Gawdat Bahgat
Biographic Data
| ID | 456276 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Gawdat Bahgat |
| GIVEN NAMES | Gawdat |
| FAMILY NAME | Bahgat |
| SIGNATURE | BAHGAT G |
| AFFILIATIONS | Indiana University of Pennsylvania |
| ORCID | 0009-0005-3373-9121 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 77 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 98 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 76 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1994 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 4 |
Crisis in the Strait of Hormuz: What Lies Ahead
The closure of the Strait of Hormuz has emerged as the central dilemma of the Iran War. The strategic waterway accounted for at least 20 percent of liquid petroleum flows before the American‐led conflict. This article contends that the crisis could transform not just the Gulf's maritime order but the wider global energy and trade system tied to it. The study first analyzes Iran's dominance in the strait and compares it with the governance of othe…
Changing Security Dynamics in the Persian Gulf after Epic Fury: A Preliminary Assessment
Arab‐Israeli Gas Diplomacy: Interdependence and a Path Toward Peace
Since the early 2000s, major natural gas discoveries in the Levant Basin—the Tamar and Leviathan fields in Israel, and Zohr in Egypt—have substantially changed the eastern Mediterranean's energy landscape. While the growing interdependence among regional countries has promised integration and “economic peace,” it has not prevented wars between Israel and both Gaza and Lebanon. This article examines gas diplomacy between Israel and its Arab neighb…
Security in the Gulf: The View from Oman
For a long time, analysts of the Middle East have justifiably focused their attention on Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, three Gulf states holding massive hydrocarbon deposits and financial resources. Their leaders are the main “movers and shakers” of regional affairs and enjoy tremendous influence on the international scene. Still, other Gulf states play significant roles in shaping the Middle East's economic and strategic lan…
US‐Iran Relations: Challenges and Opportunities
Endgames: Military Response to Protest in Arab Autocracies
Contemporary study of the Arab world covers a variety of topics including economic development, energy security, demographic changes, gender inequality, ethnic and sectarian divisions, and regional conflicts. Civilian-military relations, however, have not been adequately analyzed despite the significant impact this relation has on domestic stability and national and regional security. Hicham Bou Nassif’s study, Endgames: Military Response to Prot…
Defending Iran: From Revolutionary Guards to Ballistic Missiles
Since the 1979 revolution, the ruling establishment of Iran has developed and articulated a defense strategy reflective of the country's Iran-Iraq war experience and its international isolation. Its asymmetrical warfare doctrine, use of irregular forces in military campaigns, deployment of ballistic missiles, use of fast naval vessels to harass and confuse adversaries, and finally development of a sophisticated cyber warfare capability, are all f…
Middle East Cyber Security: Threats and Opportunities
Fraternal Enemies: Israel and the Gulf Monarchies
After a number of wars between Israel and its Arab neighbors, the Jewish state signed a peace treaty with the leading Arab country, Egypt, in 1979. Fifteen years later, Jordan became the second nei
Iranian‐Israeli Confrontation: The Cyber Domain
Iran's Ballistic‐Missile and Space Program: An Assessment
Maritime Security in the Persian Gulf
The Brewing War between Iran and Israel: Strategic Implications
Security and Bilateral Issues between Iran and its Arab Neighbours
Iran's Defense Strategy: The Navy, Ballistic Missiles and Cyberspace
Lower for Longer: Saudi Arabia Adjusts to the New Oil Era
Saudi Arabia, with the largest economy in the Arab world, is deeply dependent on oil exports (approximately 75–80 percent of total revenues). Largely due to high oil prices during most of the last decade, Riyadh was able to establish itself as one of the strongest and fastest-growing economies in the Middle East. According to a recent report by McKinsey Global Institute, the Saudi economy in 2003 was the twenty-seventh largest in the world; by 20…
La energía como motor principal de la política exterior de Catar
Catar es uno de los países más pequeños del mundo, con cerca de un cuarto de millón de población autóctona. A pesar de estas limitaciones geográficas y demográficas, Doha se ha establecido como un jugador principal en las escenas regional e internacional. Una medida fundamental tras este ascenso es la acumulación de los enormes beneficios generados por el petróleo y el gas natural. Este artículo examina el papel que los activos relacionados con l…
