Saul Shiffman
Biographic Data
| ID | 4231152 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Saul Shiffman |
| GIVEN NAMES | Saul |
| FAMILY NAME | Shiffman |
| SIGNATURE | SHIFFMAN S |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Pittsburgh |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-9639-490X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 51 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 58 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 51 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1986 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 4 |
Association of Use of Menthol- Versus Tobacco-Flavored ENDS with Switching Completely Away from Cigarettes and Differences by Menthol Cigarette Smoking
Introduction Menthol cigarettes and menthol-flavored electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are a current focus of US regulatory policy considerations. Informed policy requires understanding how ENDS flavor may influence smoking behavior, and whether this association varies by preferred cigarette flavor.Materials and methods The analytic sample included 8,428 US adults who smoked cigarettes (AWS) in the Adult JUUL Switching and Smoking Traje…
Assessing the Italian version of the respiratory symptom experience scale (IT-RSES) in smokers and former smokers
The results support the reliability and validity of the IT-RSES, suggesting its utility for assessing respiratory symptoms in smokers, and former smoker who stopped smoking and were using e-cigarettes or HTPs. The scores of former smokers are similar to those not using these products, and lower than smokers', suggests that HTPs and e-cigarettes do not add materially to respiratory symptoms when smokers stop smoking
Adult smokers’ Complete Switching Away from Cigarettes at 6, 9, and 12 Months after Initially Purchasing a Juul e-Cigarette
Background: Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) have the potential to benefit public health if smokers completely switch from cigarettes to ENDS. Methods: A cohort of adult smokers (age ≥ 21) who purchased a JUUL Starter Kit was followed for 12 months after the initial purchase. We defined “switching” as past-30-day abstinence from smoking (even if JUUL use had stopped), and analyzed factors associated with achievement and maintenance of …
Reply to Commentary on “Adult Smokers’ Complete Switching Away from Cigarettes at 6, 9, and 12 Months After Initially Purchasing a Juul e-Cigarette” and the Adult Juul Switching and Smoking Trajectori…
BACKGROUND: This is authors' reply to the Commentary on our publication entitled "Adult smokers' Complete Switching Away from Cigarettes at 6, 9, and 12 Months after Initially Purchasing a JUUL e-Cigarette." METHODS AND RESULTS: Analyses addressed questions about follow-up rates and missed responses in the Adult JUUL Switching and Smoking Trajectories (ADJUSST) Study. Results demonstrate limited potential for selection bias, as participants who m…
What Substances Are Adolescents Vaping? Estimating Nicotine-Specific and Cannabis-Specific Vaping from US National Youth Surveys
Background Youth use of electronic cigarettes (“e-cigarettes”) is an ongoing concern. Vaping is usually assumed to be of nicotine, but survey responses may also include vaping of non-nicotine substances (particularly cannabis), which can impose different risks. The current study quantifies the proportions of nicotine-specific and cannabis-specific vaping among adolescents.Methods Data from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) 2021 survey were analyzed…
Comparative risk perceptions of switching to Juul vs. continued smoking and subsequent switching away from cigarettes
Smokers who perceive JUUL as less harmful than cigarettes have higher odds of switching. Future research should examine whether messaging which aligns comparative risk perceptions with current evidence can facilitate switching, especially among heavier smokers
Retracted Article
Population-level data suggest that smoking prevalence has dropped faster than expected, in ways correlated with increased e-cigarette use. This population movement has potential public health implications
US adult smokers’ perceived relative risk on ENDS and its effects on their transitions between cigarettes and ENDS
Smokers' beliefs about the relative risk of ENDS compared to cigarettes had a strong and consistent association with transitions between smoking and ENDS use. Addressing the growing misperception about ENDS has the potential to contribute to public health by encouraging smokers' switching to ENDS
Introduction to the Special Issue on Juul Use
