Julia Martı́nez
Biographic Data
| ID | 4443085 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Julia Martı́nez |
| GIVEN NAMES | Julia |
| FAMILY NAME | Martı́nez |
| SIGNATURE | MARTÍNEZ J |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Wollongong |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-0459-8105 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 21 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 32 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 21 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1998 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 4 |
Introduction
Retaining Chinese Indentured Labour in Interwar British and French Pacific colonies
British attempts to reform or close down the indentured labour system as it applied to Chinese labourers across the British empire were carried out on an ad hoc basis, one colony at a time. In the southwest Pacific islands indentured labour recruitment was retained into the 1930s and beyond. Between 1920 and 1953 thousands of Chinese workers suffered under penal clauses for labour offences and endured harsh conditions on contracts that often exte…
Cultivating Pacific Cocoa
From the 1890s to the 1930s the cocoa plantations of the southwest Pacific relied on Pacific Islander and Asian indentured labor from China and Vietnam. In Samoa and the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu) white planters lobbied colonial administrations for permission to introduce Chinese under contract as indentured labor, a coercive and controversial labor system. This article points to the role of transimperial economic competition in encouraging the u…
The Pilbara
In this timely book, industrial relations historian Bradon Ellem outlines the process of de-unionization and the accompanying decline in working conditions in the iron-ore mining industry of Western Australia. Covering the period from the 1960s up to the present, The Pilbara charts the negotiations between the mining unions and the three big mining companies: BHP Billiton, Rio Tinto, and Fortescue Metals Group (FMG). Ellem demonstrates that the f…
Asian Servants for the Imperial Telegraph
In the late nineteenth century, the officers of the Eastern Extension Australasia and China Telegraph Company provided north Australia with a cable connection to London via Java, Singapore, and India. The telegraph project prompted a new era of colonisation in tropical north Australia and the officers of the company sought to ensure that the north would be shaped according to their notions of Indian Ocean colonial culture. They insisted on employ…
Unwanted Scraps’ or ‘An Alert, Resolute, Resentful People’? Chinese Railroad Workers in French Congo
In the late 1920s, the colonial government of French Equatorial Africa decided to employ Chinese workers to complete their railway line. The employment of Chinese indentured labor had already become the subject of considerable international criticism. The Chinese government was concerned that the French could not guarantee worker health and safety and denied their application. However, the recruitment went ahead with the help of the government of…
Mapping the Trafficking of Women across Colonial Southeast Asia, 1600s–1930s
While slavery in the seventeenth century included a substantial traffic in Asian women, it was only in the late nineteenth century that the rise in trafficking in women in Asia came to the attention of international humanitarians who sought to combat this new form of post-abolition slavery. The increasing emphasis on women as slaves, held for the purposes of sexual exploitation, was to a large extent brought to public attention as the result of t…
The Pearl Frontier
Based on careful archival research and intimate life stories, the Pearl Frontier offers a subaltern imagining of Australian historical connections with Indonesia through labor migration. This study of maritime mobility demonstrates how, in the colonial quest for valuable pearl-shell, Australians came to rely on the labor of Indonesian islanders, drawing them into their northern pearling empire. From the 1860s onwards the pearl-shell industry deve…
A highly nuanced reading of crosscultural encounters
Review of Tony Ballantyne, Entanglements of Empire: Missionaries, Māori, and the Question of the Body (Auckland: Auckland University Press, 2015)
Indonesians Challenging White Australia
Between the 1870s and the 1950s the north Australian pearl-shell industry relied on the labour of thousands of Indonesians who were employed as divers and crew on pearling luggers. While these men were referred to as Malays or Koepangers they were drawn from many different locations in eastern Indonesia, including Nusa Tenggara Timur, Maluku and southern Sulawesi. As indentured labourers, they were supposed to be temporary residents in Australia.…
Indonesians overseas – deep histories and the view from below
Indonesian mobility is often regarded as a present-day fact. In 2007 the number of Indonesians reported working abroad had reached 4.3 million, bringing in an income of US$6 billion in remittances (Widodo et al. 2009). By 2010 the numbers working abroad would have well passed 5 million, especially considering the numbers ‘smuggled’ across the Indonesian-Malaysian maritime borders
Transcolonial Influences on Everyday American Imperialism
From the first years of the American occupation of the Philippines, the American colonial elite ran their households with the help of Chinese servants. The preference of government officials, including Governor William Howard Taft himself, for Chinese domestic labor was in flagrant disregard for the policy of Chinese exclusion as well as the principle of “benevolent assimilation,” according to which the Americans claimed to be “uplifting” the Fil…
Indigenous Australian-Indonesian intermarriage
