Kendall D Funk
Biographic Data
| ID | 4391109 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Kendall D Funk |
| GIVEN NAMES | Kendall D |
| FAMILY NAME | Funk |
| SIGNATURE | FUNK K D |
| AFFILIATIONS | Arizona State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9927-6602 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 15 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 207 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 15 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2015 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 8 |
Think Leader, Think Gender? The Gendered Attributes Associated with Ideal Leadership Roles
The top-ranking official of a public organization might be called a leader, manager, public manager, or a more specific term tied to the organization. While these terms have similar meanings and are sometimes used interchangeably, each one might convey a very different set of normative role expectations and requisite attributes. This study examines how the word used to describe the top-ranking official of an organization is associated with gender…
Responding to representation: Trust in government amid high levels of women’s representation
Does leader gender matter for performance evaluations? Evidence from two experiments
Public evaluations of organizations and their leaders are core features of public management used to foster accountability. Yet, prior research suggests that evaluations can be unduly influenced by leaders’ personal attributes and social identities, such as those signalled by gender. We examine these expectations using preregistered vignette experiments that vary the manager’s gender and level of performance in two distinct settings: education an…
Descriptive Presentation: Invoking Identity as a Claim for Descriptive Representation
Descriptive representation is commonly understood as the proportion of women or racial minorities in an institution. While useful, this approach is limited in its ability to capture intersectional identities, less visible characteristics, and the extent to which particular characteristics are more or less central to one’s identity. Traditional approaches have raised concerns about essentialism—“the assumption that members of certain groups have a…
Point break: Using Machine Learning to Uncover a Critical Mass in Women's Representation
Decades of research has debated whether women first need to reach a “critical mass” in the legislature before they can effectively influence legislative outcomes. This study contributes to the debate using supervised tree-based machine learning to study the relationship between increasing variation in women's legislative representation and the allocation of government expenditures in three policy areas: education, healthcare, and defense. We find…
Women to the rescue: The gendered effects of public discontent on legislative nominations in Latin America
Political parties act as gatekeepers, meaning that improvements in the representation of women depend on parties’ willingness to nominate women candidates. Previous research suggests that party characteristics and gender quotas largely explain women’s nominations, but overlooks the political context in which parties operate. This study highlights the gendered outcomes that occur when parties make nomination decisions in times of public discontent…
Consequences of an Anti‐Corruption Experiment for Local Government Performance in Brazil
Decentralization reforms, implemented to improve efficiency and service provision, pose a challenge for federal governments that would like to ensure that federal resources are used appropriately by local governments. To overcome this challenge, some federal governments have implemented costly oversight programs aimed at improving municipal governance. For instance, in 2003, the Brazilian federal government introduced a randomized auditing progra…
Local Responses to a Global Pandemic: Women Mayors Lead the Way
Even before the novel coronavirus, COVID-19, was declared a pandemic, prominent women mayors in the United States enacted proactive and innovative policies to prevent local outbreaks and soften the social and economic repercussions. Several Black women mayors, in particular, have led the way in local pandemic response efforts. This article identifies four major features of these and other women mayors’ early responses. First, women mayors demonst…
If the shoe fits: Gender role congruity and evaluations of public managers
Traditional stereotypes about both gender and managers make women appear to be incongruent with management positions; a potential consequence of which is less favorable evaluations of women managers. Using an original survey experiment, this study tests whether and how gender role incongruity, combined with the gender-typing of organizations and gender of the evaluator, affect evaluations of hypothetical public managers. Results suggest that men …
Representative Budgeting: Women Mayors and the Composition of Spending in Local Governments
One potential consequence of increasing women’s numeric representation is that women elected officials will behave differently than their men counterparts and improve women’s substantive representation. This study examines whether electing women to local offices changes how local government expenditures are allocated in ways that benefit women. Using compositional expenditure data from more than 5,400 Brazilian municipalities over eight years, we…
Leading toward equality: The effect of women mayors on gender equality in local bureaucracies