This special issue addresses key topics relating to the public health impact of the use of electronic nicotine delivery devices (ENDS), particularly JUUL-brand ENDS. Smokers smoke for nicotine, but are harmed by the byproducts of combustion. ENDS can play a role in tobacco harm reduction offering a noncombustible alternative source of nicotine for adult smokers who would otherwise continue smoking. Papers presented here estimate the prevalence of…
The Adult Juul Switching and Smoking Trajectories (ADJUSST) Study
Objectives: The Adult JUUL System User Switching and Smoking Trajectories (ADJUSST) study assessed the smoking and JUUL use trajectories of adults who purchased JUUL. In this paper, we describe study methods, characterize the sample, and assesses potential for bias due to loss to follow-up. Methods: We entered 55,414 US adults (≥ age 21) who purchased a JUUL Starter Kit for the first time (online or at retail) in 2018 into a naturalistic, longitu…
Dual Use of Cigarettes and Juul
Objectives: Many smokers who start using ENDS engage in dual use of cigarettes and ENDS. This paper examines time trends in dual use after a JUUL Starter Kit purchase, and changes in cigarette consumption among those remaining dual users. Methods: In the ADJUSST study, a cohort of adult smokers who purchased a JUUL Starter Kit were followed naturalistically 6 times over 12 months. Trends in dual use and reported complete switching away from cigar…
Switching away from Cigarette Smoking with Juul
Objectives: In this study, we examined complete switching away from cigarettes across various medico-socio-demographic subpopulations of adult smokers who purchased a JUUL Starter Kit (JSK) electronic nicotine delivery system. Methods: We analyzed trajectories of smoking over 12 months in 17,986 adult smokers who purchased a JSK. Populations of special interest were characterized by race/ethnicity, income, diagnoses of potentially smoking-related…
Improving Retailer Compliance for Tobacco Purchases
Objectives: Those underage should not use tobacco products, including electronic nicotine delivery systems. A technologically-based solution developed by Juul Labs Inc to restrict underage access seeks to automate transactions, structurally mandate age-verification, and limit the quantity of JUUL products purchased per transaction. A pilot of this standards-based approach, referred to as RACSTM (Retail Access Control Standards), was conducted to …
Transitions in Smoking among Adults Newly Purchasing the Juul System
Objectives: In this study, we prospectively assessed changes in smoking a year after US adults' first-time purchase of a JUUL Starter Kit (JSK). Methods: Descriptive analyses assessed transitions in smoking status at 12 months among adult (age ≥21) JSK purchasers providing baseline and 12-month follow-up data (N = 27,164 [49.0% of baseline]), stratified by baseline smoking status. Baseline regular use of other ENDS was also considered. Results: P…
Switching away from Cigarettes across 12 Months among Adult Smokers Purchasing the Juul System
Objectives: In this study, we assessed complete switching away from cigarette smoking among adult smokers who purchased a JUUL Starter Kit (JSK). Methods: Adult (age ≥ 21) established smokers (smoked ≥ 100 lifetime cigarettes) who purchased a JSK in 2018 were invited to complete online surveys 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after initial JSK purchase. Point prevalence of switching (no past 30-day smoking) was assessed at each follow-up. Repeated mea…
Changes in Dependence as Smokers Switch from Cigarettes to Juul in Two Nicotine Concentrations
Objectives: In this study, we assessed changes in dependence as smokers transitioned from cigarette smoking to exclusive use of the JUUL System ("JUUL"), contrasting users of 5.0% versus 3.0% nicotine concentration pods. Methods: Overall, 5246 adult (age ≥ 21) established smokers (> 100 cigarettes lifetime) who purchased a JUUL device completed online surveys at baseline, when smoking, and one and 3 months later; 1758 reported no past-30-day smok…
Smoking Trajectories of Adult Never Smokers 12 Months after First Purchase of a Juul Starter Kit
Objectives: We assessed adult never smokers' trajectories of smoking over 12 months after a first-time JUUL Starter Kit (JSK) purchase. Methods: Adult (≥ 21) never smokers (N = 3853) who purchased a JSK were recruited into an observational naturalistic study. Analyses distinguished those who had previously used ENDS (NS+E, N = 2848) from those who had not (NS-NE, N = 1005). Participants were invited to complete follow-up assessments at 1, 2, 3, 6…
Cigarette Smoking Trajectories in Adult Former Smokers Using the Juul System
Objective: In this study, we assessed cigarette smoking over 12 months among adult former smokers who newly purchased a JUUL Starter Kit (JSK). Methods: Prevalence of past 30-day smoking and factors associated with smoking were assessed among adult (age ≥ 21) former established smokers, stratified as recent (quitting ≤ 12 months) and long-term quitters (> 12 months), who purchased a JSK and completed ≥ 1 of 6 follow-up assessments (N = 4786). Res…
