suitable for the needs of critical discourse analysis (CDA) and the wider field of critical discourse studies (CDS). The article argues that the field of multimodality remains fragmented both internally, with a range of divergent core int…
Branding and Discourse: The Case of Cosmopolitan
Like fast food and fizzy drinks, discourses are globally marketed by powerful multinational corporations. In this article we look at discourses about women which are distributed around the planet by the 44 different national versions of Cosmopolitan. These versions are localized, but still transmit the Cosmo brand, resulting in similarities between the versions. We apply a multimodal discourse analytic approach to understand this global branding,…
Doing critical discourse studies with multimodality: From metafunctions to materiality
In Critical Discourse Studies (CDS) and in other linguistics oriented scholarly journals we now see more research which draws upon multimodality as part of carrying out analyses of how texts make meaning, in order to draw out the ideologies which they carry. However, much of multimodality is itself based closely on one theory of language called Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). And despite calls from some scholars there has been no real inte…
Discourses of unity and purpose in the sounds of fascist music: A Multimodal Approach
This article, taking a social semiotic approach, analyses two pieces of music written, shared and exalted by two pre-1945 European fascist movements – the German NSDAP and the British Union of Fascists. These movements, both political and cultural, employed mythologies of unity, common identity and purpose in order to elide the realities of social distinction and political–economic inequalities between bourgeois and proletarian groups in capitali…
Global schemas and local discourses in Cosmopolitan
This paper investigates the representation of female identity and practice in the U.K., Dutch, German, Spanish, Greek, Finnish, Indian and Taiwanese versions of Cosmopolitan magazine. It shows how a 'problem-solution' discourse schema underlies a range of articles that do not all use a problem-solution genre. While this schema is clearly global and occurs in all the versions of the magazine, it allows for local variation in terms of the kinds of …
The Umbilical Cord That Was Never Cut: The Post-Dictatorial Intimacy between the Political Elite and the Mass Media in Greece and Spain
Market dynamics has led to a dramatic transformation of the Spanish and Greek media systems since the late 1980s, bringing them in line with West European patterns. The current media landscape is, thus, a far cry from the introvert, parochial press and broadcasting systems present in the two countries in the first 15 years of democratic government, when the partisan political control of radio and television and the overpoliticization of the press…
Computer games as political discourse: The case of Black Hawk Down
The paper analyses how the March 1993 American intervention in Somalia is represented in the movie Black Hawk Down and the computer game of the same name. Using a discourse historical approach, the paper combines three methods: (1) analysis of the ‘special operations discourse’ that underlies both film and game, and social actor analysis of the way the parties involved in the conflict are visually and verbally represented; (2) the political histo…
What gets lost in Twitter ‘cancel culture’ hashtags? Calling out racists reveals some limitations of social justice campaigns
Twitter campaigns attacking those who make racist or xenophobic statements are valuable, raising the public profile of opinions that will not tolerate racism in any form. They also indicate how our major institutions are failing to address important matters of social justice. But there is concern that social media, such as Twitter, tends to extremes, moral outrages, lack of nuance and incivility, which shape how issues become represented. In this…
Racism toward the Roma through the affordances of Facebook: Bonding, laughter and spite
This article carries out a multimodal critical discourse analysis (MCDA) of a Romanian Facebook page where comments are made in response to a shared news-clip showing a Roma wedding which clearly invites ridicule. It has been documented that there are well-established discourses representing the Roma as criminal, uneducated, dirty, immoral, and as resisting assimilation into wider society. This Facebook page offers the opportunity to explore whic…
Personalising crime and crime-fighting in factual television: An analysis of social actors and transitivity in language and images
This article addresses the lack of work on media and crime in Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), using an example of a factual television crime report. The existing research in media studies and criminology points to the way that the media misrepresents crime by distorting public understandings and backgrounding structural issues, such as poverty, which are related to crime thereby legitimising a criminal justice system that serves the interests …
Lifestyle and the Depoliticisation of Agency: Sex as Power in Women's Magazines
Sex, due to its connotations of dangerousness and the non-traditional, has been used heavily in women's magazines and other mass media to signify core values of power and freedom as part of their brands. Through this process, other forms of agency for women have tended to be excluded. In these magazines women are shown to be assertive, powerful and independent, not through the political views that they hold, not through the way that they act upon…
Global media: Generic Homogeneity and Discursive Diversity
This paper forms part of a larger study in which we investigate the notion that the formats of global media output are increasingly homogeneous while the discursive construction of their content is
Analysing the language of war monuments
This paper seeks an approach for a systematic analysis of the semiotic resources used by the designers of British World War 1 monuments. Semiotic studies of monuments have emphasised on the one hand factors from outside the’ text’, in other words contextual social and political factors that lead to design decisions, and on the other hand factors within the text, as being maximally important for this — the latter characterising such visual communi…
Doing critical multimodality in research on gender, language and discourse
