Steve M Jex
Biographic Data
| ID | 4498307 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Steve M Jex |
| GIVEN NAMES | Steve M |
| FAMILY NAME | Jex |
| SIGNATURE | JEX S M |
| AFFILIATIONS | Bowling Green State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7527-774X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 26 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 59 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 26 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1986 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Bridging home and work
Grounded in the work–home resources (W–HR) model, this study investigates the cross‐domain effects of home crafting on job crafting. It examines different subforms of crafting, highlights the sequential mediating roles of family performance and positive affect, and tests an evening‐to‐next‐day enrichment process. Through a daily diary methodology, data were collected twice per day over five consecutive workdays from 112 full‐time employees. The f…
Perpetrator-Targeted Reciprocated Incivility
Workplace incivility can result in detrimental effects for the members of the organization. One characteristic of the workplace incivility theory is that this low-intensity behavior can escalate into more severe forms of aggression through incivility exchange. Using the experimental vignette method and content analysis technique, the present study examined perpetrator-targeted reciprocated incivility and the moderating effects of agreeableness in…
Individual differences, job demands and job resources as boundary conditions for relations between experienced incivility and forms of instigated incivility
Purpose Using the job–demands resources model as a guide, this study aims to expand the understanding of the boundary conditions of the relation between experienced incivility and instigated incivility. The authors do so by focusing on the unique forms of instigated incivility: hostility, gossip, exclusionary behavior and privacy invasion. Drawing from past research, the authors focus on the personal resources of agreeableness and conscientiousne…
The Conditions of Successful Telework
The purpose of this paper is to explore the causes of the inconsistent relationship between telework and work-life conflict, which has been reported in the research literature. We predicted that the qualitative aspects of telework, direction of work-life conflict, and telepressure would influence whether telework decreases work-life conflict. To test these predictions, data from a sample of 328 workers enrolled in the online subject recruitment p…
Old Enough to Perceive Things Differently? Detecting Measurement Invariance Across Age Groups Using Item-Focused Tree
The current study applies a new technique, item-focused tree (IFT), to investigate measurement invariance (MI) across age groups. MI is violated when differential item functioning (DIF) is detected. Compared to traditional DIF techniques, IFT does not require researchers to artificially split respondents into multiple groups when the covariate is continuous (e.g., age). Moreover, with IFT, researchers can examine DIF induced by multiple covariate…
Older and Less Deviant? The Paths Through Emotional Labor and Organizational Cynicism
Previous research suggests that workplace deviance, one of the most pressing problems for today’s organizations, tends to decline as employees age. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the age-deviance relationship. Using aggregated 5-day daily diary data in a sample of 158 Chinese full-time employees, the present study examined age differences in the use of emotional labor strategies (i.e., surface acting and deep acting) and…
Employees’ Age Moderates Relationships of Emotional Suppression With Health and Well-Being
Emotional suppression has been found to be negatively associated with individuals’ health and well-being. However, most studies on emotional suppression were conducted among younger adults in laboratory settings. Considering the increased aging of the current workforce, it is important to examine the effect of emotional suppression on older workers’ health and well-being. The present study examined age differences in relationships of emotional su…
Healthy Workplaces
Creating a healthy and safe work environment for employees is a major concern of organizations. This concern has also served as the basis for a great deal of research in a number of disciplines, including psychology. The purpose of this chapter is to review the psychologically based literature related to occupational health and safety, and perhaps more importantly explain how this is used to facilitate healthy and safe work in organizational sett…
Relationships between work-home segmentation and psychological detachment from work
Employees can have difficulty mentally distancing themselves from work during off-job time due to increasing use of communication technologies (e.g., e-mail, cell phone, etc.). However, psychological detachment from work during nonwork time is important for employee recovery and health. This study examined several antecedents of psychological detachment: work-home segmentation preference, perceived segmentation norm, and the use of communication …
The employee as a punching bag
The link between the interpersonal stressor of workplace mistreatment and objective measures of performance is often overlooked in organizational research. In order to fill this research gap, we examined the unique and combined effects of two sources of incivility (customer and coworker) on objective sales performance and withdrawal behaviors (absenteeism and tardiness). We hypothesized that coworker and customer incivility would interact to pred…
How rude! Emotional labor as a mediator between customer incivility and employee outcomes
Because of the large number of people employed in service occupations, customer incivility has become an increasingly prevalent and important workplace stressor. Unfortunately, relatively little research has examined the effects of customer incivility; of the research that does exist, virtually all of it has focused solely on employee mental health outcomes. The present study was designed to replicate previous research linking customer incivility…
Organizational psychology
Development of a global measure of job embeddedness and integration into a traditional model of voluntary turnover.
