Lee Ann Slocum
Biographic Data
| ID | 4369868 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Lee Ann Slocum |
| GIVEN NAMES | Lee Ann |
| FAMILY NAME | Slocum |
| SIGNATURE | SLOCUM L A |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Missouri–St. Louis |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8441-0546 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 20 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 206 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 20 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2005 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 8 |
Determinants of Frequent Jail Admissions: Evidence From Two Counties
Although individuals incarcerated in jails make up around one third of the total incarcerated population, jail incarceration remains relatively understudied. Individuals frequently admitted to jail face complex challenges that increase the likelihood of their return. However, there is little research on the prevalence of jail readmissions and the role that extralegal factors play over and above legal indicators. Using 9 years of data from St. Lou…
Centering Community in the Conceptualization and Measurement of Safety: A Mixed-Method Approach
Community safety is often conceptualized and measured with crime. There is growing recognition that this approach is narrow in scope and overlooks the perspectives of people in the community. This study uses Group Concept Mapping (GCM), a mixed methods community-engaged methodology, to conceptualize community safety in three U.S. counties. Participants defined 11 components of safety nested in 5 domains. The most cohesive components are aligned w…
Cyclical Pathways to Probation Violations: Housing, Financial Capabilities, and Covid-19
Maintaining a stable residence is a primary requirement of probation compliance. Prior research has spoken to the increase in requirements for people on probation and how they are often tied to financial capability. Using data from in-depth interviews with people on probation and probation staff, our analysis extends extant research by highlighting the unique challenges of finding housing during a historic rise in housing and rental prices in the…
The role of race, gender, and poverty on length of pretrial jail stays: A multi‐site analysis
Research Summary The average length of jail stays is increasing despite national efforts to reduce these populations. The current study examines variations in lengths of stay, differentiating between short and long pretrial stays. Using data from two large jails in metropolitan jurisdictions, we take an intersectional perspective and model potential differences among race, gender, and residing in a high‐poverty area. In both locations, we find th…
Gains–loss asymmetry of jobs, income, and risk‐taking behaviors
Despite extensive theorizing on the employment–crime link, little discussion has taken place on the mechanisms through which job gains and losses affect behavior. We draw on prospect theory and the loss aversion principle, which suggests people are more sensitive to losses than gains, to assess how individuals contend with transitions in employment and income. Using fixed‐effects and asymmetrical fixed‐effects models, we analyze 36 months of retr…
Updating, subtyping, and perceptions of the police: Implications of police contact for youths’ perceptions of procedural justice
Individuals enter police encounters with expectations about how these interactions will unfold. These expectations are often rooted in racialized personal, vicarious, and collective experiences with the police. Bayesian updating posits that the way youth perceive treatment by the police during stops and arrests combines with prior expectations and perceptions to shape current views of the law, whereas subtyping suggests this process differs by ra…
The Identity Prism: How Racial Identification Frames Perceptions of Police Contact, Legitimacy, and Effectiveness
This article examines the role of racial identity in the configuration of opinions about the police. We argue that racial identity links social context to individual valuations of law enforcement, moderating the association between specific encounters and general views on police legitimacy and effectiveness. These propositions are assessed using data from a sample of 451 Black and Latino/a youth in New York City. Findings lend partial support for…
Enforcement trends in the city of St. Louis from 2007 to 2017: Exploring variability in arrests and criminal summonses over time and across communities
The goal of this study is twofold: (a) to describe trends in enforcement activity in the city of St. Louis from 2007 through 2017 and (b) to document community variation in these trends. Five types of enforcement actions are examined: felony, misdemeanor, municipal, and bench warrant arrests and criminal summonses‐in‐lieu of arrest. Results indicate that enforcement activity decreased over the study period, particularly for nonfelony arrests amon…
Beyond the Breakfast Club: Variability in the Effects of Suspensions by School Context
Rather than mitigating behavioral issues, exclusionary school disciplinary practices can actually increase student misbehavior and school dropout. However, the impact these sanctions have on students may vary based on school climate, particularly whether the environment is inclusive or punitive. Relying on a sample of over 2,000 students within 26 schools, we examine whether school climate shapes the impact of suspension on future delinquency and…
Experience of the Expected?” Race and Ethnicity Differences in the Effects of Police Contact on Youth
Proponents of police reform have called for changes in the way police interact with citizens, particularly with people of color. The rationale, in part, is that when people have more favorable perceptions of their police encounters, they view the police as more just and are more willing to cooperate and comply with the law. To assess whether perceptions of police‐initiated encounters shape law‐related outcomes, we examine how satisfaction with tr…
Critical Assessment of an Analysis of a Journalistic Compendium of Citizens Killed by Police Gunfire
The Code of Silence in Schools: An Assessment of a Socio-Ecological Model of Youth’s Willingness to Report School Misbehavior
Socio-ecological models of victimization reporting incorporate normative constraints and instrumental considerations at the individual and contextual levels. Drawing on this model, we explore factors related to students' willingness to report problem behaviors that they might observe in school. Data obtained from student and teacher/administrator surveys and administrative data are used to explore these relationships. We find that individual-leve…
Police Wouldn’t Give You No Help”: Female Offenders on Reporting Sexual Assault to Police
Sexual assault remains one of the most underreported violent crimes. When victims report, they often are dissatisfied with the police response. The factors influencing one's decision to invoke the law have been widely examined. However, less research examines (a) how the victim's criminality affects this decision and (b) women offenders' characterization of their reporting decisions. We use mixed methods to explore the factors related to an offen…
School Climate and Violence: Does Immigrant Status Matter?
