A Kaasa
Biographic Data
| ID | 45438 |
|---|---|
| NAME | A Kaasa |
| GIVEN NAMES | A |
| FAMILY NAME | Kaasa |
| SIGNATURE | KAASA A |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Tartu |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-2792-0977 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 24 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 104 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 24 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2008 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
The main global cultural differences today evolved from environment-related historical agricultural patterns
Aligning Schwartz’s model of culture with that of Minkov-Hofstede
Recent studies have shown that the validated dimensions in the best-known models of national culture converge into a two-dimensional default model, yielding a cultural map of the world reminiscent of the geographic one. The revised Minkov-Hofstede model is very similar to that default, whereas Inglehart-Welzel’s model is a rotated and flipped variant of it. However, another popular model - Schwartz’s - differs from the default: it does not have a…
What is the Recipe for High or Low General Trust
Does culture matter for consumer confidence
In this paper, we explore whether the diversity of consumer confidence indicators across different countries can be explained by diverse cultures in those countries. For this purpose, we consider the OECD consumer confidence indicators and macroeconomic indicators of 37 countries. In particular, we analyse the consumer confidence indicator levels in January of 2007 and 2009, that is before and during the financial crisis, and also in January of 2…
Comparative Culturology and Cross-Cultural Psychology: How Comparing Societal Cultures Differs From Comparing Individuals' Minds Across Cultures
Cross-cultural research in social and behavioral sciences has expanded hugely over the past 50 years, but progress is currently hampered by a lack of appreciation of the profoundly differing principles and goals of two distinct traditions. The first is the main variant of cross-cultural psychology (CCP), focusing on how culture shapes individual psychological functioning. The second was pioneered by Hofstede. It studies societal differences, and …
Elements of Schwartz’s Model in the WVS: How Do They Relate to Other Cultural Models
Recently Kaasa (2021) has developed a Cultural Models Synthesis Scheme (CMSS) merging together the cultural models of Hofstede, Schwartz and Inglehart. However, this theoretical framework still needs to be complemented by an empirical analysis. This exploratory study focuses on the Schwartz’s model using the ten-item battery in the World Values Survey (WVS) inspired by his questionnaire. We empirically position Schwartz’s items into the theoretic…
A Transposition of the Minkov-Hofstede Model of Culture to the Individual Level of Analysis: Evidence from Mongolia
After Hofstede proposed individualism-collectivism (IDV-COLL) as a dimension of national culture, numerous studies have used that name to refer to individual-level psychological constructs, based on theories and empirical operationalizations that are not necessarily compatible with the Hofstede tradition. This has created confusion. In this study, we investigate whether the two revised Minkov-Hofstede dimensions of national culture - IDV-COLL and…
Determinants of institutional trust: The role of cultural context
We examine the cultural context for individual's trust in public institutions. To shed some light on possible cultural explanations from a more comparative perspective and cover a wider set of cultural aspects, we use indicators of cultural dimensions by Kaasa et al . (2014) based on Hofstede's (1980) approach. Multilevel regression analysis is conducted with individual-level data from two waves of the European Social Survey (2008, 2010) and regi…
Do dimensions of culture exist objectively? A validation of the revised Minkov-Hofstede model of culture with World Values Survey items and scores for 102 countries
Are Different Two-Dimensional Models of Culture Just a Matter of Different Rotations? Evidence From the Analysis Based on the WVS/EVS
There is a need for a simple and graspable model of culture covering the main cultural differences across modern nations. A two-dimensional model might be a reasonable choice. We analyzed data from the World Values Survey and the European Values Study to test whether different two-dimensional models are factor rotations of each other. We took into account criticisms regarding the choice of items in Inglehart’s analysis of the same data source. Ne…
Do religions account for important cultural differences? An analysis across 100 religious groups in 27 African Countries
Purpose It is often believed that the type of religion that a group of people follow (Protestant, Catholic, Orthodox, Muslim, Jewish, Hindu, Buddhist, etc.) can account for significant and important cultural differences, with implications for business ethics, corporate and social responsibility, and other business-related variables. The alternative view is that the cultural differences between religions are either trivial or are actually misinter…