The aim of this paper is to open a discussion about multimodal work in the area of gender, language and discourse, and propose the kinds of multimodal approaches that are most appropriate for this task. Multimodality, we claim, is a rather fragmented and unconsolidated field where many of the tools and concepts applied by different researchers are much less suitable than others. Our intention here is to raise critical questions about the affordan…
A discourse–design approach to multimodality: The visual communication of neoliberal management discourse
This paper takes a discourse–design approach to communication, providing a framework as to how this should be done. Design here is how individuals and institutions realize their interests in the world. We show how it is fruitful to link design more closely to the way discourse has been used in critical studies which draws attention to the motivated use of design, for thinking about design in terms of socio-political context. Due to their affordan…
How Lists, Bullet Points and Tables Recontextualize Social Practice: A multimodal study of management language in Swedish universities
In critical discourse analysis, we have learned much about the nature of the marketized language that now dominates public institutions such as universities, playing a role in changing their identities. But less is known about the processes whereby this language enters the everyday practices of these institutions through documents that are used to manage teaching and research. What is the role of language in the shift to the way these activities …
Visually branding the environment: Climate Change as a Marketing Opportunity
While there has been extensive work on the textual realizations of climate change in the media, there has been little on the way such discourses are realized and promoted visually. This article addresses this using Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis to examine a new collection of images from the globally operating Getty Images intended for use in promotions, advertisements and editorials. Getty is promoting this collection in terms of Green I…
The changing spaces of war commemoration: A multimodal analysis of the discourses of British monuments
This paper examines the way that war monuments infuse our public physical spaces, and therefore our internal mental spaces, with discourses that legitimise war, soldiery and militarism in different ways at different times creating different kinds of physical environments. In critical theory and cultural studies there has been a growing interest in the way that physical spaces have psychological roles and house human thoughts and feelings – that o…
Branding Newspapers: Visual texts as social practice
Since the turn of the century there has been a trend towards newspaper re-branding with increased attention to fonts, colours, layout and choices of images. Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) offers one useful tool for analysing the meaning potentials of these choices and the discourses that they realise. However, this paper, addressing one of the major criticisms of CDA, that it fails to consider the role of production factors in expla…
Antiracism in the British government's model regional newspaper: The `talking cure
The Leicester Mercury has been identified as a model newspaper by the British government because it has been seen as central in communicating positive representations of ethnic minorities in the city of Leicester, and to play a role in avoiding the rioting experienced by many British cities with large ethnic minority populations. However, critical discourse and social actor analyses reveal that representations in the newspaper largely conceal the…
News values for consumer groups: The case of Independent Radio News, London, UK
National news agencies, staffed by fewer than a dozen journalists per shift in some cases, are able to produce ready-made news bulletins for hundreds of national and regional radio stations. These bulletins are tailor made to meet target audience criteria crucial for maintaining listener figures. Criticisms of market-driven journalism from media sociologists have focused on so-called `dumbing down'. However, our reflexive ethnographic research in…
The local and the global in the visual design of a Chinese women’s lifestyle magazine: A multimodal critical discourse approach
This article uses a multimodal critical discourse analytic approach to analyse how a Chinese women’s magazine has changed visually over 17 years, partly through the gradual adoption of international branding design styles and partly through consumer product influences from Japan that are used to recontextualize core Chinese values and women’s identities. The authors conclude that, like established international magazine brands, this title signifi…
Television and playground games as part of children's symbolic culture
Using data from an ethnographic-style study of children aged 4–11, this paper considers the way that advertisements become absorbed and appropriated into broader and traditional forms of children's symbolic culture. The paper shows that children take on and relate to media imagery in much the same way as they relate to traditional playground culture of mythology, chants, games and jokes. The principle behind this is Halliday's (1978) observation …
Sudden infant death in Southampton and an evaluation of the Sheffield scoring system
The cases of sudden infant death occurring in Southampton over the period 1 July 1975 to 31 December 1979 are reviewed with respect to “risk” factors identified in other studies. A retrospective case control study of 49 of these deaths and 98 controls was undertaken to evaluate the Sheffield scoring system. The study suggested that the Sheffield score might usefully be used prospectively in Southampton with only minor modification
Trends in primary care in the United Kingdom
Trends in primary care in the United Kingdom were studied using the diagnostic information available at Intercontinental Medical Statistics Ltd (IMS) for 1969-80. Total consultation rates overall showed an increase until 1978 when they started to decline. Diseases of the respiratory system showed a decline for first consultations. Diseases of the musculoskeletal and connective tissue and diseases of the nervous system and sense organs showed an i…
Trends in induced abortion in England and Wales