A growing literature shows that school context is an important predictor of student behavior, above and beyond individual and family characteristics. Limited attention, however, has been given to potential contingencies in this relationship. The aim of this research is to extend previous school-based studies by examining whether and to what extent school context is differentially predictive of violent delinquency for immigrant and nonimmigrant yo…
The Elusive Relationship Between Community Organizations and Crime: An Assessment Across Disadvantaged Areas of the South Bronx
Several theoretical perspectives posit a negative association between the extent of a neighborhood's organizational infrastructure and crime; yet, empirical support for this proposition has been limited in that researchers generally examine only a few types of organizations or combine them into one aggregate measure. Studies with few measures may omit organizations that are effective at reducing crime, whereas those using aggregate measures obscu…
The Unintended Consequences of Being Stopped or Arrested: An Exploration of the Labeling Mechanisms Through Which Police Contact Leads to Subsequent Delinquency
Much debate has taken place regarding the merits of aggressive policing strategies such as “stop, question, and frisk.” Labeling theory suggests that police contact may actually increase delinquency because youth who are stopped or arrested are excluded from conventional opportunities, adopt a deviant identity, and spend time with delinquent peers. But, few studies have examined the mechanisms through which police contact potentially enhances off…
Young Girls' and Caretakers' Reports of Problem Behavior: Comprehension and Concordance Across Age, Race, and Behavior
The article discusses a research instrument developed and utilized by the Pittsburgh Girls Study that asked young girls (ages 7 and 8) and their caretakers to report on the girls' involvement in a variety of problem behaviors. In this article, the authors evaluate whether comprehension, prevalence, and caretaker-child concordance of problem behaviors varied by child age and race. Results indicate that the girls understood most questions (except f…
General strain theory and the development of stressors and substance use over time: An empirical examination
Neighborhood Structural Characteristics, Individual‐level Attitudes, and Youths' Crime Reporting Intentions
Although the “stop snitching” phenomenon has brought recent attention to crime reporting, researchers have recognized for a long time the importance of this issue. Early studies focused on individual‐level factors related to reporting, but recently, researchers have begun to examine neighborhood‐level predictors. Most of these studies, however, omit key individual‐level predictors of reporting and provide relatively little insight into the indivi…
Strained Lives and Crime: Examining Intra‐individual Variation in Strain and Offending in a Sample of Incarcerated Women
When applied to the study of changes in an individual's offending, general strain theory posits that individuals will be more likely to offend during periods of high strain. Using 36 months of retrospective data collected from female inmates, we explore the relationship between intra‐individual changes in strain and changes in offending and drug use. We also examine how different dimensions of strain‐recent composite strain, duration, clustering …
The Unintended Consequences of Being Stopped or Arrested: An Exploration of the Labeling Mechanisms Through Which Police Contact Leads to Subsequent Delinquency
Much debate has taken place regarding the merits of aggressive policing strategies such as “stop, question, and frisk.” Labeling theory suggests that police contact may actually increase delinquency because youth who are stopped or arrested are excluded from conventional opportunities, adopt a deviant identity, and spend time with delinquent peers. But, few studies have examined the mechanisms through which police contact potentially enhances off…
Neighborhood Structural Characteristics, Individual‐level Attitudes, and Youths' Crime Reporting Intentions
Although the “stop snitching” phenomenon has brought recent attention to crime reporting, researchers have recognized for a long time the importance of this issue. Early studies focused on individual‐level factors related to reporting, but recently, researchers have begun to examine neighborhood‐level predictors. Most of these studies, however, omit key individual‐level predictors of reporting and provide relatively little insight into the indivi…
Experience of the Expected?” Race and Ethnicity Differences in the Effects of Police Contact on Youth