A Mideast Nuclear‐Weapons‐Free Zone: Pie in the Sky
Alternative energy in Israel: Opportunities and risks
Unlike other countries in the Middle East, Israel has limited hydrocarbon deposits. Since its founding in 1948 Israel has largely relied on foreign supplies to meet almost all its energy needs. In recent years substantial natural gas deposits have been discovered in the Eastern Mediterranean. These discoveries are likely to fundamentally improve the country's energy security. Equally important, Israel has invested massive efforts and resources to…
Iran‐Turkey Energy Cooperation: Strategic Implications
Alternative Energy in the Middle East
The Middle East region holds the world's largest oil and natural gas proven reserves. Several Middle Eastern States are major oil producers and consumers. Given price fluctuations and environmental co
Morocco
The kingdom of Morocco is different from its North African neighbours in many ways. Algeria, Libya, and Egypt hold substantial oil and gas deposits and for a long time have been its major producers and exporters. Morocco, on the other hand, has very limited indigenous reserves. The kingdom is heavily dependent on foreign supplies to meet its growing energy demands. The country’s high rates of population growth and urbanization, as well as economi…
The Iranian Nuclear Crisis: An Assessment
Iran's nuclear program has become the major dispute between the Islamic Republic and global powers, led by the United States. This essay identifies the principal elements in any potential agreement, and outlines the steps needed to enhance the opportunity for a successful negotiation. Rapprochement between Tehran and Washington is not only possible, but indeed, desirable
A WMD‐Free Zone in the Middle East
The Changing Saudi Energy Outlook: Strategic Implications
For a long time the conventional wisdom in Middle Eastern Studies has been that oil and regional security constituted the basis of relations between the United States and Saudi Arabia. Riyadh would ensure adequate supplies at reasonable prices, and in return, Washington would guarantee the Kingdom’s security against regional threats. In recent years, the two nations’ energy landscapes have changed dramatically. The United States is projected to b…
Education in the Gulf Monarchies: Retrospect and Prospect
Nuclear Proliferation: The Islamic Republic of Iran
Since the mid-1980s, Israel, thGawdat Bahgate United States, and other Western powers have accused Iran of pursuing nuclear weapons capability. Iranian officials have categorically denied these accusations and claimed that their nuclear program is designed for civilian purposes. This essay examines the history of Iran's nuclear program since the late 1950s and analyzes the forces that shape the country's nuclear policy. These forces include perce…
Pipeline Diplomacy: The Geopolitics of the Caspian Sea Region
The Caspian Sea region is important to world energy markets because it holds large reserves of undeveloped oil and natural gas. In order to fully utilize these resources several challenges need to be addressed. These include an accurate assessment of the region’s hydrocarbon resources; rivalries between regional and international powers; domestic ethnic conflicts; and lack of appropriate export routes. This study examines these four obstacles. It…
Israel and Iran in the New Middle East
Students of Middle Eastern policy and policy-makers in Europe and the United States have traditionally addressed the two Middle East subsystems – the Persian Gulf and the Levant – separately. This assumption was challenged by the July War from 12 July to 14 August 2006 between Israel and Hezbollah, largely seen as a proxy contest between Israel and Iran. This article examines the historical relationship between Tel Aviv and Tehran and its deterio…
Nuclear Proliferation in the Middle East: Iran and Israel
Since the early 2000s the nuclear non-proliferation regime has been seriously challenged, particularly by North Korea and Iran. In the Middle East, following the toppling of Saddam Hussein's regime by an American-led international coalition, the international community's attention has focused on Iran's nuclear programme. The United States claims that Iran is actively seeking to develop nuclear weapons. The European Union, led by the United Kingdo…
Iran, the United States, and the War on Terrorism