Recent research on job embeddedness has found that both on- and off-the-job forces can act to bind people to their jobs. The present study extended this line of research by examining how job embeddedness may be integrated into a traditional model of voluntary turnover. This study also developed and tested a global, reflective measure of job embeddedness that overcomes important limitations and serves as a companion to the original composite measu…
Development and Validation of Scores on a Two-Dimensional Workplace Friendship Scale
Two studies were conducted to develop and provide evidence supporting the construct validity of scores on a scale to measure two aspects of workplace friendship: friendship prevalence and friendship opportunities. In the first study, data collected from 200 part-time graduate students supported the internal consistency and proposed dimensionality of scale scores. In the second study, data were collected from a total sample of 116, which consisted…
Work stressors and coworker support as predictors of individual strain and job performance
This study examined job stressors and coworker social support in relation to both psychological strains and performance. One hundred and ninety-eight door-to-door bookdealers, employed on a seasonal basis, completed self-report measures of job stressors, psychological strains, coworker social support, and job performance. Performance data were also obtained from company records. Results indicated that stressors predicted both psychological strain…
Efficacy beliefs as a moderator of the impact of work-related stressors
This study built on previous exploratory research (S. M. Jex & D. M. Gudanowski, 1992) that examined both self-efficacy and collective efficacy as moderators of stressor-strain relations. Based on survey data collected from 2,273 U.S. Army soldiers representing 36 companies, it was found that both self- and collective efficacy moderated the relationship between stressors and strains. Multilevel random coefficient model results revealed that respo…
Development of four self-report measures of job stressors and strain
Despite the widespread use of self-report measures of both job-related stressors and strains, relatively few carefully developed scales for which validity data exist are available. In this article, we discuss 3 job stressor scales (Interpersonal Conflict at Work Scale, Organizational Constraints Scale, and Quantitative Workload Inventory) and 1 job strain scale (Physical Symptoms Inventory). Using meta-analysis, we combined the results of 18 stud…
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Time Management Behavior Scale
This study reports the results of a confirmatory factor analysis of the 1990 Time Management Behavior scale of Macan, Shahani, Dipboye, and Phillips. The results support the hypothesized factor structure of the scale
Relations of incumbent affect‐related personality traits with incumbent and objective measures of characteristics of jobs
The present study examined the possibility that individuals with certain personality traits tend to be found in certain types of jobs. Specifically, we examined correlations between two personality traits, anxiety and optimism, and measures of job characteristics obtained via self‐reports and through job analysis. Results showed that those who were high in trait anxiety tended to be in jobs characterized by low autonomy, variety, identity, feedba…
Sex role egalitarianism as a moderator of gender congruence bias in evaluation
Efficacy beliefs and work stress
This study investigated the possible role of self‐efficacy in the stress process by examining relations between stressors (role ambiguity, situational constraints, and hours), strains (job dissatisfaction, anxiety, frustration, and turnover intent), and efficacy beliefs (both individual and collective). Individual efficacy was related to only two of the four strains and had no mediating or moderating effects. Collective efficacy, however, was str…
Behavioral Consequences of Job-Related Stress Among Resident Physicians
Behavioral Consequences of Job-Related Stress among Resident Physicians
This study examined the correlations among stressors, psychological strain, and behavioral reactions in a national sample of 1785 resident physicians, 27 to 33 years old. Consistent with previous studies of resident physicians, analysis showed that those experiencing high job-related stressors experienced high psychological strain in both their personal and professional lives. Stressors were also correlated with behavioral reactions. Hierarchical…
