Dorothy L Schmalz
Biographic Data
| ID | 4469708 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Dorothy L Schmalz |
| GIVEN NAMES | Dorothy L |
| FAMILY NAME | Schmalz |
| SIGNATURE | SCHMALZ D L |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Utah |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7003-5557 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 23 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 96 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 23 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2006 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
How parks and recreation professionals communicate their health contributions: Insights from the multi-level leisure mechanisms framework
The Effect of Moral and Threat Appeals on Reducing Depreciative Behavior at Rock Imagery Sites
Depreciative behaviors are unintentional actions by individuals that damage the resource or impact the experiences of others. Rock imagery is highly susceptible to these types of behaviors, and the damage may be permanent. As visitation to rock imagery increases, the opportunity for depreciative behavior likewise increases. There has been surprisingly little research on how to reduce these types of behaviors, specifically around cultural resource…
Examining the Meanings of Leisure Among Latinos Living in South Carolina
Leisure education and parks programming to address stress, burnout, and coping in law enforcement officers: An exploratory study
Law enforcement officers (LEOs) frequently experience occupational stress, which may lead to burnout. Without positive coping strategies, LEOs are at risk of a myriad of negative health-related issues. This exploratory study evaluated the impact of a leisure education and parks programme offered in the workplace on stress, burnout, and coping in LEOs. Ten LEOs enrolled in the six-week programme that offered group leisure education sessions supple…
Nature Exposure, Even as Little as 10 Minutes, is Likely to Yield Short-Term Benefits for Adults with Mental Illness: A Meta Analysis
Existing research suggests that nature exposure positively affects mental health, but has not answered important questions about nature’s specific impact on adults with mental illness. Intentional exposure to nature could be a means for mental illness symptom relief. The present study was a meta-analysis to answer the question: what are the effects of nature exposure on the social, mental, and physical health of adults with mental illness? The pr…
Try Not to Make Waves”: Managing Gender Discrimination in Outdoor Recreation
The presence of women in male-dominated settings, such as outdoor adventure recreation, is received with suspicion, whereby they must demonstrate competence before they are accepted and treated as being equal to men. This multiple case study examined four female professional outdoor athletes to explore experiences of gender discrimination in their professional interactions and their response to those experiences. The athletes experienced disparat…
Sticks and Stones: Embracing Discomfort to Enhance Learning
In The Coddling of the American Mind: How Good Intentions and Bad Ideas are Setting Up a Generation for Failure, Lukianoff and Haidt contend that an atmosphere of “safetyism” threatens the university’s ability to serve as an arena for free speech and academic freedom. In this paper, we examine their thinking through one professor’s uncomfortable experience with graduate students over the question of using gendered personal pronouns in scholarly w…
Using Online Courses to Teach about Leisure Behavior and Human Diversity: A Case Study of Course Improvement
Online courses have become common in leisure studies and recreation education university programs, yet little is known about online instruction in this field, especially in courses about human diversity. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is (1) to discuss literature relevant to online courses about human diversity broadly, and in a leisure studies and recreation education context specifically, and (2) to discuss key findings from implementatio…
Policy and Environmental Predictors of Park Visits During the First Months of the Covid-19 Pandemic: Getting Out While Staying in
The COVID-19 pandemic may have altered visitation patterns to parks, with potential effects on human health. Little is known about park use early in the pandemic, how park availability influenced use, and whether park visits accelerated COVID-19 spread. Using weekly cell phone location data for 620 U.S. counties, we show park visits decreased by an average 26% between March 15 and May 9, 2020. Net of weekly trends, park visits were 2.2% lower whe…
Implicit Attitudes and the Challenge of Becoming a Reflexive Leisure Scholar
This paper highlights the potential roles of implicit bias and implicit association testing (IAT) in the practice of reflexivity. In the paper, eight leisure scholars reflected on their explicit and implicit prejudice and privilege and its influence on their efforts to conduct critical leisure research. Data were collected from these scholars in three stages. First, participant-researchers engaged in a ‘conscious,’ written, personal reflexive exe…
The discourse article: Critical examinations of timely topics in leisure research
This article is part of a series including:“White-Savior Industrial Complex” in leisure studies: A response to Anderson, Knee, & MowattReflections on altruism, action, and “moral imagination” in the context of the White Savior“White Savior” as duly provocative or enforced civility with unintended consequences? A response to Anderson, Knee, & MowattLeisure and the “White-Savior Industrial Complex”