This story of Indigenous Australian-Indonesian intermarriage is one that sheds light on the changes to citizenship entitlement in Australia and the struggles of Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander and Asian peoples to lead their lives free from government intervention. Indonesian-Australian contacts remain relatively unknown in Australian history. Early Macassan relations with the peoples of Northern Australia, brought to light by Campbell Macknig…
Problematising Aboriginal nationalism
The modern concept of nationalism is a highly contested phenomenon. It provokes debate at both a theoretical and an emotional level. The idea of an Aboriginal nationalism is no less complex. This article discusses a range of perspectives on Aboriginal nationalism and relates them to theoretical debates. The works of Benedict Anderson and Anthony Smith are discussed in some detail. Both these theorists regard the nation as a 'modern' construct. Th…
Colonial Constructions of Masculinity
In Darwin in the Northern Territory of Australia, Aboriginal men made up more than half of the domestic servant population by 1938. They replaced the Chinese and Malay male servants who had worked for British colonists in the early colonial period. Much of the historical work on male domestic servants in colonial situations plots the construction of the ‘houseboy’ as emasculated, feminised and submissive. In contrast, colonial constructions of Ab…
When Wages Were Clothes
Prior to the introduction of equal wages for Aboriginal Australians in 1968, it was not unusual for Aboriginal workers in the Northern Territory to be paid in kind: in basic food, clothing, and tobacco. Some workers received a few shillings a week, but even this wage could be withheld completely or placed in a trust fund. In keeping with a supposedly humanitarian protectionist ethos, clothing was encouraged as a substitute for cash wages. But in …
The End of Indenture? Asian workers in the Australian Pearling Industry, 1901–1972
The historical circumstances which led to the end of the indentured labor trade suggest that its abolition was only partially the result of humanitarian concern for the welfare of workers. It was the development of nationalism, both in sending and receiving countries, that prompted a rethinking of the racialized labor organization of indenture. In Australia, the introduction of the White Australia policy in 1901, with its restrictions on non-whit…
The 'Malay' Community in Pre-war Darwin
This paper examines the ‘Malay’ community in pre-war Darwin, focusing on those men who were brought to Australia to work in the pearling industry. It considers their status within the community, and questions the degree to which the White Australia policy impinged upon their lives. The term ‘Malay’ in this context does not refer to the ‘Malays’ of present-day Malaysia, but rather to the ambiguous colonial construction which was loosely based on n…
Asian Workers in Pre-War Port Darwin
Questioning 'White Australia
The ‘White Australia’ policy is associated with the Immigration Restriction Act in 1901 and the exclusion of ‘coloured’ labour from Australia. After 1901, however, union lobbying turned against the
Racializing Class, Classifying Race
'Racializing Class, Classifying Race', was a three-day conference held in St. Antony's College, Oxford, from 11-13 July, 1997. The aim of its organiser, Peter Alexander, was to encourage comparative discussion on the theme of Labour and Difference in Africa, USA and Britain. In this he was remarkably successful as the conference attracted some truly inspirational speakers and provoked intense debate amongst the participants. The conference was he…
When Wages Were Clothes
Prior to the introduction of equal wages for Aboriginal Australians in 1968, it was not unusual for Aboriginal workers in the Northern Territory to be paid in kind: in basic food, clothing, and tobacco. Some workers received a few shillings a week, but even this wage could be withheld completely or placed in a trust fund. In keeping with a supposedly humanitarian protectionist ethos, clothing was encouraged as a substitute for cash wages. But in …
Colonial Constructions of Masculinity
In Darwin in the Northern Territory of Australia, Aboriginal men made up more than half of the domestic servant population by 1938. They replaced the Chinese and Malay male servants who had worked for British colonists in the early colonial period. Much of the historical work on male domestic servants in colonial situations plots the construction of the ‘houseboy’ as emasculated, feminised and submissive. In contrast, colonial constructions of Ab…
The End of Indenture? Asian workers in the Australian Pearling Industry, 1901–1972
The historical circumstances which led to the end of the indentured labor trade suggest that its abolition was only partially the result of humanitarian concern for the welfare of workers. It was the development of nationalism, both in sending and receiving countries, that prompted a rethinking of the racialized labor organization of indenture. In Australia, the introduction of the White Australia policy in 1901, with its restrictions on non-whit…
Unwanted Scraps’ or ‘An Alert, Resolute, Resentful People’? Chinese Railroad Workers in French Congo
In the late 1920s, the colonial government of French Equatorial Africa decided to employ Chinese workers to complete their railway line. The employment of Chinese indentured labor had already become the subject of considerable international criticism. The Chinese government was concerned that the French could not guarantee worker health and safety and denied their application. However, the recruitment went ahead with the help of the government of…
Questioning 'White Australia
The ‘White Australia’ policy is associated with the Immigration Restriction Act in 1901 and the exclusion of ‘coloured’ labour from Australia. After 1901, however, union lobbying turned against the