Relation of job stressors to affective, health, and performance outcomes
It is widely accepted that job conditions are a causal factor in stress outcomes for employees. This conclusion, however, is based almost entirely on single data source, self-report studies, which demonstrate correlations between environmental perceptions and stress outcomes. This study collected stressor data from two sources, the job incumbent and her supervisor. Convergent and discriminant validities were found for four stressors (autonomy, wo…
Stress in a Seminar on Stress
16 graduate students in a seminar on stress responded to a 30-item adjective scale (anxious, tense, weak, etc.) during a nonstressful situation and again after a difficult test was introduced. The Incremental R-technique of factor analysis applied to the 30 × 30 difference-score correlation matrix yielded 10 factors, whose structure clearly indicated the hypothesis-generating possibilities of this analytical method, which should be applied to a l…
The employee as a punching bag
The link between the interpersonal stressor of workplace mistreatment and objective measures of performance is often overlooked in organizational research. In order to fill this research gap, we examined the unique and combined effects of two sources of incivility (customer and coworker) on objective sales performance and withdrawal behaviors (absenteeism and tardiness). We hypothesized that coworker and customer incivility would interact to pred…
Efficacy beliefs and work stress
This study investigated the possible role of self‐efficacy in the stress process by examining relations between stressors (role ambiguity, situational constraints, and hours), strains (job dissatisfaction, anxiety, frustration, and turnover intent), and efficacy beliefs (both individual and collective). Individual efficacy was related to only two of the four strains and had no mediating or moderating effects. Collective efficacy, however, was str…
Relations of incumbent affect‐related personality traits with incumbent and objective measures of characteristics of jobs
The present study examined the possibility that individuals with certain personality traits tend to be found in certain types of jobs. Specifically, we examined correlations between two personality traits, anxiety and optimism, and measures of job characteristics obtained via self‐reports and through job analysis. Results showed that those who were high in trait anxiety tended to be in jobs characterized by low autonomy, variety, identity, feedba…
Sex role egalitarianism as a moderator of gender congruence bias in evaluation
Older and Less Deviant? The Paths Through Emotional Labor and Organizational Cynicism
Previous research suggests that workplace deviance, one of the most pressing problems for today’s organizations, tends to decline as employees age. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the age-deviance relationship. Using aggregated 5-day daily diary data in a sample of 158 Chinese full-time employees, the present study examined age differences in the use of emotional labor strategies (i.e., surface acting and deep acting) and…
Employees’ Age Moderates Relationships of Emotional Suppression With Health and Well-Being
Emotional suppression has been found to be negatively associated with individuals’ health and well-being. However, most studies on emotional suppression were conducted among younger adults in laboratory settings. Considering the increased aging of the current workforce, it is important to examine the effect of emotional suppression on older workers’ health and well-being. The present study examined age differences in relationships of emotional su…
Training community psychologists at the master's level
Training community psychologists at the master's level
Relation of job stressors to affective, health, and performance outcomes
It is widely accepted that job conditions are a causal factor in stress outcomes for employees. This conclusion, however, is based almost entirely on single data source, self-report studies, which demonstrate correlations between environmental perceptions and stress outcomes. This study collected stressor data from two sources, the job incumbent and her supervisor. Convergent and discriminant validities were found for four stressors (autonomy, wo…
Stress in a Seminar on Stress
