Bernd Simon
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 4231866 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Bernd Simon |
| NOMBRES | Bernd |
| APELLIDO | Simon |
| FIRMA | SIMON B |
| AFILIACIONES | Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-6521-9033 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 55 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 1195 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 55 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1976 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 15 |
The Relationship Between Stigma-Induced Social Identity Threat and Loneliness
Experiences of stigma-induced social identity threat can frustrate one’s need for belonging. No research to date has examined whether stigmatized people experience loneliness as a result. Therefore, we conducted two studies with unemployed people in Germany to test the hypothesis that social identity threat increases feelings of loneliness. In Study 1 ( N = 445), we employed a two-wave longitudinal study and found that Time 1 social identity thre…
Taking tolerance seriously
A dual-level disapproval-respect model of tolerance is proposed, and its social psychological foundations are explicated from a self-categorization perspective. The model specifies tolerance as the combination of disapproval of others' beliefs, practices, or ways of life, which results from self-categorization at the level of in-group-out-group differentiation (Level 1), and respect, which is grounded in shared group membership at a higher level …
Dis-Embedded Identity of Majority Members
In this article, we focus on the process of dis-embedded identification (the accentuation and prioritization of the identification with a particular subordinate ingroup relative to the identification with the relevant superordinate ingroup) among majority members and examine possible antecedents and consequences. To this end, we conducted research with Catholics in Poland. We hypothesized societal respect for Catholics would negatively predict di…
Does Respect Foster Tolerance? (Re)analyzing and Synthesizing Data From a Large Research Project Using Meta-Analytic Techniques
Our own prior research has demonstrated that respect for disapproved others predicts and might foster tolerance toward them. This means that without giving up their disapproval of others’ way of life, people can tolerate others when they respect them as equals (outgroup respect–tolerance hypothesis). Still, there was considerable variation in the study features. Moreover, the studies are part of a larger research project that affords many additio…
The meaning of respect under varying context conditions
The concept of respect figures prominently in several theories on intergroup relations. Previous studies suggested that the experience of being respected is primarily related to the feeling of being recognized as an equal, as opposed to social recognition of needs or achievements. Those studies focused, however, on either minority groups or ad hoc groups, thereby possibly giving equality recognition an advantage. This article extends previous fin…
The politicization of religious communities
The article reports two studies in which we examined how the politicization of religious communities influences both affective and cognitive intergroup differentiation. In Study 1, we used a longitudinal research design and observed that politicization among members of Protestant communities in Germany negatively affected their feelings towards and perceptions of commonalities with homosexuals and Muslims. In Study 2, we used a cross-sectional de…
A new perspective on intergroup conflict
The article offers a new perspective on intergroup conflict. While building on social psychological foundations laid down in self-categorization theory, it is also critically informed by and incorporates insights from the neighboring disciplines of social, political, and moral philosophy. The new perspective is organized around the principal working hypothesis that many intergroup conflicts, especially those in modern, culturally diverse societie…
Dynamics of respect
In (post-)modern, plural societies, consisting of numerous subgroups, mutual respect between groups plays a central role for a constructive social and political life. In this article, we examine whether group members’ perception of being respected by outgroups fosters respect for these outgroups. In Study 1, we employed a panel sample of supporters of the Tea Party movement in the United States (N = 422). In Study 2, we employed a panel sample of…
Muslims’ experiences of equality recognition in Germany
When the societal majority imparts to minorities a sense of being recognized as equals, this equality recognition colors the broader societal framework within which intergroup relations take shape. We further suggest that-if it is desired that subgroups identify with society-the most viable option is a multicultural model of society, which enables minorities to simultaneously retain their subgroup identity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA,…
A realistic view on disagreement
Building on insights from social psychology and political philosophy, I develop a realistic view on disagreement. According to this view, disagreements among people can be traced back to the heterogeneity of social reality and people’s differing social positioning in it with the relativity of identities playing a mediating role. I discuss theoretical and meta-theoretical as well as practical and normative implications of such a view. I also look …
Politicization in the name of the majority