Fear of the Unknown: Examining Neighborhood Stigma’s Effect on Urban Greenway Use and Surrounding Communities
Neighborhood stigma, founded on the idea that individuals avoid and denigrate spaces occupied by residents of color due to perceptions of crime and disorder, can influence travel patterns, impact housing markets, and exacerbate social and environmental justice issues. As a proliferation of urban greenways connecting once stratified communities, such stigma may also influence recreation behaviors. Using a series of observations and interviews with…
Contested Spaces: Intimate Segregation and Environmental Gentrification on Chicago's 606 Trail
The 606, a greenway in Chicago, has been lauded as a transformative revitalization project that provides diverse benefits and connects communities. However, the greenway has become a source of conflict among Latinx residents who question the trail's value and influence on their communities. Using observations and interviews with users and residents, this study examined potential consequences of The 606, including intimate segregation, which occur…
The cycle of food socialization: Leisure as resistance
Historically, the relationship between humans and food is complex. The necessity of food for life has resulted in food being important in structuring life and identity. The increasing stronghold of the agrofood complex (e.g. Big Food) in the production and engineering of food is taking a toll on socio-ecological systems. Using Harro’s (2018a. “The Cycle of Socialisation.” In Readings for Diversity and Social Justice, edited by A. Adams, W. J. Blu…
Multi-, inter-, and transdisciplinary research: Leisure studies past, present, and future
This is the second of two issues honoring 50 years of publication for the Journal of Leisure Research. The first special issue, published earlier this year, focused on trends and issues of interest
Leisure studies in the 21st century: Challenges and opportunities in our collective identity
The year 2018 marked a milestone for leisure research, as the World Leisure Journal, the Journal of Leisure Research, and Leisure Sciences will celebratet their 60th, 50th, and 40th years in publication, respectively. A review of previous articles chronicling the evolution and status of leisure studies revealed three common themes since the 1980s: (a) incompatible faculty roles, (b) insularity, and (c) fragmentation. We examined recent developmen…
Exploring factors that contribute to relationship building in a community center
Community centers are fundamental features of many communities as a space for social interaction and the development of social relationships, which can contribute to social capital, a sense of belonging, and a sense of community. An understanding of how relationships develop in community centers may help managers encourage relationship building and contribute to better individual and community health outcomes. A qualitative study was conducted at…
The reemergence and revitalized focus of JLR
Cool' Party, Bro: The Fraternity Use of Party Structure as a Mechanism for Control over Female Status on Campus
This conceptual article examines how existing institutionalized sexism constructed within fraternity party structure is used as a mechanism for categorizing women on college campuses. While these social gatherings provide an opportunity for interaction and new relationships, the environment is often constructed in a manner that reinforces traditional gender roles and increases the overall risk of sexual assaults. For some females, the attainment …
Social Media Sites as a Means of Coping with a Threatened Social Identity
Since their inception in the early- to mid-2000s, social media sites (SMS) have burgeoned into a popular leisure pursuit with millions of users worldwide. Defined as Internet-based software programs that facilitate communication among individuals, members use them to exchange information, develop friendships, and find social support. Despite their rapid growth as a leisure time activity, there is a dearth of research exploring use of SMS. Using s…
The Conspicuous Nature of Power: Conclusion to the Special Issue
As an introduction, we couched this special issue on social and environmental justice within unsettling nature of prejudice. Prejudice, subtly and overtly, contribute to injustice and in nuanced ways. But as we acknowledged, prejudice is only an echo or evidence marker that injustice has occurred. Prejudice, in itself, does not create injustice and oppression, power does. With this in mind, we support a perspective that our roles as researchers a…
The Unsettling Nature of Prejudice: An Introduction to the Special Issue
(2014). The Unsettling Nature of Prejudice. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 245-251
Girlie Girls and Manly Men: Chidren's Stigma Consciousness of Gender in Sports and Physical Activities
Despite efforts toward equality, social rules of gender play a prominent role in leisure especially within the sport and physical activity arena. Recreational and organized sports are common leisure pursuits among children. From an early age, children show signs of recognizing “appropriate” gendered behavior and activities. The goal of this study was to assess the degree to which children are aware of social stereotypes of gender in sport and phy…
Girlie Girls and Manly Men: Chidren's Stigma Consciousness of Gender in Sports and Physical Activities