A latent state–trait model for analyzing states, traits, situations, method effects, and their interactions
OBJECTIVE: Studies on situation and Person × Situation interaction effects often use only one method of measurement, so that the extent to which the effects may be method-specific cannot be determined. We introduce a new multimethod latent state-trait model for random and fixed situations (MM-LST-RF), which allows examining person, situation, and Person × Situation interaction effects in the context of multimethod measurement designs (e.g., studi…
Daily stress as link between disadvantage and smoking
These findings highlight the potential for future studies investigating behavioral mechanisms underlying smoking disparities. Such information would aid in the development and improvement of interventions to reduce social inequality in smoking rates and smoking rates in general
Psychometric Evaluation of the Relapse Situation Efficacy Questionnaire in a Weight Loss Treatment Study
Objectives We assessed the psychometric properties of the Relapse Situation Efficacy Questionnaire - Weight (RSEQ-W) including internal consistency reliability, criterion-related validity (concurrent and predictive validity) and construct validity (convergent validity and factor analysis). Methods We administered the RSEQ-W at baseline, and at 6 and 12 months in a 12-month prospective behavioral weight loss study. Spearman correlations were used …
Attentional bias retraining in cigarette smokers attempting smoking cessation (ARTS)
Current Controlled Trials: ISRCTN54375405
Sweetened drink and snacking cues in adolescents. A study using ecological momentary assessment
Daily Psychological Demands Are Associated With 6-Year Progression of Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis
OBJECTIVE: We examine associations between the perception of ongoing psychological demands by ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and 6-year changes in carotid artery atherosclerosis by ultrasonography. METHODS: A total of 270 initially healthy participants collected ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) and recorded their daily experiences, using electronic diaries, during two 3-day periods. Mean intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaque were assessed…
Smoking Cessation Behavior Among Intermittent Smokers Versus Daily Smokers
Nondaily intermittent smokers (ITS) are common, but their cessation behavior remains elusive. We examined cessation of native-ITS (n = 2040), converted-ITS (n = 1808), and daily smokers (DS; n = 25 344). All ITS were more likely than were DS to make a quit attempt (native-ITS adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.42, 1.80; converted-ITS AOR = 3.33, 95% CI = 2.93, 3.78). Native-ITS (18%) and converted-ITS (27%) were mo…
A comparison of coping assessed by ecological momentary assessment and retrospective recall
Sweetened drink and snacking cues in adolescents. A study using ecological momentary assessment
Does trait coping exist? A momentary assessment approach to the evaluation of traits
This study investigated the extent to which momentary reports of coping are a traitlike phenomenon and the validity of a questionnaire assessment of coping style. Participants (N = 96) completed the questionnaire, then monitored stressful events and coping activities for 2 days using a hand-held computer that administered a brief assessment every 40 min. Momentary reports exhibited a sizable traitlike component: Individual differences accounted f…
Individual differences in intraperson variability in mood
The experience sampling method and palm-top computers were used to obtain 75-100 randomly timed in situ assessments of 11 mood-related items from 54 Ss over 12-14 days. The variability in the distribution of an S's responses to each item was used as an estimate of intrasubject mood variability. Mood variability was stable across time (average r > .58) and across situations (average r = .51). The intercorrelations among the individual item variabi…
Gender and sex role differences in the perception of social support
Smoking Cessation Behavior Among Intermittent Smokers Versus Daily Smokers
Nondaily intermittent smokers (ITS) are common, but their cessation behavior remains elusive. We examined cessation of native-ITS (n = 2040), converted-ITS (n = 1808), and daily smokers (DS; n = 25 344). All ITS were more likely than were DS to make a quit attempt (native-ITS adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.42, 1.80; converted-ITS AOR = 3.33, 95% CI = 2.93, 3.78). Native-ITS (18%) and converted-ITS (27%) were mo…
Cessation Among Smokers of “Light” Cigarettes