The article reports two experiments that examined politicization in the name of the majority population and intergroup polarization as a function of perceived grievances of the majority population. To manipulate perceived majority grievances, we used three different injustice frames (cultural, economic, political), each of which targeted an important arena of societal participation and thus a typical breeding ground for societal injustices and ps…
Opportunities for Immigrants’ Acculturation and Identification Varieties
This article elucidates how members of the two largest immigration groups living in Germany (i.e., immigrants with a Russian or Turkish background) deal with and integrate values and practices deriving from their ethnocultural minority group and the larger society. A special emphasis of this article is on how context conditions form opportunities for varieties of acculturation and identification. The pattern of results suggests a taxonomy of immi…
On the meaning of respect for sexual minorities
The article reports empirical research investigating what respect means for gays and lesbians. Drawing on Honneth’s social philosophical recognition theory, it was predicted and found that gays’ and lesbians’ experiences of being respected were primarily related to (perceived) social recognition as an equal as opposed to social recognition of needs or achievements. This finding was replicated across the contexts of family, friends and work. Also …
Dual Identification and the (De‐)Politicization of Migrants
The article examines the role of dual identification with both the ethnocultural ingroup and the society of residence in the politicization of migrants. The researchers employed a longitudinal and comparative research design with members of the two largest, but sociologically very different, migrant groups in Germany as research participants (i.e. Turkish migrants and Russian migrants). In line with prior work that has shown that, among members o…
Society matters
This article examines the role of social recognition in the relationship between gay men's victimization and their life satisfaction. Using a comprehensive catalog of victimization, we obtained empirical evidence that strongly suggests that victimization negatively affects gay men's life satisfaction and that this relationship is mainly mediated by a perceived lack of social recognition in society. In addition, although active involvement in the …
When Dual Identity Becomes a Liability
This article examines the role of dual identity in political radicalism among migrants. Dual identity is defined as identification with both one’s ethnocultural minority in-group and one’s society of residence. We employed a longitudinal research design using members of the two largest migrant groups in Germany (Turkish migrants and Russian migrants) as participants. We reasoned that when dual identity is burdened with incompatibility between com…
Social recognition as an equal
The study presented in this article examined the role of social recognition as an equal in group members' motivation to serve their ingroup as well as actual group‐serving behavior. We predicted and found that social recognition as opposed to non‐recognition as an equal, communicated by fellow group members, increased participants' group‐serving motivation and behavior. In addition, the psychological processes underlying this effect were examined…
The Politicization of Migrants
The article examines the role of collective identification processes in the politicization of Russian migrants in Germany. Building on the assumption that politicized collective identity (PCI) is a dual identity, the authors predicted and found that dual identification as both Russian and German was positively related to politicization among members of the Russian minority in Germany. This relationship held up even when the influences of several …
Pathways to Collective Protest
The dual‐pathway model of collective action proposes two motivational pathways to collective protest, one is based on cost–benefit calculations and another is based on collective identification . The present research examined the role of feelings of group‐based anger as an additional path. Study 1, a field study in the context of students’ protest in Germany (N= 201), provided evidence for a unique effect of anger. Study 2, a laboratory experimen…
Intraorganizational Respect and Organizational Participation
A panel study with two points of measurement throughout a four-month interval ( N = 189) in the context of a socio-political organization was conducted to examine the role of collective identity in mediating the relationship between perceived respect and organizational participation. Path analyses confirmed that the effect of perceived respect at Time 1 on organizational participation at Time 2 was fully mediated by the cognitive component of col…
Identity affirmation and social movement support
It is argued that the power of collective identification to mobilize people for collective action such as social movement support derives at least partly from processes of identity affirmation. The hypothesized identity‐affirming function of social movement support is tested in two laboratory experiments which revolve around collective identity as a supporter of the peace movement. In Experiment 1, we predicted and found that people who strongly …
Identity and politicization among Turkish migrants in Germany
The article examines the role of collective identification processes in the politicization of Turkish migrants in Germany. Building on the suggestion that politicized collective identity is a dual identity, the authors predicted and found that dual identification as both Turkish and German was positively related to politicization among members of the Turkish minority in Germany. This relationship was found in both cross-sectional and longitudinal…