Analysis of routinely published abortion and fertility data for England and Wales between 1968 and 1980 shows that the age-specific abortion rates increased from 1968 until about 1973 when the rates peaked for all ages; rates then declined until 1977 but have subsequently returned to higher levels. Two factors are implicated: (1) the recent changes are related to parallel changes in the fertility rate; but (2) there is also a tendency for recent …
Socioeconomic differentials in the uptake of medical care in Great Britain
Socioeconomic differentials in the uptake of medical care in men were investigated using data from the General Household Survey (1974-76 and 1979-80). Hospitalisation, attendance at out patient clinics, and consultation with doctors were higher in local authority tenants than in owner occupiers. Men belonging to the manual socioeconomic groups also used services and consulted doctors more often than those in the non-manual groups. Hospitalisation…
Approaches to the analysis of quality of life data: Experiences gained from a Medical Research Council Lung Cancer Working Party palliative chemotherapy trial
From `interpretative communities' to `communities of improvisation
Sample sizes for randomized trials measuring quality of life in cancer patients
Randomized trials with quality of life endpoints: Are doctors' ratings of patients' physical symptoms interchangeable with patients' self-ratings
Quality of life of Danish women: Population-based norms for the EORTC QLQ-C30
Using data from studies of health-related quality of life to describe clinical issues Examples from a longitudinal study of patients with advanced stages of cervical cancer
Children's Demon TV - reality, freedom, panic: Children's discussions of The Demon Headmaster
It Helps People Make their Decisions: Dating Games, Public Service Broadcasting and the Negotiation of Identity in Middle-childhood
Drawing on qualitative data from a study carried out with over 1300 children aged between 5 and 13, in England and Wales, the article analyses children's discourse about television programmes. The article addresses the persistent tendency of this discourse to express socially responsible and public service values in evaluating programmes. This finding is explained both in terms of children's ability to adapt to the requirements of the public cons…
A community-based study of scaling assumptions and construct validity of the English (UK) and Chinese (HK) SF-36 in Singapore
Psychopathy in Youth: Pursuing Diagnostic Clarity
The equivalence of English and Chinese SF-36 versions in bilingual Singapore Chinese
Television and playground games as part of children's symbolic culture
Using data from an ethnographic-style study of children aged 4–11, this paper considers the way that advertisements become absorbed and appropriated into broader and traditional forms of children's symbolic culture. The paper shows that children take on and relate to media imagery in much the same way as they relate to traditional playground culture of mythology, chants, games and jokes. The principle behind this is Halliday's (1978) observation …
Branding and Discourse: The Case of Cosmopolitan
Like fast food and fizzy drinks, discourses are globally marketed by powerful multinational corporations. In this article we look at discourses about women which are distributed around the planet by the 44 different national versions of Cosmopolitan. These versions are localized, but still transmit the Cosmo brand, resulting in similarities between the versions. We apply a multimodal discourse analytic approach to understand this global branding,…
Opinion, Dialogue, Review: Future Generations: The Implied Importance of the Fantasy World in Development of a Child's Imagination
While sociologists of children and media have helped show that children are indeed active and shrewd users of television there is still a need to challenge the notion held particularly in much discourse about children and television that fantasy and make-believe are self-evidently appropriate genres for them. This is generally explained away by the fact that children are different from adults as they are more imaginative. We show the nature and c…
The Umbilical Cord That Was Never Cut: The Post-Dictatorial Intimacy between the Political Elite and the Mass Media in Greece and Spain
Market dynamics has led to a dramatic transformation of the Spanish and Greek media systems since the late 1980s, bringing them in line with West European patterns. The current media landscape is, thus, a far cry from the introvert, parochial press and broadcasting systems present in the two countries in the first 15 years of democratic government, when the partisan political control of radio and television and the overpoliticization of the press…
Global schemas and local discourses in Cosmopolitan
This paper investigates the representation of female identity and practice in the U.K., Dutch, German, Spanish, Greek, Finnish, Indian and Taiwanese versions of Cosmopolitan magazine. It shows how a 'problem-solution' discourse schema underlies a range of articles that do not all use a problem-solution genre. While this schema is clearly global and occurs in all the versions of the magazine, it allows for local variation in terms of the kinds of …
Modelling Variability of Quality of Life Scores: A Study of Questionnaire Version and Bilingualism
Global media: Generic Homogeneity and Discursive Diversity
This paper forms part of a larger study in which we investigate the notion that the formats of global media output are increasingly homogeneous while the discursive construction of their content is
Building the World’s Visual Language: The Increasing Global Importance of Image Banks in Corporate Media
Many of the images we now find in magazines, news, promotional material and advertisements are bought cheaply from image banks like Getty Images, which can be accessed by people all around the world. These images are technically of high quality. They have bright lighting and flat colours; attractive models are highly posed and are set in non-descript locations to make them usable across the world. They do not represent actual places or events and…
Discriminative ability of the Short-Form 36 Health Survey: A tale of two versions
Does being bilingual in English and Chinese influence changes in quality of life scale scores? Evidence from a prospective, population based study
Sociology (76 works) · Political science (61 works) · Computer Science (43 works) · Politics (41 works) · Law (40 works) · Law (36 works) · Psychology (34 works) · Linguistics (33 works) · Media studies (33 works) · Epistemology (26 works)