16 graduate students in a seminar on stress responded to a 30-item adjective scale (anxious, tense, weak, etc.) during a nonstressful situation and again after a difficult test was introduced. The Incremental R-technique of factor analysis applied to the 30 × 30 difference-score correlation matrix yielded 10 factors, whose structure clearly indicated the hypothesis-generating possibilities of this analytical method, which should be applied to a l…
Behavioral Consequences of Job-Related Stress Among Resident Physicians
Behavioral Consequences of Job-Related Stress among Resident Physicians
This study examined the correlations among stressors, psychological strain, and behavioral reactions in a national sample of 1785 resident physicians, 27 to 33 years old. Consistent with previous studies of resident physicians, analysis showed that those experiencing high job-related stressors experienced high psychological strain in both their personal and professional lives. Stressors were also correlated with behavioral reactions. Hierarchical…
Efficacy beliefs and work stress
This study investigated the possible role of self‐efficacy in the stress process by examining relations between stressors (role ambiguity, situational constraints, and hours), strains (job dissatisfaction, anxiety, frustration, and turnover intent), and efficacy beliefs (both individual and collective). Individual efficacy was related to only two of the four strains and had no mediating or moderating effects. Collective efficacy, however, was str…
Sex role egalitarianism as a moderator of gender congruence bias in evaluation
Relations of incumbent affect‐related personality traits with incumbent and objective measures of characteristics of jobs
The present study examined the possibility that individuals with certain personality traits tend to be found in certain types of jobs. Specifically, we examined correlations between two personality traits, anxiety and optimism, and measures of job characteristics obtained via self‐reports and through job analysis. Results showed that those who were high in trait anxiety tended to be in jobs characterized by low autonomy, variety, identity, feedba…
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Time Management Behavior Scale
This study reports the results of a confirmatory factor analysis of the 1990 Time Management Behavior scale of Macan, Shahani, Dipboye, and Phillips. The results support the hypothesized factor structure of the scale
Development of four self-report measures of job stressors and strain
Despite the widespread use of self-report measures of both job-related stressors and strains, relatively few carefully developed scales for which validity data exist are available. In this article, we discuss 3 job stressor scales (Interpersonal Conflict at Work Scale, Organizational Constraints Scale, and Quantitative Workload Inventory) and 1 job strain scale (Physical Symptoms Inventory). Using meta-analysis, we combined the results of 18 stud…
Efficacy beliefs as a moderator of the impact of work-related stressors
This study built on previous exploratory research (S. M. Jex & D. M. Gudanowski, 1992) that examined both self-efficacy and collective efficacy as moderators of stressor-strain relations. Based on survey data collected from 2,273 U.S. Army soldiers representing 36 companies, it was found that both self- and collective efficacy moderated the relationship between stressors and strains. Multilevel random coefficient model results revealed that respo…
Development and Validation of Scores on a Two-Dimensional Workplace Friendship Scale
Two studies were conducted to develop and provide evidence supporting the construct validity of scores on a scale to measure two aspects of workplace friendship: friendship prevalence and friendship opportunities. In the first study, data collected from 200 part-time graduate students supported the internal consistency and proposed dimensionality of scale scores. In the second study, data were collected from a total sample of 116, which consisted…
Work stressors and coworker support as predictors of individual strain and job performance
This study examined job stressors and coworker social support in relation to both psychological strains and performance. One hundred and ninety-eight door-to-door bookdealers, employed on a seasonal basis, completed self-report measures of job stressors, psychological strains, coworker social support, and job performance. Performance data were also obtained from company records. Results indicated that stressors predicted both psychological strain…
Development of a global measure of job embeddedness and integration into a traditional model of voluntary turnover.