Das Selbst und die soziale Identität
Beyond dependence
This article outlines a new approach to the social psychology of power. Specifically, it challenges the currently influential conflictoriented dependence analysis, in which power operates as an almost exclusively repressive force. Drawing on relevant work from other social science disciplines, the article presents an identity model of power, in which both consensus and conflict play important roles. The model theorizes power as a productive as we…
In search of the active ingredient of respect
The experiment (N = 67) tested whether the effectiveness of intragroup respect can be traced back to the symbolic value of intragroup respect as a sign or message of acceptance. In addition to intragroup respect, intragroup acceptance was manipulated as a second independent variable so that the hypothesized acceptance message of intragroup respect was either confirmed or undermined. Collective identification and willingness to engage in group-ser…
Politicized collective identity
This article develops a social psychological model of politicized collective identity that revolves around 3 conceptual triads. The 1st triad consists of collective identity, the struggle between groups for power, and the wider societal context. It is proposed that people evince politicized collective identity to the extent that they engage as self-conscious group members in a power struggle on behalf of their group knowing that it is the more in…
Identity and politicization among Turkish migrants in Germany
The article examines the role of collective identification processes in the politicization of Turkish migrants in Germany. Building on the suggestion that politicized collective identity is a dual identity, the authors predicted and found that dual identification as both Turkish and German was positively related to politicization among members of the Turkish minority in Germany. This relationship was found in both cross-sectional and longitudinal…
Collective identification and social movement participation
Determinants of collective behavior, as suggested by social identity or self-categorization approach and social movement research, were examined in 2 field studies. Study 1 was conducted in context of older people's movement in Germany and Study 2 in context of gay movement in United States. Both studies yielded similar results pointing to 2 independent pathways to willingness to participate in collective action; one is based on cost-benefit calc…
Perceived intragroup homogeneity in minority-majority contexts
The Politicization of Migrants
The article examines the role of collective identification processes in the politicization of Russian migrants in Germany. Building on the assumption that politicized collective identity (PCI) is a dual identity, the authors predicted and found that dual identification as both Russian and German was positively related to politicization among members of the Russian minority in Germany. This relationship held up even when the influences of several …
Categorization is not enough
Self-stereotyping and social context
In 2 laboratory experiments, the tendency to stereotype oneself in terms of one's group membership as a function of the social context was examined. Experiment 1 examined the effects of relative in-group size on self-stereotyping. The results confirmed the prediction that minority members are more likely than majority members to stereotype themselves. Experiment 2 examined the interactive impact of relative in-group size and in-group status. As p…
Beyond dependence
This article outlines a new approach to the social psychology of power. Specifically, it challenges the currently influential conflictoriented dependence analysis, in which power operates as an almost exclusively repressive force. Drawing on relevant work from other social science disciplines, the article presents an identity model of power, in which both consensus and conflict play important roles. The model theorizes power as a productive as we…
Pathways to Collective Protest
The dual‐pathway model of collective action proposes two motivational pathways to collective protest, one is based on cost–benefit calculations and another is based on collective identification . The present research examined the role of feelings of group‐based anger as an additional path. Study 1, a field study in the context of students’ protest in Germany (N= 201), provided evidence for a unique effect of anger. Study 2, a laboratory experimen…
Social identity and perceived group homogeneity
On the basis of social identity theory, we argue that the search for a positive social identity is characterized by the accentuation of perceived ingroup homogeneity relative to perceived outgroup homogeneity (the ingroup homogeneity effect). To test our specific hypotheses, we conducted an experiment in which some subjects were provided with a well‐defined group membership and others were allocated to ill‐defined groups. We also manipulated the …
Unique individual or interchangeable group member? The accentuation of intragroup differences versus similarities as an indicator of the individual self versus the collective self
In 4 studies, the authors examined antecedents of self-definition as either a unique individual (the individual self) or an interchangeable group member (the collective self). Accentuation of perceived similarities versus differences among in-group members including the self served as the main indicator of participants' relative emphasis on their individual or collective self. Following prior work in the social identity and self-categorization th…