Do women elected officials contribute to the creation of public sector workforces that are more representative of the populations they serve? A more representative bureaucracy is expected to produce better outcomes, and thus understanding the role that elected leadership plays in diversifying the bureaucracy is important. Using data from over 5000 Brazilian municipalities from 2001 to 2012, we examine whether the election of women mayors leads to…
Still Left Behind: Gender, Political Parties, and Latin America’s Pink Tide
We test whether women’s representation benefited from the left’s dominance in Latin America during the “pink tide”. We find that left governments did not strengthen quota laws more than right governments. Further, after controlling for confounding factors, we find that left parties did not nominate or elect more women. Rather, we find the decision environment shapes parties’ choices about women candidates: when citizens distrust political parties…
Women and Public Administration in a Comparative Perspective: The Case of Representation in Brazilian Local Governments
This article explores two questions related to whether passive representation leads to active representation using Brazilian municipal data: Does electing women to public office increase the proportion of women in public administration? Does the representation of women in elected office and public administration lead to better representation of women’s interests? Results suggest that women elected leaders increase the probability that women will …
The Impact of Committee Composition and Agendas on Women's Participation: Evidence from a Legislature with Near Numerical Equality
Previous studies of women's participation in legislative debates could not disentangle the possible effect of institutionalized gender discrimination from the effect of gendered patterns because of women lacking seniority and leadership posts. Costa Rica's Legislative Assembly offers an opportunity to control for seniority and leadership. The prohibition on immediate reelection means that no legislators have seniority. The country's successful ge…
Gendered Governing? Women’s Leadership Styles and Participatory Institutions in Brazil
Previous research argues that the leadership styles of men and women differ significantly, with women’s styles being more inclusive and participatory. I test this argument by examining whether women elected officials are more likely to increase citizen participation using data on the adoption of two different types of participatory institutions in Brazilian municipalities: participatory budgeting and participatory policy councils. Results suggest…
Representative Budgeting: Women Mayors and the Composition of Spending in Local Governments
One potential consequence of increasing women’s numeric representation is that women elected officials will behave differently than their men counterparts and improve women’s substantive representation. This study examines whether electing women to local offices changes how local government expenditures are allocated in ways that benefit women. Using compositional expenditure data from more than 5,400 Brazilian municipalities over eight years, we…
Women to the rescue: The gendered effects of public discontent on legislative nominations in Latin America
Political parties act as gatekeepers, meaning that improvements in the representation of women depend on parties’ willingness to nominate women candidates. Previous research suggests that party characteristics and gender quotas largely explain women’s nominations, but overlooks the political context in which parties operate. This study highlights the gendered outcomes that occur when parties make nomination decisions in times of public discontent…
Still Left Behind: Gender, Political Parties, and Latin America’s Pink Tide
We test whether women’s representation benefited from the left’s dominance in Latin America during the “pink tide”. We find that left governments did not strengthen quota laws more than right governments. Further, after controlling for confounding factors, we find that left parties did not nominate or elect more women. Rather, we find the decision environment shapes parties’ choices about women candidates: when citizens distrust political parties…
Gendered Governing? Women’s Leadership Styles and Participatory Institutions in Brazil
Previous research argues that the leadership styles of men and women differ significantly, with women’s styles being more inclusive and participatory. I test this argument by examining whether women elected officials are more likely to increase citizen participation using data on the adoption of two different types of participatory institutions in Brazilian municipalities: participatory budgeting and participatory policy councils. Results suggest…
Women and Public Administration in a Comparative Perspective: The Case of Representation in Brazilian Local Governments
This article explores two questions related to whether passive representation leads to active representation using Brazilian municipal data: Does electing women to public office increase the proportion of women in public administration? Does the representation of women in elected office and public administration lead to better representation of women’s interests? Results suggest that women elected leaders increase the probability that women will …
The Impact of Committee Composition and Agendas on Women's Participation: Evidence from a Legislature with Near Numerical Equality