Despite efforts toward equality, social rules of gender play a prominent role in leisure especially within the sport and physical activity arena. Recreational and organized sports are common leisure pursuits among children. From an early age, children show signs of recognizing “appropriate” gendered behavior and activities. The goal of this study was to assess the degree to which children are aware of social stereotypes of gender in sport and phy…
Contested Spaces: Intimate Segregation and Environmental Gentrification on Chicago's 606 Trail
The 606, a greenway in Chicago, has been lauded as a transformative revitalization project that provides diverse benefits and connects communities. However, the greenway has become a source of conflict among Latinx residents who question the trail's value and influence on their communities. Using observations and interviews with users and residents, this study examined potential consequences of The 606, including intimate segregation, which occur…
Fear of the Unknown: Examining Neighborhood Stigma’s Effect on Urban Greenway Use and Surrounding Communities
Neighborhood stigma, founded on the idea that individuals avoid and denigrate spaces occupied by residents of color due to perceptions of crime and disorder, can influence travel patterns, impact housing markets, and exacerbate social and environmental justice issues. As a proliferation of urban greenways connecting once stratified communities, such stigma may also influence recreation behaviors. Using a series of observations and interviews with…
Exploring factors that contribute to relationship building in a community center
Community centers are fundamental features of many communities as a space for social interaction and the development of social relationships, which can contribute to social capital, a sense of belonging, and a sense of community. An understanding of how relationships develop in community centers may help managers encourage relationship building and contribute to better individual and community health outcomes. A qualitative study was conducted at…
Cool' Party, Bro: The Fraternity Use of Party Structure as a Mechanism for Control over Female Status on Campus
This conceptual article examines how existing institutionalized sexism constructed within fraternity party structure is used as a mechanism for categorizing women on college campuses. While these social gatherings provide an opportunity for interaction and new relationships, the environment is often constructed in a manner that reinforces traditional gender roles and increases the overall risk of sexual assaults. For some females, the attainment …
The Conspicuous Nature of Power: Conclusion to the Special Issue
As an introduction, we couched this special issue on social and environmental justice within unsettling nature of prejudice. Prejudice, subtly and overtly, contribute to injustice and in nuanced ways. But as we acknowledged, prejudice is only an echo or evidence marker that injustice has occurred. Prejudice, in itself, does not create injustice and oppression, power does. With this in mind, we support a perspective that our roles as researchers a…
The Unsettling Nature of Prejudice: An Introduction to the Special Issue
(2014). The Unsettling Nature of Prejudice. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 245-251
Multi-, inter-, and transdisciplinary research: Leisure studies past, present, and future
This is the second of two issues honoring 50 years of publication for the Journal of Leisure Research. The first special issue, published earlier this year, focused on trends and issues of interest
Leisure studies in the 21st century: Challenges and opportunities in our collective identity
The year 2018 marked a milestone for leisure research, as the World Leisure Journal, the Journal of Leisure Research, and Leisure Sciences will celebratet their 60th, 50th, and 40th years in publication, respectively. A review of previous articles chronicling the evolution and status of leisure studies revealed three common themes since the 1980s: (a) incompatible faculty roles, (b) insularity, and (c) fragmentation. We examined recent developmen…
Try Not to Make Waves”: Managing Gender Discrimination in Outdoor Recreation
The presence of women in male-dominated settings, such as outdoor adventure recreation, is received with suspicion, whereby they must demonstrate competence before they are accepted and treated as being equal to men. This multiple case study examined four female professional outdoor athletes to explore experiences of gender discrimination in their professional interactions and their response to those experiences. The athletes experienced disparat…
The cycle of food socialization: Leisure as resistance
Historically, the relationship between humans and food is complex. The necessity of food for life has resulted in food being important in structuring life and identity. The increasing stronghold of the agrofood complex (e.g. Big Food) in the production and engineering of food is taking a toll on socio-ecological systems. Using Harro’s (2018a. “The Cycle of Socialisation.” In Readings for Diversity and Social Justice, edited by A. Adams, W. J. Blu…
The reemergence and revitalized focus of JLR
Social Media Sites as a Means of Coping with a Threatened Social Identity
Since their inception in the early- to mid-2000s, social media sites (SMS) have burgeoned into a popular leisure pursuit with millions of users worldwide. Defined as Internet-based software programs that facilitate communication among individuals, members use them to exchange information, develop friendships, and find social support. Despite their rapid growth as a leisure time activity, there is a dearth of research exploring use of SMS. Using s…