The Dual-Pathway Model of Social Movement Participation
We conducted a field study in the context of the U.S. fat acceptance movement to examine two possible pathways to social movement participation. One pathway concerns the calculation of the costs and benefits of participation; the other concerns collective identification with a social movement organization (SMO). Multiple regression analysis confirmed that calculation and collective identification processes made unique contributions to the predict…
Stereotyping and Self-Stereotyping in a Natural Intergroup Context
Bernd Simon, , Ina Stratenwerth, Stereotyping and Self-Stereotyping in a Natural Intergroup Context: The Case of Heterosexual and Homosexual Men, Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 54, No. 3 (Sep., 1991), pp. 252-266
Cognitive and affective experiences of minority and majority members
On the asymmetry in the cognitive construal of ingroup and outgroup
A model of egocentric social categorization (ESC‐model) is presented. It predicts an asymmetry in the cognitive construal of ingroups and outgroups which is traced back to an egocentrism in the cognitive differentiation of the social world. The more specific assumptions are: (1) At the most basic level of cognitive differentiation, the perceiver distinguishes between the categories ME and NOT‐ME. (2) This basic level categorization predicates an …
Perceptions of relative group size and group homogeneity
On the basis of prior research on the false consensus effect and on the perception of group homogeneity in minority‐majority contexts, it was hypothesized that (1) with no information regarding group size available, group members would see their own group in the majority position and perceive more outgroup than ingroup homogeneity and (2) this outgroup homogeneity effect would not occur, when there is no doubt about the numerical equality of ingr…
When self-categorization makes sense
The authors examined the joint influence of meaningful social categorization and relative in-group size on the depersonalization of self-perception. Meaningfulness of social categorization was varied following the fit principle, introduced by self-categorization theory. In Experiment 1, the authors predicted and found that minority members show more depersonalized self-perception than majority members if, and only if, the meaningfulness of the un…
Social recognition as an equal
The study presented in this article examined the role of social recognition as an equal in group members' motivation to serve their ingroup as well as actual group‐serving behavior. We predicted and found that social recognition as opposed to non‐recognition as an equal, communicated by fellow group members, increased participants' group‐serving motivation and behavior. In addition, the psychological processes underlying this effect were examined…
On being more than just a part of the whole
This article reports the results of a questionnaire study that examined the relationship between regional identification and perceptual accentuation of ingroup distinctiveness in a natural field setting. Respondents were male inhabitants of the Saarland which is a small German state. Half the respondents were members of the leading political party of the Saarland, while the other respondents were members of the major opposition party. As expected…
Intragroup differentiation in terms of ingroup and outgroup attributes
An experiment (n = 36) was conducted to test the hypothesis that attribute typicality moderates intragroup differentiation. The predicted reversal from perceived relative ingroup homogeneity on typical ingroup attributes to perceived relative outgroup homogeneity on typical outgroup attributes was confirmed for both homogeneity measures (standard deviation and probability of differentiation). But the ingroup homogeneity effects were more reliable…
Opportunities for Immigrants’ Acculturation and Identification Varieties
This article elucidates how members of the two largest immigration groups living in Germany (i.e., immigrants with a Russian or Turkish background) deal with and integrate values and practices deriving from their ethnocultural minority group and the larger society. A special emphasis of this article is on how context conditions form opportunities for varieties of acculturation and identification. The pattern of results suggests a taxonomy of immi…
Identity affirmation and social movement support
It is argued that the power of collective identification to mobilize people for collective action such as social movement support derives at least partly from processes of identity affirmation. The hypothesized identity‐affirming function of social movement support is tested in two laboratory experiments which revolve around collective identity as a supporter of the peace movement. In Experiment 1, we predicted and found that people who strongly …
In search of the active ingredient of respect
The experiment (N = 67) tested whether the effectiveness of intragroup respect can be traced back to the symbolic value of intragroup respect as a sign or message of acceptance. In addition to intragroup respect, intragroup acceptance was manipulated as a second independent variable so that the hypothesized acceptance message of intragroup respect was either confirmed or undermined. Collective identification and willingness to engage in group-ser…
Muslims’ experiences of equality recognition in Germany