Objectives. A large proportion of smokers erroneously believe that low-nicotine/low-tar cigarettes, also called “light cigarettes” or “lights,” reduce health risks and are a rational alternative to smoking cessation. However, the availability of light cigarettes may deter smoking cessation. Methods. We analyzed the 32374 responses to the US 2000 National Health Interview Survey. Current and former smokers (“ever-smokers”) were asked if they had e…
Gender and sex role differences in the perception of social support
Panel discussion
For those of you who don't know, in California we had a 25 cent increase in the price of a packet of cigarettes with Proposition 99 in November 1988. Twenty percent of these revenues were earmarked for Health Edu cation, Prevention & Cessation efforts. How ever, we were unable to get expenditure authority from the legislature for nearly a year
Ecological Momentary Assessment (Ema) in Behavioral Medicine
Individual differences in intraperson variability in mood
The experience sampling method and palm-top computers were used to obtain 75-100 randomly timed in situ assessments of 11 mood-related items from 54 Ss over 12-14 days. The variability in the distribution of an S's responses to each item was used as an estimate of intrasubject mood variability. Mood variability was stable across time (average r > .58) and across situations (average r = .51). The intercorrelations among the individual item variabi…
Panel and open discussions
I find myself wondering whether the con ference has met our goals, and I find that it has -not because we have conclusions or a clear policy from it, however. Someone asked me what I thought was going to happen in the next year as a result of this conference, and my quick answer was, "Nothing". In fact, I think we have accomplished our goals because we have raised the right questions. You have all seen the bumper sticker that says "Question autho…
Panel discussion
I am going to ask Dr Husten to start by responding to the comment that we are stuck in
Public health benefit of over-the-counter nicotine medications
The broader availability and promotion of effective treatments for tobacco dependence, specifically nicotine gum and patch, increase the number of smokers availing themselves of the medications. This increased use is estimated to contribute substantially to the number of former smokers in the United States
A comparison of coping assessed by ecological momentary assessment and retrospective recall
Does trait coping exist? A momentary assessment approach to the evaluation of traits
This study investigated the extent to which momentary reports of coping are a traitlike phenomenon and the validity of a questionnaire assessment of coping style. Participants (N = 96) completed the questionnaire, then monitored stressful events and coping activities for 2 days using a hand-held computer that administered a brief assessment every 40 min. Momentary reports exhibited a sizable traitlike component: Individual differences accounted f…
Partner Interactions Are Associated With Reduced Blood Pressure in the Natural Environment
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the effects of partner interactions on ambulatory blood pressure in a sample of 120 healthy adults who were monitored over a 6-day period. METHODS: After each blood pressure measurement, participants rated characteristics of ongoing social interactions, along with emotional activation, physical activity, talking, posture, and other covariates, with computer-assisted self-report assessments. RE…
Smokers' beliefs about “Light” and “Ultra Light” cigarettes
Many Light and Ultra Light smokers believe that smoking these cigarettes impart a substantial health benefit, due in part to their experience that these cigarettes are less harsh and the belief that these cigarettes deliver less tar
Effect of health messages about “Light” and “Ultra Light” cigarettes on beliefs and quitting intent
Addressing smokers' sensory experience that Light and Ultra Light cigarettes feel less harsh may be a promising strategy for changing their misconceptions about these cigarettes and enhancing their interest in quitting. Media counter-advertising on Lights and Ultra Lights, focusing on sensory aspects of these cigarettes, may be an important part of tobacco control efforts
Test of “Light” cigarette counter-advertising using a standard test of advertising effectiveness
Addressing smokers' sensory perceptions of Light cigarettes and presenting this information in an impartial way is likely to be an effective communication strategy for counter-marketing Light cigarettes
Capturing momentary, self-report data
Self-report data are ubiquitous in behavioral and medical research. Retrospective assessment strategies are prone to recall bias and distortion. New techniques for assessing immediate experiences in respondents' natural environments (e.g., Ecological Momentary Assessment, Experience Sampling) are being used by many researchers to reduce reporting bias. This article discusses seven aspects of momentary research that are often overlooked or minimiz…