Proponents of police reform have called for changes in the way police interact with citizens, particularly with people of color. The rationale, in part, is that when people have more favorable perceptions of their police encounters, they view the police as more just and are more willing to cooperate and comply with the law. To assess whether perceptions of police‐initiated encounters shape law‐related outcomes, we examine how satisfaction with tr…
Strained Lives and Crime: Examining Intra‐individual Variation in Strain and Offending in a Sample of Incarcerated Women
When applied to the study of changes in an individual's offending, general strain theory posits that individuals will be more likely to offend during periods of high strain. Using 36 months of retrospective data collected from female inmates, we explore the relationship between intra‐individual changes in strain and changes in offending and drug use. We also examine how different dimensions of strain‐recent composite strain, duration, clustering …
The Elusive Relationship Between Community Organizations and Crime: An Assessment Across Disadvantaged Areas of the South Bronx
Several theoretical perspectives posit a negative association between the extent of a neighborhood's organizational infrastructure and crime; yet, empirical support for this proposition has been limited in that researchers generally examine only a few types of organizations or combine them into one aggregate measure. Studies with few measures may omit organizations that are effective at reducing crime, whereas those using aggregate measures obscu…
General strain theory and the development of stressors and substance use over time: An empirical examination
Critical Assessment of an Analysis of a Journalistic Compendium of Citizens Killed by Police Gunfire
The Identity Prism: How Racial Identification Frames Perceptions of Police Contact, Legitimacy, and Effectiveness
This article examines the role of racial identity in the configuration of opinions about the police. We argue that racial identity links social context to individual valuations of law enforcement, moderating the association between specific encounters and general views on police legitimacy and effectiveness. These propositions are assessed using data from a sample of 451 Black and Latino/a youth in New York City. Findings lend partial support for…
School Climate and Violence: Does Immigrant Status Matter?
A growing literature shows that school context is an important predictor of student behavior, above and beyond individual and family characteristics. Limited attention, however, has been given to potential contingencies in this relationship. The aim of this research is to extend previous school-based studies by examining whether and to what extent school context is differentially predictive of violent delinquency for immigrant and nonimmigrant yo…
Police Wouldn’t Give You No Help”: Female Offenders on Reporting Sexual Assault to Police
Sexual assault remains one of the most underreported violent crimes. When victims report, they often are dissatisfied with the police response. The factors influencing one's decision to invoke the law have been widely examined. However, less research examines (a) how the victim's criminality affects this decision and (b) women offenders' characterization of their reporting decisions. We use mixed methods to explore the factors related to an offen…
Updating, subtyping, and perceptions of the police: Implications of police contact for youths’ perceptions of procedural justice
Individuals enter police encounters with expectations about how these interactions will unfold. These expectations are often rooted in racialized personal, vicarious, and collective experiences with the police. Bayesian updating posits that the way youth perceive treatment by the police during stops and arrests combines with prior expectations and perceptions to shape current views of the law, whereas subtyping suggests this process differs by ra…
Enforcement trends in the city of St. Louis from 2007 to 2017: Exploring variability in arrests and criminal summonses over time and across communities
The goal of this study is twofold: (a) to describe trends in enforcement activity in the city of St. Louis from 2007 through 2017 and (b) to document community variation in these trends. Five types of enforcement actions are examined: felony, misdemeanor, municipal, and bench warrant arrests and criminal summonses‐in‐lieu of arrest. Results indicate that enforcement activity decreased over the study period, particularly for nonfelony arrests amon…
Beyond the Breakfast Club: Variability in the Effects of Suspensions by School Context
Rather than mitigating behavioral issues, exclusionary school disciplinary practices can actually increase student misbehavior and school dropout. However, the impact these sanctions have on students may vary based on school climate, particularly whether the environment is inclusive or punitive. Relying on a sample of over 2,000 students within 26 schools, we examine whether school climate shapes the impact of suspension on future delinquency and…