A “Harsh” Culture, Alcoholism, Climate, and Social Hardship Explain National Differences in Suicide Rates
Suicide is a major cause of death in Central and Northeast Europe and Northeast Asia. The literature on this geographic pattern has not reached consensus. The authors propose an analysis of the view that national culture may be a risk factor. They use measures of culture from a quasi-nationally representative 2015–2016 database, with over 50,000 respondents from 53 countries, and WHO suicide data for 2016. A correlation analysis across items reve…
Economic Development and Modernization in Africa Homogenize National Cultures
The nation-building literature of the early 1960s argued that decolonized countries need to overcome pre-colonial ethnic identities and generate national cultures. Africa is the most critical test case of this aspect of modernization theory as it has by far the largest ethnolinguistic fractionalization. We use data from the Afrobarometer to compare the cultures of 85 ethnolinguistic groups, each represented by at least 100 respondents, from 25 Af…
Merging Hofstede, Schwartz, and Inglehart into a Single System
There are various sets of cultural dimensions in the literature. Can they be merged into a single system? While previous studies have mainly compared different dimensions empirically, this article takes a conceptual approach and explains how Hofstede’s, Schwartz’s, and Inglehart’s models can be merged into one system. Instead of looking at dimensions from different sets one by one, this study uses a novel approach: each set of dimensions is viewe…
A Test of the Revised Minkov-Hofstede Model of Culture: Mirror Images of Subjective and Objective Culture across Nations and the 50 US States
Various models of subjective culture (measures of self-reports) have been proposed since Hofstede’s original work but none of them have been validated by showing that they have analogs in objective culture (measures of societal practices). Inspired by Bardi and Schwartz’s discovery that Schwartz’s individual-level circumplex values model has an exact equivalent in a model of behaviors, we develop a test for the purpose of validating models of cul…
A test of Hofstede's model of culture following his own approach
Purpose Recent studies exposed serious issues with Hofstede's popular model of culture, especially his uncertainty avoidance (UA) and masculinity-femininity (MAS–FEM) dimensions. However those studies did not focus on work-related issues as in Hofstede’s research. Design/methodology/approach We followed Hofstede’s approach to his dimensions more closely than anyone before in a large cross-cultural study. We used data from the nationally represent…
Are the World's National Cultures Becoming More Similar
Globalization is highlighting existing cultural differences between nations, but what is the future of these differences? We attempt to answer this question by analyzing the evolution of cultural convergence-divergence across 18 select countries representing the existing cross-national cultural diversity across the globe in a balanced way. Using World Values Survey data (28,051 respondents in 18 countries from 1995 to 1998 and 30,453 from the sam…
Determinants of individual-level social capital: Culture and personal values
The main aim of this multilevel analysis is to examine both personal values and cultural context as possible determinants of the individual-level social capital. The data pertaining to over 56,000 respondents from 85 regions are analysed with the help of multilevel regression analysis. The novelty of this article lies in incorporating a systematic approach covering many social capital dimensions, a multilevel analysis of the individual-level soci…
Culture and Innovation: Evidence from the European Union and Neighbouring Countries
This exploratory study investigates the effect of different cultural dimensions on different innovation indicators covering as many EU countries and neighbouring countries as possible. The measures of cultural dimensions were composed on the basis of the EVS/WVS data with the help of confirmatory factor analysis. Correlation, regression, graphical and cluster analyses were used. It was confirmed that innovation processes are strongly reliant on c…
Social Capital, Institutional Quality and Productivity: Evidence from European Regions
This study investigates how institutional quality and different dimensions of social capital influence a region's labour productivity. As a novelty, regional-level data (80 regions of 24 European countries) were analysed and five different dimensions of social capital were included. Correlation and regression analysis were conducted. The results showed institutional trust and civic participation, which have not received much attention in the lite…
Culture, religion and social capital: Evidence from European regions
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possible relationship of religion and culture with the social capital in a particular region. Design/methodology/approach – The data of 85 regions from 26 European countries are analysed. Regression analysis is used for analysing cultural dimensions, religion-related aspects and the communist past as possible factors of social capital components. In addition, graphic analysis is used for t…