For more than two decades the United States has considered Iran the world's leading country in sponsoring international terrorism. Shortly after the September 11 attacks the two nations worked together to defeat Al Qaeda and the Taliban. By late 2001, however, the old mistrust and suspicion had resurfaced. This article examines the brief period of cooperation between Washington and Tehran in the war on terrorism. The following sections analyze th…
Security in the Gulf: The View from Oman
For a long time, analysts of the Middle East have justifiably focused their attention on Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, three Gulf states holding massive hydrocarbon deposits and financial resources. Their leaders are the main “movers and shakers” of regional affairs and enjoy tremendous influence on the international scene. Still, other Gulf states play significant roles in shaping the Middle East's economic and strategic lan…
Iran's Ballistic‐Missile and Space Program: An Assessment
Iran's Defense Strategy: The Navy, Ballistic Missiles and Cyberspace
Alternative energy in Israel: Opportunities and risks
Unlike other countries in the Middle East, Israel has limited hydrocarbon deposits. Since its founding in 1948 Israel has largely relied on foreign supplies to meet almost all its energy needs. In recent years substantial natural gas deposits have been discovered in the Eastern Mediterranean. These discoveries are likely to fundamentally improve the country's energy security. Equally important, Israel has invested massive efforts and resources to…
Europe's energy security: Challenges and Opportunities
Journal Article Europe's energy security: challenges and opportunities Get access GAWDAT BAHGAT GAWDAT BAHGAT 1Professor of Political Science and Director of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Indiana University, Pennsylvania. He is the author of The Gulf monarchies: new economic and political realities (1997); The future of the Gulf (1997); The Persian Gulf at the dawn of the new millennium (1999); American oil diplomacy in the Persian Gul…
Security in the Gulf
Energy Security: The United Arab Emirates
For decades the United Arab Emirates has been a major producer and consumer of oil. There has been a major surge in consumption over the last ten years, without a corresponding increase in production. Despite its massive oil deposits, Abu Dhabi has recently invested substantial resources in pursuing nuclear power and renewable energy. This essay examines the drives behind this strategy and analyses both the nuclear and renewable initiatives, argu…
Israel's Energy Security: Regional Implications
Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Case of Libya
In December 2003, the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Libya) issued a statement announcing that it had agreed to dismantle its weapons of mass destruction (WMD) programs. Some policymakers in Washington and London were quick to establish connection between Libya's decision and the US-led war in Iraq (2003). Since then, Libya has been presented as a model for other potential proliferators to follow. This article rejects these two propos…
Prospects for energy cooperation in the Caspian Sea
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in late 1991, the Caspian Sea region has been seen as a potential major oil and natural gas reservoir. For more than a decade, the five nations that share the Caspian—Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan—have sought to develop the basin’s hydrocarbon resources. This paper provides an assessment of these resources and examines two major hurdles: lack of consensus on the legal status of the C…
Nuclear Proliferation: The Islamic Republic of Iran
Since the early 2000s considerable attention has been focused on Iran's nuclear ambition. Several Western powers accuse the Islamic Republic of developing nuclear weapons capability. Iran categorically denies these accusations and insists that it seeks nuclear power for peaceful purposes. This essay examines Iran's nuclear program. In the first part the lessons learned from other countries' experiences are analyzed. The literature on nuclear prol…
Nuclear Proliferation: The Case of Saudi Arabia
Since the 1970s, the world's attention has focused on nuclear proliferation in Iran and Iraq. Very little attention has been given to nuclear proliferation in the third regional power in the Persian Gulf — Saudi Arabia. This article addresses the question of potential Saudi nuclear ambition. Most policymakers and analysts agree that Saudi Arabia does not possess nuclear weapons. Still, some argue that the Kingdom has both strategic incentives and…
The Iraqi crisis in the new millennium: The prospects