Mapping the Trafficking of Women across Colonial Southeast Asia, 1600s–1930s
While slavery in the seventeenth century included a substantial traffic in Asian women, it was only in the late nineteenth century that the rise in trafficking in women in Asia came to the attention of international humanitarians who sought to combat this new form of post-abolition slavery. The increasing emphasis on women as slaves, held for the purposes of sexual exploitation, was to a large extent brought to public attention as the result of t…
The 'Malay' Community in Pre-war Darwin
This paper examines the ‘Malay’ community in pre-war Darwin, focusing on those men who were brought to Australia to work in the pearling industry. It considers their status within the community, and questions the degree to which the White Australia policy impinged upon their lives. The term ‘Malay’ in this context does not refer to the ‘Malays’ of present-day Malaysia, but rather to the ambiguous colonial construction which was loosely based on n…
Asian Servants for the Imperial Telegraph
In the late nineteenth century, the officers of the Eastern Extension Australasia and China Telegraph Company provided north Australia with a cable connection to London via Java, Singapore, and India. The telegraph project prompted a new era of colonisation in tropical north Australia and the officers of the company sought to ensure that the north would be shaped according to their notions of Indian Ocean colonial culture. They insisted on employ…
Transcolonial Influences on Everyday American Imperialism
From the first years of the American occupation of the Philippines, the American colonial elite ran their households with the help of Chinese servants. The preference of government officials, including Governor William Howard Taft himself, for Chinese domestic labor was in flagrant disregard for the policy of Chinese exclusion as well as the principle of “benevolent assimilation,” according to which the Americans claimed to be “uplifting” the Fil…
Indigenous Australian-Indonesian intermarriage
This story of Indigenous Australian-Indonesian intermarriage is one that sheds light on the changes to citizenship entitlement in Australia and the struggles of Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander and Asian peoples to lead their lives free from government intervention. Indonesian-Australian contacts remain relatively unknown in Australian history. Early Macassan relations with the peoples of Northern Australia, brought to light by Campbell Macknig…
Racializing Class, Classifying Race
'Racializing Class, Classifying Race', was a three-day conference held in St. Antony's College, Oxford, from 11-13 July, 1997. The aim of its organiser, Peter Alexander, was to encourage comparative discussion on the theme of Labour and Difference in Africa, USA and Britain. In this he was remarkably successful as the conference attracted some truly inspirational speakers and provoked intense debate amongst the participants. The conference was he…
The 'Malay' Community in Pre-war Darwin
This paper examines the ‘Malay’ community in pre-war Darwin, focusing on those men who were brought to Australia to work in the pearling industry. It considers their status within the community, and questions the degree to which the White Australia policy impinged upon their lives. The term ‘Malay’ in this context does not refer to the ‘Malays’ of present-day Malaysia, but rather to the ambiguous colonial construction which was loosely based on n…
Asian Workers in Pre-War Port Darwin
Questioning 'White Australia
The ‘White Australia’ policy is associated with the Immigration Restriction Act in 1901 and the exclusion of ‘coloured’ labour from Australia. After 1901, however, union lobbying turned against the
The End of Indenture? Asian workers in the Australian Pearling Industry, 1901–1972
The historical circumstances which led to the end of the indentured labor trade suggest that its abolition was only partially the result of humanitarian concern for the welfare of workers. It was the development of nationalism, both in sending and receiving countries, that prompted a rethinking of the racialized labor organization of indenture. In Australia, the introduction of the White Australia policy in 1901, with its restrictions on non-whit…
When Wages Were Clothes
Prior to the introduction of equal wages for Aboriginal Australians in 1968, it was not unusual for Aboriginal workers in the Northern Territory to be paid in kind: in basic food, clothing, and tobacco. Some workers received a few shillings a week, but even this wage could be withheld completely or placed in a trust fund. In keeping with a supposedly humanitarian protectionist ethos, clothing was encouraged as a substitute for cash wages. But in …
Colonial Constructions of Masculinity
In Darwin in the Northern Territory of Australia, Aboriginal men made up more than half of the domestic servant population by 1938. They replaced the Chinese and Malay male servants who had worked for British colonists in the early colonial period. Much of the historical work on male domestic servants in colonial situations plots the construction of the ‘houseboy’ as emasculated, feminised and submissive. In contrast, colonial constructions of Ab…
Indigenous Australian-Indonesian intermarriage
This story of Indigenous Australian-Indonesian intermarriage is one that sheds light on the changes to citizenship entitlement in Australia and the struggles of Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander and Asian peoples to lead their lives free from government intervention. Indonesian-Australian contacts remain relatively unknown in Australian history. Early Macassan relations with the peoples of Northern Australia, brought to light by Campbell Macknig…
Problematising Aboriginal nationalism