European Social Survey as a source of new cultural dimensions estimates for regions
This article draws attention to the European Social Survey (ESS) database that widens the horizon of cross-cultural studies. The ESS has the potential to overcome several weaknesses of earlier data sets used for cross-cultural analysis – it provides unique opportunities for the analysis of differences between regions within nation states, and the data are representative of entire populations. We aim to develop a measurement tool of cultural dimen…
Religion and social capital: Evidence from European countries
This exploratory study investigates how various aspects related to religion are related to different dimensions of social capital, based on the latest data from the European Values Study. The study intends to include as many religion-related variables as possible and to cover all main dimensions of social capital. In addition to regression analysis, cluster analysis is used for further exploration of religious composition and its consequences for…
Individual-Level Determinants of Social Capital in Europe: Differences between Country Groups
This article investigates the effect that various individual-level determinants have on social capital, this in order to find out whether there are differences between transition and non-transition countries in Europe. The novelty lies in more comprehensive sets of both the determinants and the dimensions of social capital covered. Data from the World Values Survey of 31 European countries (including 16 transition countries) are analysed. Based o…
Individual-Level Determinants of Social Capital in Europe: Differences between Country Groups
This article investigates the effect that various individual-level determinants have on social capital, this in order to find out whether there are differences between transition and non-transition countries in Europe. The novelty lies in more comprehensive sets of both the determinants and the dimensions of social capital covered. Data from the World Values Survey of 31 European countries (including 16 transition countries) are analysed. Based o…
A Test of the Revised Minkov-Hofstede Model of Culture: Mirror Images of Subjective and Objective Culture across Nations and the 50 US States
Various models of subjective culture (measures of self-reports) have been proposed since Hofstede’s original work but none of them have been validated by showing that they have analogs in objective culture (measures of societal practices). Inspired by Bardi and Schwartz’s discovery that Schwartz’s individual-level circumplex values model has an exact equivalent in a model of behaviors, we develop a test for the purpose of validating models of cul…
A test of Hofstede's model of culture following his own approach
Purpose Recent studies exposed serious issues with Hofstede's popular model of culture, especially his uncertainty avoidance (UA) and masculinity-femininity (MAS–FEM) dimensions. However those studies did not focus on work-related issues as in Hofstede’s research. Design/methodology/approach We followed Hofstede’s approach to his dimensions more closely than anyone before in a large cross-cultural study. We used data from the nationally represent…
European Social Survey as a source of new cultural dimensions estimates for regions
This article draws attention to the European Social Survey (ESS) database that widens the horizon of cross-cultural studies. The ESS has the potential to overcome several weaknesses of earlier data sets used for cross-cultural analysis – it provides unique opportunities for the analysis of differences between regions within nation states, and the data are representative of entire populations. We aim to develop a measurement tool of cultural dimen…
Are the World's National Cultures Becoming More Similar
Globalization is highlighting existing cultural differences between nations, but what is the future of these differences? We attempt to answer this question by analyzing the evolution of cultural convergence-divergence across 18 select countries representing the existing cross-national cultural diversity across the globe in a balanced way. Using World Values Survey data (28,051 respondents in 18 countries from 1995 to 1998 and 30,453 from the sam…
Elements of Schwartz’s Model in the WVS: How Do They Relate to Other Cultural Models
Recently Kaasa (2021) has developed a Cultural Models Synthesis Scheme (CMSS) merging together the cultural models of Hofstede, Schwartz and Inglehart. However, this theoretical framework still needs to be complemented by an empirical analysis. This exploratory study focuses on the Schwartz’s model using the ten-item battery in the World Values Survey (WVS) inspired by his questionnaire. We empirically position Schwartz’s items into the theoretic…
A Transposition of the Minkov-Hofstede Model of Culture to the Individual Level of Analysis: Evidence from Mongolia