Recent research on job embeddedness has found that both on- and off-the-job forces can act to bind people to their jobs. The present study extended this line of research by examining how job embeddedness may be integrated into a traditional model of voluntary turnover. This study also developed and tested a global, reflective measure of job embeddedness that overcomes important limitations and serves as a companion to the original composite measu…
Organizational psychology
How rude! Emotional labor as a mediator between customer incivility and employee outcomes
Because of the large number of people employed in service occupations, customer incivility has become an increasingly prevalent and important workplace stressor. Unfortunately, relatively little research has examined the effects of customer incivility; of the research that does exist, virtually all of it has focused solely on employee mental health outcomes. The present study was designed to replicate previous research linking customer incivility…
Relationships between work-home segmentation and psychological detachment from work
Employees can have difficulty mentally distancing themselves from work during off-job time due to increasing use of communication technologies (e.g., e-mail, cell phone, etc.). However, psychological detachment from work during nonwork time is important for employee recovery and health. This study examined several antecedents of psychological detachment: work-home segmentation preference, perceived segmentation norm, and the use of communication …
The employee as a punching bag
The link between the interpersonal stressor of workplace mistreatment and objective measures of performance is often overlooked in organizational research. In order to fill this research gap, we examined the unique and combined effects of two sources of incivility (customer and coworker) on objective sales performance and withdrawal behaviors (absenteeism and tardiness). We hypothesized that coworker and customer incivility would interact to pred…
Healthy Workplaces
Creating a healthy and safe work environment for employees is a major concern of organizations. This concern has also served as the basis for a great deal of research in a number of disciplines, including psychology. The purpose of this chapter is to review the psychologically based literature related to occupational health and safety, and perhaps more importantly explain how this is used to facilitate healthy and safe work in organizational sett…
Employees’ Age Moderates Relationships of Emotional Suppression With Health and Well-Being
Emotional suppression has been found to be negatively associated with individuals’ health and well-being. However, most studies on emotional suppression were conducted among younger adults in laboratory settings. Considering the increased aging of the current workforce, it is important to examine the effect of emotional suppression on older workers’ health and well-being. The present study examined age differences in relationships of emotional su…
Older and Less Deviant? The Paths Through Emotional Labor and Organizational Cynicism
Previous research suggests that workplace deviance, one of the most pressing problems for today’s organizations, tends to decline as employees age. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the age-deviance relationship. Using aggregated 5-day daily diary data in a sample of 158 Chinese full-time employees, the present study examined age differences in the use of emotional labor strategies (i.e., surface acting and deep acting) and…
Individual differences, job demands and job resources as boundary conditions for relations between experienced incivility and forms of instigated incivility
Purpose Using the job–demands resources model as a guide, this study aims to expand the understanding of the boundary conditions of the relation between experienced incivility and instigated incivility. The authors do so by focusing on the unique forms of instigated incivility: hostility, gossip, exclusionary behavior and privacy invasion. Drawing from past research, the authors focus on the personal resources of agreeableness and conscientiousne…
The Conditions of Successful Telework
The purpose of this paper is to explore the causes of the inconsistent relationship between telework and work-life conflict, which has been reported in the research literature. We predicted that the qualitative aspects of telework, direction of work-life conflict, and telepressure would influence whether telework decreases work-life conflict. To test these predictions, data from a sample of 328 workers enrolled in the online subject recruitment p…
Old Enough to Perceive Things Differently? Detecting Measurement Invariance Across Age Groups Using Item-Focused Tree
The current study applies a new technique, item-focused tree (IFT), to investigate measurement invariance (MI) across age groups. MI is violated when differential item functioning (DIF) is detected. Compared to traditional DIF techniques, IFT does not require researchers to artificially split respondents into multiple groups when the covariate is continuous (e.g., age). Moreover, with IFT, researchers can examine DIF induced by multiple covariate…
Perpetrator-Targeted Reciprocated Incivility
Workplace incivility can result in detrimental effects for the members of the organization. One characteristic of the workplace incivility theory is that this low-intensity behavior can escalate into more severe forms of aggression through incivility exchange. Using the experimental vignette method and content analysis technique, the present study examined perpetrator-targeted reciprocated incivility and the moderating effects of agreeableness in…
Psychology (24 works) · Social Psychology (18 works) · Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior (14 works) · Social Psychology (11 works) · Clinical Psychology (10 works) · Applied Psychology (8 works) · Clinical Psychology (8 works) · Job satisfaction (8 works) · Stressor (8 works) · Workplace Health and Well-being (8 works)