Validation of the Detroit area study discrimination scale in a community sample of older African American adults
Smoker and ex-smoker reactions to cigarettes claiming reduced risk
There is substantial risk that smokers will overinterpret reduced risk claims made for modified tobacco products. PREPs appeal to smokers who are contemplating quitting and exposure to reduced risk product claims appears to reduce smokers' readiness to quit. PREPs also appealed to young adults who had recently stopped smoking. Thus, reduced risk tobacco product claims can undermine adult cessation and youth prevention, possibly resulting in incre…
Frequency of Spousal Interaction and 3-Year Progression of Carotid Artery Intima Medial Thickness
Objective: We employed Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) real-time recording in the natural setting to determine whether spousal interaction frequency predicts 3-year progression of carotid artery intima medial thickening (IMT). Methods: Participants were 250 healthy, older adults (M age = 61, 48% female) who, at baseline, underwent 6 days of ambulatory monitoring using electronic diaries to collect data on mood, activity, and posture, as wel…
Psychosocial Stress and Cardiovascular Risk
We describe an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocol designed to measure daily life experiences along several psychosocial dimensions (Social Conflict, Task Demand, Decisional Control, Negative Affect, and Arousal) hypothesized to be relevant for cardiovascular disease risk. In a large community sample, these assessments have been administered in conjunction with ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) monitoring and measures of subclinical card…
Dynamic Influences on Smoking Relapse Process
This article describes a program of research applying Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) methods to study relapse to cigarette smoking, with a particular focus on the role of negative affect (NA) and self‐efficacy (SE). Day‐to‐day changes in mood and stress did not predict lapse risk, but more proximal changes in affect were associated with lapses: Many lapses were marked by intense NA and by NA increases in the preceding hours. Individual dif…
Characteristics of selectors of nicotine replacement therapy
Smokers who elect to use NRT differ from non-NRT users in ways that predispose them to failure in cessation. Controlling for smoking rate and time to first cigarette does not eliminate these differences, even among light smokers. These differences must be considered when comparing the effectiveness of NRT among samples of smokers who self select their treatment and are likely to bias such outcome comparisons
Tobacco Cessation and Weight Loss
Cessation Among Smokers of “Light” Cigarettes
Objectives. A large proportion of smokers erroneously believe that low-nicotine/low-tar cigarettes, also called “light cigarettes” or “lights,” reduce health risks and are a rational alternative to smoking cessation. However, the availability of light cigarettes may deter smoking cessation. Methods. We analyzed the 32374 responses to the US 2000 National Health Interview Survey. Current and former smokers (“ever-smokers”) were asked if they had e…
Smokers' Preferences for Medicinal Nicotine vs Smokeless Tobacco
Ecological Momentary Assessment
Assessment in clinical psychology typically relies on global retrospective self-reports collected at research or clinic visits, which are limited by recall bias and are not well suited to address how behavior changes over time and across contexts. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) involves repeated sampling of subjects’ current behaviors and experiences in real time, in subjects’ natural environments. EMA aims to minimize recall bias, maximiz…
Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) in studies of substance use.
Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) is particularly suitable for studying substance use, because use is episodic and thought to be related to mood and context. This article reviews EMA methods in substance use research, focusing on tobacco and alcohol use and relapse, where EMA has been most applied. Common EMA designs combine event-based reports of substance use with time-based assessments. Approaches to data organization and analysis have bee…
Medicine (42 works) · Smoking Behavior and Cessation (30 works) · Psychology (27 works) · Internal Medicine (22 works) · Demography (17 works) · Environmental health (17 works) · Behavioral Health and Interventions (13 works) · Social Psychology (13 works) · Demography (12 works) · Psychiatry (12 works)