Previous studies of women's participation in legislative debates could not disentangle the possible effect of institutionalized gender discrimination from the effect of gendered patterns because of women lacking seniority and leadership posts. Costa Rica's Legislative Assembly offers an opportunity to control for seniority and leadership. The prohibition on immediate reelection means that no legislators have seniority. The country's successful ge…
Point break: Using Machine Learning to Uncover a Critical Mass in Women's Representation
Decades of research has debated whether women first need to reach a “critical mass” in the legislature before they can effectively influence legislative outcomes. This study contributes to the debate using supervised tree-based machine learning to study the relationship between increasing variation in women's legislative representation and the allocation of government expenditures in three policy areas: education, healthcare, and defense. We find…
Local Responses to a Global Pandemic: Women Mayors Lead the Way
Even before the novel coronavirus, COVID-19, was declared a pandemic, prominent women mayors in the United States enacted proactive and innovative policies to prevent local outbreaks and soften the social and economic repercussions. Several Black women mayors, in particular, have led the way in local pandemic response efforts. This article identifies four major features of these and other women mayors’ early responses. First, women mayors demonst…
Consequences of an Anti‐Corruption Experiment for Local Government Performance in Brazil
Decentralization reforms, implemented to improve efficiency and service provision, pose a challenge for federal governments that would like to ensure that federal resources are used appropriately by local governments. To overcome this challenge, some federal governments have implemented costly oversight programs aimed at improving municipal governance. For instance, in 2003, the Brazilian federal government introduced a randomized auditing progra…
Leading toward equality: The effect of women mayors on gender equality in local bureaucracies
Do women elected officials contribute to the creation of public sector workforces that are more representative of the populations they serve? A more representative bureaucracy is expected to produce better outcomes, and thus understanding the role that elected leadership plays in diversifying the bureaucracy is important. Using data from over 5000 Brazilian municipalities from 2001 to 2012, we examine whether the election of women mayors leads to…
Descriptive Presentation: Invoking Identity as a Claim for Descriptive Representation
Descriptive representation is commonly understood as the proportion of women or racial minorities in an institution. While useful, this approach is limited in its ability to capture intersectional identities, less visible characteristics, and the extent to which particular characteristics are more or less central to one’s identity. Traditional approaches have raised concerns about essentialism—“the assumption that members of certain groups have a…
Gendered Governing? Women’s Leadership Styles and Participatory Institutions in Brazil
Previous research argues that the leadership styles of men and women differ significantly, with women’s styles being more inclusive and participatory. I test this argument by examining whether women elected officials are more likely to increase citizen participation using data on the adoption of two different types of participatory institutions in Brazilian municipalities: participatory budgeting and participatory policy councils. Results suggest…
The Impact of Committee Composition and Agendas on Women's Participation: Evidence from a Legislature with Near Numerical Equality
Previous studies of women's participation in legislative debates could not disentangle the possible effect of institutionalized gender discrimination from the effect of gendered patterns because of women lacking seniority and leadership posts. Costa Rica's Legislative Assembly offers an opportunity to control for seniority and leadership. The prohibition on immediate reelection means that no legislators have seniority. The country's successful ge…
Leading toward equality: The effect of women mayors on gender equality in local bureaucracies
Do women elected officials contribute to the creation of public sector workforces that are more representative of the populations they serve? A more representative bureaucracy is expected to produce better outcomes, and thus understanding the role that elected leadership plays in diversifying the bureaucracy is important. Using data from over 5000 Brazilian municipalities from 2001 to 2012, we examine whether the election of women mayors leads to…
Still Left Behind: Gender, Political Parties, and Latin America’s Pink Tide
We test whether women’s representation benefited from the left’s dominance in Latin America during the “pink tide”. We find that left governments did not strengthen quota laws more than right governments. Further, after controlling for confounding factors, we find that left parties did not nominate or elect more women. Rather, we find the decision environment shapes parties’ choices about women candidates: when citizens distrust political parties…
Women and Public Administration in a Comparative Perspective: The Case of Representation in Brazilian Local Governments