The discourse article: Critical examinations of timely topics in leisure research
This article is part of a series including:“White-Savior Industrial Complex” in leisure studies: A response to Anderson, Knee, & MowattReflections on altruism, action, and “moral imagination” in the context of the White Savior“White Savior” as duly provocative or enforced civility with unintended consequences? A response to Anderson, Knee, & MowattLeisure and the “White-Savior Industrial Complex”
Girlie Girls and Manly Men: Chidren's Stigma Consciousness of Gender in Sports and Physical Activities
Despite efforts toward equality, social rules of gender play a prominent role in leisure especially within the sport and physical activity arena. Recreational and organized sports are common leisure pursuits among children. From an early age, children show signs of recognizing “appropriate” gendered behavior and activities. The goal of this study was to assess the degree to which children are aware of social stereotypes of gender in sport and phy…
The Conspicuous Nature of Power: Conclusion to the Special Issue
As an introduction, we couched this special issue on social and environmental justice within unsettling nature of prejudice. Prejudice, subtly and overtly, contribute to injustice and in nuanced ways. But as we acknowledged, prejudice is only an echo or evidence marker that injustice has occurred. Prejudice, in itself, does not create injustice and oppression, power does. With this in mind, we support a perspective that our roles as researchers a…
The Unsettling Nature of Prejudice: An Introduction to the Special Issue
(2014). The Unsettling Nature of Prejudice. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 245-251
Social Media Sites as a Means of Coping with a Threatened Social Identity
Since their inception in the early- to mid-2000s, social media sites (SMS) have burgeoned into a popular leisure pursuit with millions of users worldwide. Defined as Internet-based software programs that facilitate communication among individuals, members use them to exchange information, develop friendships, and find social support. Despite their rapid growth as a leisure time activity, there is a dearth of research exploring use of SMS. Using s…
Cool' Party, Bro: The Fraternity Use of Party Structure as a Mechanism for Control over Female Status on Campus
This conceptual article examines how existing institutionalized sexism constructed within fraternity party structure is used as a mechanism for categorizing women on college campuses. While these social gatherings provide an opportunity for interaction and new relationships, the environment is often constructed in a manner that reinforces traditional gender roles and increases the overall risk of sexual assaults. For some females, the attainment …
Exploring factors that contribute to relationship building in a community center
Community centers are fundamental features of many communities as a space for social interaction and the development of social relationships, which can contribute to social capital, a sense of belonging, and a sense of community. An understanding of how relationships develop in community centers may help managers encourage relationship building and contribute to better individual and community health outcomes. A qualitative study was conducted at…
The reemergence and revitalized focus of JLR
Contested Spaces: Intimate Segregation and Environmental Gentrification on Chicago's 606 Trail
The 606, a greenway in Chicago, has been lauded as a transformative revitalization project that provides diverse benefits and connects communities. However, the greenway has become a source of conflict among Latinx residents who question the trail's value and influence on their communities. Using observations and interviews with users and residents, this study examined potential consequences of The 606, including intimate segregation, which occur…
The cycle of food socialization: Leisure as resistance
Historically, the relationship between humans and food is complex. The necessity of food for life has resulted in food being important in structuring life and identity. The increasing stronghold of the agrofood complex (e.g. Big Food) in the production and engineering of food is taking a toll on socio-ecological systems. Using Harro’s (2018a. “The Cycle of Socialisation.” In Readings for Diversity and Social Justice, edited by A. Adams, W. J. Blu…
Multi-, inter-, and transdisciplinary research: Leisure studies past, present, and future
This is the second of two issues honoring 50 years of publication for the Journal of Leisure Research. The first special issue, published earlier this year, focused on trends and issues of interest
Leisure studies in the 21st century: Challenges and opportunities in our collective identity
The year 2018 marked a milestone for leisure research, as the World Leisure Journal, the Journal of Leisure Research, and Leisure Sciences will celebratet their 60th, 50th, and 40th years in publication, respectively. A review of previous articles chronicling the evolution and status of leisure studies revealed three common themes since the 1980s: (a) incompatible faculty roles, (b) insularity, and (c) fragmentation. We examined recent developmen…
Implicit Attitudes and the Challenge of Becoming a Reflexive Leisure Scholar
This paper highlights the potential roles of implicit bias and implicit association testing (IAT) in the practice of reflexivity. In the paper, eight leisure scholars reflected on their explicit and implicit prejudice and privilege and its influence on their efforts to conduct critical leisure research. Data were collected from these scholars in three stages. First, participant-researchers engaged in a ‘conscious,’ written, personal reflexive exe…