After Hofstede proposed individualism-collectivism (IDV-COLL) as a dimension of national culture, numerous studies have used that name to refer to individual-level psychological constructs, based on theories and empirical operationalizations that are not necessarily compatible with the Hofstede tradition. This has created confusion. In this study, we investigate whether the two revised Minkov-Hofstede dimensions of national culture - IDV-COLL and…
Culture, religion and social capital: Evidence from European regions
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possible relationship of religion and culture with the social capital in a particular region. Design/methodology/approach – The data of 85 regions from 26 European countries are analysed. Regression analysis is used for analysing cultural dimensions, religion-related aspects and the communist past as possible factors of social capital components. In addition, graphic analysis is used for t…
Religion and social capital: Evidence from European countries
This exploratory study investigates how various aspects related to religion are related to different dimensions of social capital, based on the latest data from the European Values Study. The study intends to include as many religion-related variables as possible and to cover all main dimensions of social capital. In addition to regression analysis, cluster analysis is used for further exploration of religious composition and its consequences for…
Comparative Culturology and Cross-Cultural Psychology: How Comparing Societal Cultures Differs From Comparing Individuals' Minds Across Cultures
Cross-cultural research in social and behavioral sciences has expanded hugely over the past 50 years, but progress is currently hampered by a lack of appreciation of the profoundly differing principles and goals of two distinct traditions. The first is the main variant of cross-cultural psychology (CCP), focusing on how culture shapes individual psychological functioning. The second was pioneered by Hofstede. It studies societal differences, and …
Culture and Innovation: Evidence from the European Union and Neighbouring Countries
This exploratory study investigates the effect of different cultural dimensions on different innovation indicators covering as many EU countries and neighbouring countries as possible. The measures of cultural dimensions were composed on the basis of the EVS/WVS data with the help of confirmatory factor analysis. Correlation, regression, graphical and cluster analyses were used. It was confirmed that innovation processes are strongly reliant on c…
Social Capital, Institutional Quality and Productivity: Evidence from European Regions
This study investigates how institutional quality and different dimensions of social capital influence a region's labour productivity. As a novelty, regional-level data (80 regions of 24 European countries) were analysed and five different dimensions of social capital were included. Correlation and regression analysis were conducted. The results showed institutional trust and civic participation, which have not received much attention in the lite…
Do religions account for important cultural differences? An analysis across 100 religious groups in 27 African Countries
Purpose It is often believed that the type of religion that a group of people follow (Protestant, Catholic, Orthodox, Muslim, Jewish, Hindu, Buddhist, etc.) can account for significant and important cultural differences, with implications for business ethics, corporate and social responsibility, and other business-related variables. The alternative view is that the cultural differences between religions are either trivial or are actually misinter…
Individual-Level Determinants of Social Capital in Europe: Differences between Country Groups
This article investigates the effect that various individual-level determinants have on social capital, this in order to find out whether there are differences between transition and non-transition countries in Europe. The novelty lies in more comprehensive sets of both the determinants and the dimensions of social capital covered. Data from the World Values Survey of 31 European countries (including 16 transition countries) are analysed. Based o…
European Social Survey as a source of new cultural dimensions estimates for regions
This article draws attention to the European Social Survey (ESS) database that widens the horizon of cross-cultural studies. The ESS has the potential to overcome several weaknesses of earlier data sets used for cross-cultural analysis – it provides unique opportunities for the analysis of differences between regions within nation states, and the data are representative of entire populations. We aim to develop a measurement tool of cultural dimen…
Religion and social capital: Evidence from European countries
This exploratory study investigates how various aspects related to religion are related to different dimensions of social capital, based on the latest data from the European Values Study. The study intends to include as many religion-related variables as possible and to cover all main dimensions of social capital. In addition to regression analysis, cluster analysis is used for further exploration of religious composition and its consequences for…