When the societal majority imparts to minorities a sense of being recognized as equals, this equality recognition colors the broader societal framework within which intergroup relations take shape. We further suggest that-if it is desired that subgroups identify with society-the most viable option is a multicultural model of society, which enables minorities to simultaneously retain their subgroup identity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA,…
Society matters
This article examines the role of social recognition in the relationship between gay men's victimization and their life satisfaction. Using a comprehensive catalog of victimization, we obtained empirical evidence that strongly suggests that victimization negatively affects gay men's life satisfaction and that this relationship is mainly mediated by a perceived lack of social recognition in society. In addition, although active involvement in the …
Lehrbuch der speziellen Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie
Lehrbuch der speziellen Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie
Perceived intragroup homogeneity in minority-majority contexts
Perceived intragroup homogeneity in minority^majority contexts
The effects of ingroup and outgroup homogeneity on ingroup favouritism, stereotyping and overestimation of relative ingroup size
An experiment (n = 61) investigated the effects of ingroup and outgroup homogeneity on ingroup favouritism, stereotyping and the overestimation of relative ingroup size. As predicted, outgroup homogeneity was conducive to ingroup favouritism. Ingroup homogeneity, however, failed to influence ingroup favouritism. Also unexpectedly, asymmetry in group homogeneity — irrespective of whether the ingroup or the outgroup was the more homogeneous group —…
Social identity and perceived group homogeneity
On the basis of social identity theory, we argue that the search for a positive social identity is characterized by the accentuation of perceived ingroup homogeneity relative to perceived outgroup homogeneity (the ingroup homogeneity effect). To test our specific hypotheses, we conducted an experiment in which some subjects were provided with a well‐defined group membership and others were allocated to ill‐defined groups. We also manipulated the …
Perceptions of relative group size and group homogeneity
On the basis of prior research on the false consensus effect and on the perception of group homogeneity in minority‐majority contexts, it was hypothesized that (1) with no information regarding group size available, group members would see their own group in the majority position and perceive more outgroup than ingroup homogeneity and (2) this outgroup homogeneity effect would not occur, when there is no doubt about the numerical equality of ingr…
Stereotyping and Self-Stereotyping in a Natural Intergroup Context
Bernd Simon, , Ina Stratenwerth, Stereotyping and Self-Stereotyping in a Natural Intergroup Context: The Case of Heterosexual and Homosexual Men, Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 54, No. 3 (Sep., 1991), pp. 252-266
The Perception of Ingroup and Outgroup Homogeneity
This chapter investigates the influence of the intergroup context on the perception of ingroup and outgroup homogeneity. Specifically, three determinants of perceived group homogeneity which originate in the intergroup context are examined: (1) the numerical relation between ingroup and outgroup; (2) the relevance of the dimensions or attributes in question for ingroup definition or social identity; (3) the socially prevailing group stereotypes. …
Intragroup differentiation in terms of ingroup and outgroup attributes
An experiment (n = 36) was conducted to test the hypothesis that attribute typicality moderates intragroup differentiation. The predicted reversal from perceived relative ingroup homogeneity on typical ingroup attributes to perceived relative outgroup homogeneity on typical outgroup attributes was confirmed for both homogeneity measures (standard deviation and probability of differentiation). But the ingroup homogeneity effects were more reliable…
Categorization is not enough
On the asymmetry in the cognitive construal of ingroup and outgroup
A model of egocentric social categorization (ESC‐model) is presented. It predicts an asymmetry in the cognitive construal of ingroups and outgroups which is traced back to an egocentrism in the cognitive differentiation of the social world. The more specific assumptions are: (1) At the most basic level of cognitive differentiation, the perceiver distinguishes between the categories ME and NOT‐ME. (2) This basic level categorization predicates an …
Self-stereotyping and social context
In 2 laboratory experiments, the tendency to stereotype oneself in terms of one's group membership as a function of the social context was examined. Experiment 1 examined the effects of relative in-group size on self-stereotyping. The results confirmed the prediction that minority members are more likely than majority members to stereotype themselves. Experiment 2 examined the interactive impact of relative in-group size and in-group status. As p…
The perception of ingroup and outgroup homogeneity
In this reply, I criticize Bartsch and Judd's (1993) article on several grounds. First, they under‐utilize the efforts undertaken in prior work to rule out the possibility of an inverse relation between group size and perceived group homogeneity as an alternative explanation of the observed ingroup homogeneity effect. Secondly, Bartsch and Judd's design doubles and thus aggravates the confounding problem. By trying to avoid the target group size …
On being more than just a part of the whole
