Ivy Liu
Biographic Data
| ID | 4270488 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Ivy Liu |
| GIVEN NAMES | Ivy |
| FAMILY NAME | Liu |
| SIGNATURE | LIU I |
| AFFILIATIONS | Victoria University of Wellington |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-3152-2632 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 6 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 13 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 6 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2001 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 2 |
Pathways to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives often struggle to achieve lasting impact. This study explores how organizational learning through policy tourism influences inclusive business development and workforce diversity across U.S. cities. Using an exploratory sequential mixed-methods research design, this study first employs qualitative content analysis to classify DEI learning into four types based on learning depth and focus. It then…
Generalized Mantel–Haenszel Estimators for Simultaneous Differential Item Functioning Tests
The Mantel–Haenszel estimator is one of the most popular techniques for measuring differential item functioning (DIF). A generalization of this estimator is applied to the context of DIF to compare items by taking the covariance of odds ratio estimators between dependent items into account. Unlike the Item Response Theory, the method does not rely on the local item independence assumption which is likely to be violated when one item provides clue…
Executive leadership, policy tourism, and policy diffusion among local governments
Policy tourism is an important but rarely studied phenomenon describing a widespread practice, through which local public and business leaders form delegations, choose target cities, and implement intercity policy diffusion, business exchange, and economic collaboration. Our research examines how executive leadership characteristics, city‐level contextual factors, and interdependence mechanisms relate to cities' decisions to visit. Using two‐stag…
Executive Entrepreneurship in National Departments
Leadership by senior public managers in national departments is increasingly called for in response to many policy challenges and limitations of appointee and political leadership. This study defines “executive entrepreneurship” as senior, career public managers furthering new policies and initiatives, with input from stakeholders and support from political appointees. Study results from a dyadic survey of executives reporting directly to (deputy…
The relationship between income and health using longitudinal data from New Zealand
BACKGROUND: Evidence for a cross-sectional relationship between income and health is strong but is probably biased by substantial confounding. Longitudinal data with repeated income and health measures on the same individuals can be analysed to control completely for time-invariant confounding, giving a more accurate estimate of the impact of short-term changes in income on health. METHODS: 4 years of annual data (2002--2005) from the New Zealand…
Strategies for Modeling a Categorical Variable Allowing Multiple Category Choices
This article discusses strategies for modeling a categorical variable when subjects can select any subset of the categories. With c outcome categories, the models relate to a c- dimensional binary response, with each component indicating whether a particular category is chosen. The strategies are the following: (1) Using logit models directly for the marginal distribution of each component; this accounts for dependence among the component respons…
The relationship between income and health using longitudinal data from New Zealand
BACKGROUND: Evidence for a cross-sectional relationship between income and health is strong but is probably biased by substantial confounding. Longitudinal data with repeated income and health measures on the same individuals can be analysed to control completely for time-invariant confounding, giving a more accurate estimate of the impact of short-term changes in income on health. METHODS: 4 years of annual data (2002--2005) from the New Zealand…
Strategies for Modeling a Categorical Variable Allowing Multiple Category Choices
This article discusses strategies for modeling a categorical variable when subjects can select any subset of the categories. With c outcome categories, the models relate to a c- dimensional binary response, with each component indicating whether a particular category is chosen. The strategies are the following: (1) Using logit models directly for the marginal distribution of each component; this accounts for dependence among the component respons…
Executive Entrepreneurship in National Departments
Leadership by senior public managers in national departments is increasingly called for in response to many policy challenges and limitations of appointee and political leadership. This study defines “executive entrepreneurship” as senior, career public managers furthering new policies and initiatives, with input from stakeholders and support from political appointees. Study results from a dyadic survey of executives reporting directly to (deputy…
Strategies for Modeling a Categorical Variable Allowing Multiple Category Choices
This article discusses strategies for modeling a categorical variable when subjects can select any subset of the categories. With c outcome categories, the models relate to a c- dimensional binary response, with each component indicating whether a particular category is chosen. The strategies are the following: (1) Using logit models directly for the marginal distribution of each component; this accounts for dependence among the component respons…
The relationship between income and health using longitudinal data from New Zealand
BACKGROUND: Evidence for a cross-sectional relationship between income and health is strong but is probably biased by substantial confounding. Longitudinal data with repeated income and health measures on the same individuals can be analysed to control completely for time-invariant confounding, giving a more accurate estimate of the impact of short-term changes in income on health. METHODS: 4 years of annual data (2002--2005) from the New Zealand…
Executive Entrepreneurship in National Departments
Leadership by senior public managers in national departments is increasingly called for in response to many policy challenges and limitations of appointee and political leadership. This study defines “executive entrepreneurship” as senior, career public managers furthering new policies and initiatives, with input from stakeholders and support from political appointees. Study results from a dyadic survey of executives reporting directly to (deputy…
Executive leadership, policy tourism, and policy diffusion among local governments
Policy tourism is an important but rarely studied phenomenon describing a widespread practice, through which local public and business leaders form delegations, choose target cities, and implement intercity policy diffusion, business exchange, and economic collaboration. Our research examines how executive leadership characteristics, city‐level contextual factors, and interdependence mechanisms relate to cities' decisions to visit. Using two‐stag…
Generalized Mantel–Haenszel Estimators for Simultaneous Differential Item Functioning Tests
The Mantel–Haenszel estimator is one of the most popular techniques for measuring differential item functioning (DIF). A generalization of this estimator is applied to the context of DIF to compare items by taking the covariance of odds ratio estimators between dependent items into account. Unlike the Item Response Theory, the method does not rely on the local item independence assumption which is likely to be violated when one item provides clue…
Pathways to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives often struggle to achieve lasting impact. This study explores how organizational learning through policy tourism influences inclusive business development and workforce diversity across U.S. cities. Using an exploratory sequential mixed-methods research design, this study first employs qualitative content analysis to classify DEI learning into four types based on learning depth and focus. It then…
Economics (3 works) · Mathematics (3 works) · Statistics (3 works) · Advanced Causal Inference Techniques (2 works) · Econometrics (2 works) · Logistic regression (2 works) · Policy Transfer and Learning (2 works) · Political science (2 works) · Public Policy and Administration Research (2 works) · Accountability (1 work)