Culture, religion and social capital: Evidence from European regions
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possible relationship of religion and culture with the social capital in a particular region. Design/methodology/approach – The data of 85 regions from 26 European countries are analysed. Regression analysis is used for analysing cultural dimensions, religion-related aspects and the communist past as possible factors of social capital components. In addition, graphic analysis is used for t…
Social Capital, Institutional Quality and Productivity: Evidence from European Regions
This study investigates how institutional quality and different dimensions of social capital influence a region's labour productivity. As a novelty, regional-level data (80 regions of 24 European countries) were analysed and five different dimensions of social capital were included. Correlation and regression analysis were conducted. The results showed institutional trust and civic participation, which have not received much attention in the lite…
Culture and Innovation: Evidence from the European Union and Neighbouring Countries
This exploratory study investigates the effect of different cultural dimensions on different innovation indicators covering as many EU countries and neighbouring countries as possible. The measures of cultural dimensions were composed on the basis of the EVS/WVS data with the help of confirmatory factor analysis. Correlation, regression, graphical and cluster analyses were used. It was confirmed that innovation processes are strongly reliant on c…
Determinants of individual-level social capital: Culture and personal values
The main aim of this multilevel analysis is to examine both personal values and cultural context as possible determinants of the individual-level social capital. The data pertaining to over 56,000 respondents from 85 regions are analysed with the help of multilevel regression analysis. The novelty of this article lies in incorporating a systematic approach covering many social capital dimensions, a multilevel analysis of the individual-level soci…
A test of Hofstede's model of culture following his own approach
Purpose Recent studies exposed serious issues with Hofstede's popular model of culture, especially his uncertainty avoidance (UA) and masculinity-femininity (MAS–FEM) dimensions. However those studies did not focus on work-related issues as in Hofstede’s research. Design/methodology/approach We followed Hofstede’s approach to his dimensions more closely than anyone before in a large cross-cultural study. We used data from the nationally represent…
Are the World's National Cultures Becoming More Similar
Globalization is highlighting existing cultural differences between nations, but what is the future of these differences? We attempt to answer this question by analyzing the evolution of cultural convergence-divergence across 18 select countries representing the existing cross-national cultural diversity across the globe in a balanced way. Using World Values Survey data (28,051 respondents in 18 countries from 1995 to 1998 and 30,453 from the sam…
Economic Development and Modernization in Africa Homogenize National Cultures
The nation-building literature of the early 1960s argued that decolonized countries need to overcome pre-colonial ethnic identities and generate national cultures. Africa is the most critical test case of this aspect of modernization theory as it has by far the largest ethnolinguistic fractionalization. We use data from the Afrobarometer to compare the cultures of 85 ethnolinguistic groups, each represented by at least 100 respondents, from 25 Af…
Merging Hofstede, Schwartz, and Inglehart into a Single System
There are various sets of cultural dimensions in the literature. Can they be merged into a single system? While previous studies have mainly compared different dimensions empirically, this article takes a conceptual approach and explains how Hofstede’s, Schwartz’s, and Inglehart’s models can be merged into one system. Instead of looking at dimensions from different sets one by one, this study uses a novel approach: each set of dimensions is viewe…
A Test of the Revised Minkov-Hofstede Model of Culture: Mirror Images of Subjective and Objective Culture across Nations and the 50 US States
Various models of subjective culture (measures of self-reports) have been proposed since Hofstede’s original work but none of them have been validated by showing that they have analogs in objective culture (measures of societal practices). Inspired by Bardi and Schwartz’s discovery that Schwartz’s individual-level circumplex values model has an exact equivalent in a model of behaviors, we develop a test for the purpose of validating models of cul…
Determinants of institutional trust: The role of cultural context
We examine the cultural context for individual's trust in public institutions. To shed some light on possible cultural explanations from a more comparative perspective and cover a wider set of cultural aspects, we use indicators of cultural dimensions by Kaasa et al . (2014) based on Hofstede's (1980) approach. Multilevel regression analysis is conducted with individual-level data from two waves of the European Social Survey (2008, 2010) and regi…