The Code of Silence in Schools: An Assessment of a Socio-Ecological Model of Youth’s Willingness to Report School Misbehavior
Socio-ecological models of victimization reporting incorporate normative constraints and instrumental considerations at the individual and contextual levels. Drawing on this model, we explore factors related to students' willingness to report problem behaviors that they might observe in school. Data obtained from student and teacher/administrator surveys and administrative data are used to explore these relationships. We find that individual-leve…
The role of race, gender, and poverty on length of pretrial jail stays: A multi‐site analysis
Research Summary The average length of jail stays is increasing despite national efforts to reduce these populations. The current study examines variations in lengths of stay, differentiating between short and long pretrial stays. Using data from two large jails in metropolitan jurisdictions, we take an intersectional perspective and model potential differences among race, gender, and residing in a high‐poverty area. In both locations, we find th…
Gains–loss asymmetry of jobs, income, and risk‐taking behaviors
Despite extensive theorizing on the employment–crime link, little discussion has taken place on the mechanisms through which job gains and losses affect behavior. We draw on prospect theory and the loss aversion principle, which suggests people are more sensitive to losses than gains, to assess how individuals contend with transitions in employment and income. Using fixed‐effects and asymmetrical fixed‐effects models, we analyze 36 months of retr…
Strained Lives and Crime: Examining Intra‐individual Variation in Strain and Offending in a Sample of Incarcerated Women
When applied to the study of changes in an individual's offending, general strain theory posits that individuals will be more likely to offend during periods of high strain. Using 36 months of retrospective data collected from female inmates, we explore the relationship between intra‐individual changes in strain and changes in offending and drug use. We also examine how different dimensions of strain‐recent composite strain, duration, clustering …
General strain theory and the development of stressors and substance use over time: An empirical examination
Neighborhood Structural Characteristics, Individual‐level Attitudes, and Youths' Crime Reporting Intentions
Although the “stop snitching” phenomenon has brought recent attention to crime reporting, researchers have recognized for a long time the importance of this issue. Early studies focused on individual‐level factors related to reporting, but recently, researchers have begun to examine neighborhood‐level predictors. Most of these studies, however, omit key individual‐level predictors of reporting and provide relatively little insight into the indivi…
Young Girls' and Caretakers' Reports of Problem Behavior: Comprehension and Concordance Across Age, Race, and Behavior
The article discusses a research instrument developed and utilized by the Pittsburgh Girls Study that asked young girls (ages 7 and 8) and their caretakers to report on the girls' involvement in a variety of problem behaviors. In this article, the authors evaluate whether comprehension, prevalence, and caretaker-child concordance of problem behaviors varied by child age and race. Results indicate that the girls understood most questions (except f…
The Elusive Relationship Between Community Organizations and Crime: An Assessment Across Disadvantaged Areas of the South Bronx
Several theoretical perspectives posit a negative association between the extent of a neighborhood's organizational infrastructure and crime; yet, empirical support for this proposition has been limited in that researchers generally examine only a few types of organizations or combine them into one aggregate measure. Studies with few measures may omit organizations that are effective at reducing crime, whereas those using aggregate measures obscu…
The Unintended Consequences of Being Stopped or Arrested: An Exploration of the Labeling Mechanisms Through Which Police Contact Leads to Subsequent Delinquency
Much debate has taken place regarding the merits of aggressive policing strategies such as “stop, question, and frisk.” Labeling theory suggests that police contact may actually increase delinquency because youth who are stopped or arrested are excluded from conventional opportunities, adopt a deviant identity, and spend time with delinquent peers. But, few studies have examined the mechanisms through which police contact potentially enhances off…
School Climate and Violence: Does Immigrant Status Matter?