This article explores two questions related to whether passive representation leads to active representation using Brazilian municipal data: Does electing women to public office increase the proportion of women in public administration? Does the representation of women in elected office and public administration lead to better representation of women’s interests? Results suggest that women elected leaders increase the probability that women will …
If the shoe fits: Gender role congruity and evaluations of public managers
Traditional stereotypes about both gender and managers make women appear to be incongruent with management positions; a potential consequence of which is less favorable evaluations of women managers. Using an original survey experiment, this study tests whether and how gender role incongruity, combined with the gender-typing of organizations and gender of the evaluator, affect evaluations of hypothetical public managers. Results suggest that men …
Representative Budgeting: Women Mayors and the Composition of Spending in Local Governments
One potential consequence of increasing women’s numeric representation is that women elected officials will behave differently than their men counterparts and improve women’s substantive representation. This study examines whether electing women to local offices changes how local government expenditures are allocated in ways that benefit women. Using compositional expenditure data from more than 5,400 Brazilian municipalities over eight years, we…
Consequences of an Anti‐Corruption Experiment for Local Government Performance in Brazil
Decentralization reforms, implemented to improve efficiency and service provision, pose a challenge for federal governments that would like to ensure that federal resources are used appropriately by local governments. To overcome this challenge, some federal governments have implemented costly oversight programs aimed at improving municipal governance. For instance, in 2003, the Brazilian federal government introduced a randomized auditing progra…
Local Responses to a Global Pandemic: Women Mayors Lead the Way
Even before the novel coronavirus, COVID-19, was declared a pandemic, prominent women mayors in the United States enacted proactive and innovative policies to prevent local outbreaks and soften the social and economic repercussions. Several Black women mayors, in particular, have led the way in local pandemic response efforts. This article identifies four major features of these and other women mayors’ early responses. First, women mayors demonst…
Women to the rescue: The gendered effects of public discontent on legislative nominations in Latin America
Political parties act as gatekeepers, meaning that improvements in the representation of women depend on parties’ willingness to nominate women candidates. Previous research suggests that party characteristics and gender quotas largely explain women’s nominations, but overlooks the political context in which parties operate. This study highlights the gendered outcomes that occur when parties make nomination decisions in times of public discontent…
Point break: Using Machine Learning to Uncover a Critical Mass in Women's Representation
Decades of research has debated whether women first need to reach a “critical mass” in the legislature before they can effectively influence legislative outcomes. This study contributes to the debate using supervised tree-based machine learning to study the relationship between increasing variation in women's legislative representation and the allocation of government expenditures in three policy areas: education, healthcare, and defense. We find…
Does leader gender matter for performance evaluations? Evidence from two experiments
Public evaluations of organizations and their leaders are core features of public management used to foster accountability. Yet, prior research suggests that evaluations can be unduly influenced by leaders’ personal attributes and social identities, such as those signalled by gender. We examine these expectations using preregistered vignette experiments that vary the manager’s gender and level of performance in two distinct settings: education an…
Descriptive Presentation: Invoking Identity as a Claim for Descriptive Representation
Descriptive representation is commonly understood as the proportion of women or racial minorities in an institution. While useful, this approach is limited in its ability to capture intersectional identities, less visible characteristics, and the extent to which particular characteristics are more or less central to one’s identity. Traditional approaches have raised concerns about essentialism—“the assumption that members of certain groups have a…
Think Leader, Think Gender? The Gendered Attributes Associated with Ideal Leadership Roles
The top-ranking official of a public organization might be called a leader, manager, public manager, or a more specific term tied to the organization. While these terms have similar meanings and are sometimes used interchangeably, each one might convey a very different set of normative role expectations and requisite attributes. This study examines how the word used to describe the top-ranking official of an organization is associated with gender…
Responding to representation: Trust in government amid high levels of women’s representation
Political science (13 works) · Gender Politics and Representation (11 works) · Sociology (10 works) · Law (9 works) · Law (8 works) · Gender Diversity and Inequality (7 works) · Politics (7 works) · Public Administration (7 works) · Public Administration (7 works) · Economics (6 works)