The discourse article: Critical examinations of timely topics in leisure research
This article is part of a series including:“White-Savior Industrial Complex” in leisure studies: A response to Anderson, Knee, & MowattReflections on altruism, action, and “moral imagination” in the context of the White Savior“White Savior” as duly provocative or enforced civility with unintended consequences? A response to Anderson, Knee, & MowattLeisure and the “White-Savior Industrial Complex”
Fear of the Unknown: Examining Neighborhood Stigma’s Effect on Urban Greenway Use and Surrounding Communities
Neighborhood stigma, founded on the idea that individuals avoid and denigrate spaces occupied by residents of color due to perceptions of crime and disorder, can influence travel patterns, impact housing markets, and exacerbate social and environmental justice issues. As a proliferation of urban greenways connecting once stratified communities, such stigma may also influence recreation behaviors. Using a series of observations and interviews with…
Sticks and Stones: Embracing Discomfort to Enhance Learning
In The Coddling of the American Mind: How Good Intentions and Bad Ideas are Setting Up a Generation for Failure, Lukianoff and Haidt contend that an atmosphere of “safetyism” threatens the university’s ability to serve as an arena for free speech and academic freedom. In this paper, we examine their thinking through one professor’s uncomfortable experience with graduate students over the question of using gendered personal pronouns in scholarly w…
Using Online Courses to Teach about Leisure Behavior and Human Diversity: A Case Study of Course Improvement
Online courses have become common in leisure studies and recreation education university programs, yet little is known about online instruction in this field, especially in courses about human diversity. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is (1) to discuss literature relevant to online courses about human diversity broadly, and in a leisure studies and recreation education context specifically, and (2) to discuss key findings from implementatio…
Policy and Environmental Predictors of Park Visits During the First Months of the Covid-19 Pandemic: Getting Out While Staying in
The COVID-19 pandemic may have altered visitation patterns to parks, with potential effects on human health. Little is known about park use early in the pandemic, how park availability influenced use, and whether park visits accelerated COVID-19 spread. Using weekly cell phone location data for 620 U.S. counties, we show park visits decreased by an average 26% between March 15 and May 9, 2020. Net of weekly trends, park visits were 2.2% lower whe…
Try Not to Make Waves”: Managing Gender Discrimination in Outdoor Recreation
The presence of women in male-dominated settings, such as outdoor adventure recreation, is received with suspicion, whereby they must demonstrate competence before they are accepted and treated as being equal to men. This multiple case study examined four female professional outdoor athletes to explore experiences of gender discrimination in their professional interactions and their response to those experiences. The athletes experienced disparat…
Leisure education and parks programming to address stress, burnout, and coping in law enforcement officers: An exploratory study
Law enforcement officers (LEOs) frequently experience occupational stress, which may lead to burnout. Without positive coping strategies, LEOs are at risk of a myriad of negative health-related issues. This exploratory study evaluated the impact of a leisure education and parks programme offered in the workplace on stress, burnout, and coping in LEOs. Ten LEOs enrolled in the six-week programme that offered group leisure education sessions supple…
Nature Exposure, Even as Little as 10 Minutes, is Likely to Yield Short-Term Benefits for Adults with Mental Illness: A Meta Analysis
Existing research suggests that nature exposure positively affects mental health, but has not answered important questions about nature’s specific impact on adults with mental illness. Intentional exposure to nature could be a means for mental illness symptom relief. The present study was a meta-analysis to answer the question: what are the effects of nature exposure on the social, mental, and physical health of adults with mental illness? The pr…
Examining the Meanings of Leisure Among Latinos Living in South Carolina
How parks and recreation professionals communicate their health contributions: Insights from the multi-level leisure mechanisms framework
The Effect of Moral and Threat Appeals on Reducing Depreciative Behavior at Rock Imagery Sites
Depreciative behaviors are unintentional actions by individuals that damage the resource or impact the experiences of others. Rock imagery is highly susceptible to these types of behaviors, and the damage may be permanent. As visitation to rock imagery increases, the opportunity for depreciative behavior likewise increases. There has been surprisingly little research on how to reduce these types of behaviors, specifically around cultural resource…
Sociology (17 works) · Psychology (16 works) · Political science (11 works) · Social Psychology (10 works) · Social Psychology (9 works) · Law (8 works) · Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management (8 works) · Urban Green Space and Health (7 works) · Law (6 works) · Social science (6 works)