A growing literature shows that school context is an important predictor of student behavior, above and beyond individual and family characteristics. Limited attention, however, has been given to potential contingencies in this relationship. The aim of this research is to extend previous school-based studies by examining whether and to what extent school context is differentially predictive of violent delinquency for immigrant and nonimmigrant yo…
Police Wouldn’t Give You No Help”: Female Offenders on Reporting Sexual Assault to Police
Sexual assault remains one of the most underreported violent crimes. When victims report, they often are dissatisfied with the police response. The factors influencing one's decision to invoke the law have been widely examined. However, less research examines (a) how the victim's criminality affects this decision and (b) women offenders' characterization of their reporting decisions. We use mixed methods to explore the factors related to an offen…
Critical Assessment of an Analysis of a Journalistic Compendium of Citizens Killed by Police Gunfire
The Code of Silence in Schools: An Assessment of a Socio-Ecological Model of Youth’s Willingness to Report School Misbehavior
Socio-ecological models of victimization reporting incorporate normative constraints and instrumental considerations at the individual and contextual levels. Drawing on this model, we explore factors related to students' willingness to report problem behaviors that they might observe in school. Data obtained from student and teacher/administrator surveys and administrative data are used to explore these relationships. We find that individual-leve…
Experience of the Expected?” Race and Ethnicity Differences in the Effects of Police Contact on Youth
Proponents of police reform have called for changes in the way police interact with citizens, particularly with people of color. The rationale, in part, is that when people have more favorable perceptions of their police encounters, they view the police as more just and are more willing to cooperate and comply with the law. To assess whether perceptions of police‐initiated encounters shape law‐related outcomes, we examine how satisfaction with tr…
The Identity Prism: How Racial Identification Frames Perceptions of Police Contact, Legitimacy, and Effectiveness
This article examines the role of racial identity in the configuration of opinions about the police. We argue that racial identity links social context to individual valuations of law enforcement, moderating the association between specific encounters and general views on police legitimacy and effectiveness. These propositions are assessed using data from a sample of 451 Black and Latino/a youth in New York City. Findings lend partial support for…
Enforcement trends in the city of St. Louis from 2007 to 2017: Exploring variability in arrests and criminal summonses over time and across communities
The goal of this study is twofold: (a) to describe trends in enforcement activity in the city of St. Louis from 2007 through 2017 and (b) to document community variation in these trends. Five types of enforcement actions are examined: felony, misdemeanor, municipal, and bench warrant arrests and criminal summonses‐in‐lieu of arrest. Results indicate that enforcement activity decreased over the study period, particularly for nonfelony arrests amon…
Beyond the Breakfast Club: Variability in the Effects of Suspensions by School Context
Rather than mitigating behavioral issues, exclusionary school disciplinary practices can actually increase student misbehavior and school dropout. However, the impact these sanctions have on students may vary based on school climate, particularly whether the environment is inclusive or punitive. Relying on a sample of over 2,000 students within 26 schools, we examine whether school climate shapes the impact of suspension on future delinquency and…
Updating, subtyping, and perceptions of the police: Implications of police contact for youths’ perceptions of procedural justice
Individuals enter police encounters with expectations about how these interactions will unfold. These expectations are often rooted in racialized personal, vicarious, and collective experiences with the police. Bayesian updating posits that the way youth perceive treatment by the police during stops and arrests combines with prior expectations and perceptions to shape current views of the law, whereas subtyping suggests this process differs by ra…
Centering Community in the Conceptualization and Measurement of Safety: A Mixed-Method Approach
Community safety is often conceptualized and measured with crime. There is growing recognition that this approach is narrow in scope and overlooks the perspectives of people in the community. This study uses Group Concept Mapping (GCM), a mixed methods community-engaged methodology, to conceptualize community safety in three U.S. counties. Participants defined 11 components of safety nested in 5 domains. The most cohesive components are aligned w…
Cyclical Pathways to Probation Violations: Housing, Financial Capabilities, and Covid-19
Maintaining a stable residence is a primary requirement of probation compliance. Prior research has spoken to the increase in requirements for people on probation and how they are often tied to financial capability. Using data from in-depth interviews with people on probation and probation staff, our analysis extends extant research by highlighting the unique challenges of finding housing during a historic rise in housing and rental prices in the…
The role of race, gender, and poverty on length of pretrial jail stays: A multi‐site analysis
Research Summary The average length of jail stays is increasing despite national efforts to reduce these populations. The current study examines variations in lengths of stay, differentiating between short and long pretrial stays. Using data from two large jails in metropolitan jurisdictions, we take an intersectional perspective and model potential differences among race, gender, and residing in a high‐poverty area. In both locations, we find th…
Gains–loss asymmetry of jobs, income, and risk‐taking behaviors
Despite extensive theorizing on the employment–crime link, little discussion has taken place on the mechanisms through which job gains and losses affect behavior. We draw on prospect theory and the loss aversion principle, which suggests people are more sensitive to losses than gains, to assess how individuals contend with transitions in employment and income. Using fixed‐effects and asymmetrical fixed‐effects models, we analyze 36 months of retr…
Determinants of Frequent Jail Admissions: Evidence From Two Counties
Although individuals incarcerated in jails make up around one third of the total incarcerated population, jail incarceration remains relatively understudied. Individuals frequently admitted to jail face complex challenges that increase the likelihood of their return. However, there is little research on the prevalence of jail readmissions and the role that extralegal factors play over and above legal indicators. Using 9 years of data from St. Lou…
Crime Patterns and Interventions (16 works) · Psychology (14 works) · Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis (12 works) · Criminology (11 works) · Political science (10 works) · Sociology (9 works) · Policing Practices and Perceptions (8 works) · Social Psychology (8 works) · Social Psychology (8 works) · Geography (7 works)