Do dimensions of culture exist objectively? A validation of the revised Minkov-Hofstede model of culture with World Values Survey items and scores for 102 countries
Are Different Two-Dimensional Models of Culture Just a Matter of Different Rotations? Evidence From the Analysis Based on the WVS/EVS
There is a need for a simple and graspable model of culture covering the main cultural differences across modern nations. A two-dimensional model might be a reasonable choice. We analyzed data from the World Values Survey and the European Values Study to test whether different two-dimensional models are factor rotations of each other. We took into account criticisms regarding the choice of items in Inglehart’s analysis of the same data source. Ne…
Do religions account for important cultural differences? An analysis across 100 religious groups in 27 African Countries
Purpose It is often believed that the type of religion that a group of people follow (Protestant, Catholic, Orthodox, Muslim, Jewish, Hindu, Buddhist, etc.) can account for significant and important cultural differences, with implications for business ethics, corporate and social responsibility, and other business-related variables. The alternative view is that the cultural differences between religions are either trivial or are actually misinter…
A “Harsh” Culture, Alcoholism, Climate, and Social Hardship Explain National Differences in Suicide Rates
Suicide is a major cause of death in Central and Northeast Europe and Northeast Asia. The literature on this geographic pattern has not reached consensus. The authors propose an analysis of the view that national culture may be a risk factor. They use measures of culture from a quasi-nationally representative 2015–2016 database, with over 50,000 respondents from 53 countries, and WHO suicide data for 2016. A correlation analysis across items reve…
Elements of Schwartz’s Model in the WVS: How Do They Relate to Other Cultural Models
Recently Kaasa (2021) has developed a Cultural Models Synthesis Scheme (CMSS) merging together the cultural models of Hofstede, Schwartz and Inglehart. However, this theoretical framework still needs to be complemented by an empirical analysis. This exploratory study focuses on the Schwartz’s model using the ten-item battery in the World Values Survey (WVS) inspired by his questionnaire. We empirically position Schwartz’s items into the theoretic…
A Transposition of the Minkov-Hofstede Model of Culture to the Individual Level of Analysis: Evidence from Mongolia
After Hofstede proposed individualism-collectivism (IDV-COLL) as a dimension of national culture, numerous studies have used that name to refer to individual-level psychological constructs, based on theories and empirical operationalizations that are not necessarily compatible with the Hofstede tradition. This has created confusion. In this study, we investigate whether the two revised Minkov-Hofstede dimensions of national culture - IDV-COLL and…
Aligning Schwartz’s model of culture with that of Minkov-Hofstede
Recent studies have shown that the validated dimensions in the best-known models of national culture converge into a two-dimensional default model, yielding a cultural map of the world reminiscent of the geographic one. The revised Minkov-Hofstede model is very similar to that default, whereas Inglehart-Welzel’s model is a rotated and flipped variant of it. However, another popular model - Schwartz’s - differs from the default: it does not have a…
What is the Recipe for High or Low General Trust
Does culture matter for consumer confidence
In this paper, we explore whether the diversity of consumer confidence indicators across different countries can be explained by diverse cultures in those countries. For this purpose, we consider the OECD consumer confidence indicators and macroeconomic indicators of 37 countries. In particular, we analyse the consumer confidence indicator levels in January of 2007 and 2009, that is before and during the financial crisis, and also in January of 2…
Comparative Culturology and Cross-Cultural Psychology: How Comparing Societal Cultures Differs From Comparing Individuals' Minds Across Cultures
Cross-cultural research in social and behavioral sciences has expanded hugely over the past 50 years, but progress is currently hampered by a lack of appreciation of the profoundly differing principles and goals of two distinct traditions. The first is the main variant of cross-cultural psychology (CCP), focusing on how culture shapes individual psychological functioning. The second was pioneered by Hofstede. It studies societal differences, and …
The main global cultural differences today evolved from environment-related historical agricultural patterns
Sociology (20 works) · Psychology (18 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (17 works) · Social Psychology (16 works) · Political science (15 works) · Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory (12 works) · Economics (10 works) · Social Psychology (10 works) · Social science (10 works) · Social and Cultural Dynamics (9 works)