This article reports the results of a questionnaire study that examined the relationship between regional identification and perceptual accentuation of ingroup distinctiveness in a natural field setting. Respondents were male inhabitants of the Saarland which is a small German state. Half the respondents were members of the leading political party of the Saarland, while the other respondents were members of the major opposition party. As expected…
Unique individual or interchangeable group member? The accentuation of intragroup differences versus similarities as an indicator of the individual self versus the collective self
In 4 studies, the authors examined antecedents of self-definition as either a unique individual (the individual self) or an interchangeable group member (the collective self). Accentuation of perceived similarities versus differences among in-group members including the self served as the main indicator of participants' relative emphasis on their individual or collective self. Following prior work in the social identity and self-categorization th…
When self-categorization makes sense
The authors examined the joint influence of meaningful social categorization and relative in-group size on the depersonalization of self-perception. Meaningfulness of social categorization was varied following the fit principle, introduced by self-categorization theory. In Experiment 1, the authors predicted and found that minority members show more depersonalized self-perception than majority members if, and only if, the meaningfulness of the un…
The Self in Minority–Majority Contexts
This chapter examines self-perception in minority–majority contexts. First, a self-aspect model of self-interpretation is outlined from which the distinction between the individual self and the collective self is derived. Next, the results from a series of experiments are discussed which examine the role of the collective self in minority and majority members' self-perception. This analysis takes into account not only minority–majority contexts c…
Collective identification and social movement participation
Determinants of collective behavior, as suggested by social identity or self-categorization approach and social movement research, were examined in 2 field studies. Study 1 was conducted in context of older people's movement in Germany and Study 2 in context of gay movement in United States. Both studies yielded similar results pointing to 2 independent pathways to willingness to participate in collective action; one is based on cost-benefit calc…
Self‐aspects as social categories
Building on a self-aspect model (SAM) of the individual self and the collective self, the authors hypothesized that personally important and positive aspects of the self would facilitate the construal of a collective self. Following a self-description task, research participants selected either two positive or two negative self-aspects. One aspect in each pair had to be of high personal importance and one of low personal importance. Then, measure…
Self-aspects as social categories
Building on a self-aspect model (SAM) of the individual self and the collective self, the authors hypothesized that personally important and positive aspects of the self would facilitate the construal of a collective self. Following a self-description task, research participants selected either two positive or two negative self-aspects. One aspect in each pair had to be of high personal importance and one of low personal importance. Then, measure…
Helping Individuals or Group Members? The Role of Individual and Collective Identification in Aids Volunteerism
This article presents a group-level perspective on helping that was tested in the context of AIDS volunteerism. It was predicted and found that homosexuals were more willing to volunteer when collective identification in terms of sexual orientation was high. The opposite trend was found for heterosexuals. Also as predicted, homosexuals were less willing to volunteer when identification as a unique individual was high, whereas the opposite was aga…
Individuality and group formation
This research examined the interplay of group formation and individualization processes with a particular emphasis on minority and majority groups. First, a 2-component theory of individuality that distinguishes between individuality as independence and as differentiation from other people was presented, tested, and cross-validated in 2 questionnaire studies. Next, a pilot experiment provided first support for the working assumption that the sali…
Politicized collective identity
This article develops a social psychological model of politicized collective identity that revolves around 3 conceptual triads. The 1st triad consists of collective identity, the struggle between groups for power, and the wider societal context. It is proposed that people evince politicized collective identity to the extent that they engage as self-conscious group members in a power struggle on behalf of their group knowing that it is the more in…
Respect for Group Members
This experiment examined how (disrespectful vs. respectful) treatment and (negative vs. positive) performance evaluation, both received from the same fellow group members, affects collective identification and willingness to engage in group-serving behavior. It was predicted and found that respectful as opposed to disrespectful intragroup treatment increased collective identification and willingness to engage in group-serving behavior in the imme…
Psychology (52 obras) · Social Psychology (49 obras) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (44 obras) · Cultural Differences and Values (36 obras) · Social group (28 obras) · Social identity theory (27 obras) · Social Psychology (24 obras) · Political science (22 obras) · Sociology (19 obras) · Ingroups and outgroups (17 obras)