The modern concept of nationalism is a highly contested phenomenon. It provokes debate at both a theoretical and an emotional level. The idea of an Aboriginal nationalism is no less complex. This article discusses a range of perspectives on Aboriginal nationalism and relates them to theoretical debates. The works of Benedict Anderson and Anthony Smith are discussed in some detail. Both these theorists regard the nation as a 'modern' construct. Th…
Indonesians Challenging White Australia
Between the 1870s and the 1950s the north Australian pearl-shell industry relied on the labour of thousands of Indonesians who were employed as divers and crew on pearling luggers. While these men were referred to as Malays or Koepangers they were drawn from many different locations in eastern Indonesia, including Nusa Tenggara Timur, Maluku and southern Sulawesi. As indentured labourers, they were supposed to be temporary residents in Australia.…
Indonesians overseas – deep histories and the view from below
Indonesian mobility is often regarded as a present-day fact. In 2007 the number of Indonesians reported working abroad had reached 4.3 million, bringing in an income of US$6 billion in remittances (Widodo et al. 2009). By 2010 the numbers working abroad would have well passed 5 million, especially considering the numbers ‘smuggled’ across the Indonesian-Malaysian maritime borders
Transcolonial Influences on Everyday American Imperialism
From the first years of the American occupation of the Philippines, the American colonial elite ran their households with the help of Chinese servants. The preference of government officials, including Governor William Howard Taft himself, for Chinese domestic labor was in flagrant disregard for the policy of Chinese exclusion as well as the principle of “benevolent assimilation,” according to which the Americans claimed to be “uplifting” the Fil…
The Pearl Frontier
Based on careful archival research and intimate life stories, the Pearl Frontier offers a subaltern imagining of Australian historical connections with Indonesia through labor migration. This study of maritime mobility demonstrates how, in the colonial quest for valuable pearl-shell, Australians came to rely on the labor of Indonesian islanders, drawing them into their northern pearling empire. From the 1860s onwards the pearl-shell industry deve…
A highly nuanced reading of crosscultural encounters
Review of Tony Ballantyne, Entanglements of Empire: Missionaries, Māori, and the Question of the Body (Auckland: Auckland University Press, 2015)
Mapping the Trafficking of Women across Colonial Southeast Asia, 1600s–1930s
While slavery in the seventeenth century included a substantial traffic in Asian women, it was only in the late nineteenth century that the rise in trafficking in women in Asia came to the attention of international humanitarians who sought to combat this new form of post-abolition slavery. The increasing emphasis on women as slaves, held for the purposes of sexual exploitation, was to a large extent brought to public attention as the result of t…
Asian Servants for the Imperial Telegraph
In the late nineteenth century, the officers of the Eastern Extension Australasia and China Telegraph Company provided north Australia with a cable connection to London via Java, Singapore, and India. The telegraph project prompted a new era of colonisation in tropical north Australia and the officers of the company sought to ensure that the north would be shaped according to their notions of Indian Ocean colonial culture. They insisted on employ…
Unwanted Scraps’ or ‘An Alert, Resolute, Resentful People’? Chinese Railroad Workers in French Congo
In the late 1920s, the colonial government of French Equatorial Africa decided to employ Chinese workers to complete their railway line. The employment of Chinese indentured labor had already become the subject of considerable international criticism. The Chinese government was concerned that the French could not guarantee worker health and safety and denied their application. However, the recruitment went ahead with the help of the government of…
The Pilbara
In this timely book, industrial relations historian Bradon Ellem outlines the process of de-unionization and the accompanying decline in working conditions in the iron-ore mining industry of Western Australia. Covering the period from the 1960s up to the present, The Pilbara charts the negotiations between the mining unions and the three big mining companies: BHP Billiton, Rio Tinto, and Fortescue Metals Group (FMG). Ellem demonstrates that the f…
Introduction
Retaining Chinese Indentured Labour in Interwar British and French Pacific colonies
British attempts to reform or close down the indentured labour system as it applied to Chinese labourers across the British empire were carried out on an ad hoc basis, one colony at a time. In the southwest Pacific islands indentured labour recruitment was retained into the 1930s and beyond. Between 1920 and 1953 thousands of Chinese workers suffered under penal clauses for labour offences and endured harsh conditions on contracts that often exte…
Cultivating Pacific Cocoa
From the 1890s to the 1930s the cocoa plantations of the southwest Pacific relied on Pacific Islander and Asian indentured labor from China and Vietnam. In Samoa and the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu) white planters lobbied colonial administrations for permission to introduce Chinese under contract as indentured labor, a coercive and controversial labor system. This article points to the role of transimperial economic competition in encouraging the u…
Political science (17 works) · Law (13 works) · Law (12 works) · Sociology (12 works) · History (11 works) · Australian History and Society (10 works) · Colonialism (9 works) · Gender Studies (8 works) · History (8 works) · Gender Studies (7 works)