L'A. examine les enjeux de la crise irakienne depuis l'invasion du Koweit par l'Irak en 1990. Trois aspects de la situation contemporaine de l'Irak sont analyses : l'impact de la guerre du Golfe et ses consequences pour l'industrie petroliere irakienne et le marche petrolier international ; la politique de sanctions economiques des Nations Unies afin d'eliminer les armes non-conventionnelles de l'armee irakienne ; les methodes diplomatiques et mi…
Beyond Containment: US-Iranian Relations at a Crossroads
Maritime Security in the Persian Gulf
Iran‐Turkey Energy Cooperation: Strategic Implications
The Changing Saudi Energy Outlook: Strategic Implications
For a long time the conventional wisdom in Middle Eastern Studies has been that oil and regional security constituted the basis of relations between the United States and Saudi Arabia. Riyadh would ensure adequate supplies at reasonable prices, and in return, Washington would guarantee the Kingdom’s security against regional threats. In recent years, the two nations’ energy landscapes have changed dramatically. The United States is projected to b…
The impact of the Arab spring on the oil and gas industry in North Africa - a preliminary assessment
In 2011, popular movements toppled the leaders of Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya. These uprisings are likely to have a short- and long-term impact on these societies with global ramifications. This study focuses on Egypt and Libya and highlights how the oil and gas industry in these two North African countries has been impacted by political upheavals. Specifically, I examine the impact on production, consumption, shipping, and investment
Israel's energy security: The Caspian Sea and the Middle East
The Israeli economy is the most developed in the Middle East. In order to maintain the high standards of living, the Israeli economy needs uninterrupted and secure energy supplies. The country, however, lacks adequate indigenous energy resources. This study examines energy cooperation between Israel and Iran prior to the 1979 Revolution and between Jerusalem and Cairo since the early 1980s. It also analyzes the growing energy partnership between …
Democracy in the Middle East: The American connection
Over the last few years a number of Middle Eastern countries have experienced an important change from authoritarian to more liberal forms of government. In the post‐cold war era the United States is the only superpower in the world. Moreover, American interests in the area are tremendous. Consequently, the United States's choice is essential for development in the area and American interests there. This study examines the options available for p…
Democracy in the Arab World: An Elitist Approach
Regional Peace and Stability in the Gulf
Oil and democracy: The American dilemma in the Persian Gulf region
The vulnerability of the United States to Persian Gulf oil cutoff has been demonstrated as early as 1973, and U.S. dependency on imported oil from this vital region has been increasing. The end of the cold war, the Iran‐Iraq war, and the Persian Gulf War have all weakened the radical states (Iraq and Iran) and reduced the likelihood of sudden interruption of oil supplies. This relative security cannot be taken for granted, however. This article e…
Peace in the Persian Gulf: Iran and Iraq
Beyond Containment: US-Iranian Relations at a Crossroads
Beyond Sanctions: Us Policy Toward Iraq
Oil security: Potential threats
(1998). Oil security: Potential threats. Contemporary Security Policy: Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 71-90
The New Iran: A Myth or a Reality
Iran and Terrorism: The Transatlantic Responses
Since 1979 the United States and several European countries have accused the Islamic Republic of Iran of supporting terrorism. This article does not seek to examine the validity of these accusations. Rather, it analyzes how Washington and Brussels have sought to change Tehran's policy. Special attention is given to organizations such as Hizbollah, Hamas, Jihad, and Mujahideen-e Khalq. In addition, Ayatollah Khomeini's Fatwa against Salman Rushdie…
Security in the Gulf
Peace in the Persian Gulf: The Shi'is Dimension
Since the 1950s, the Persian Gulf has emerged as a major oil producer. The region's significance in satisfying the world's growing appetite for oil is increasing, due to its immense proven reserves. Thus, the stability of the Gulf states has become an important concern to all major global powers. The Gulf War resulted in the liberation of Kuwait but it has not laid down the foundations for a durable peace. A long‐term peace requires, among other …
Oil Security at the Turn of the Century: Economic and Strategic Implications
Education in the Gulf Monarchies: Retrospect and Prospect
The Iraqi crisis in the new millennium: The prospects
L'A. examine les enjeux de la crise irakienne depuis l'invasion du Koweit par l'Irak en 1990. Trois aspects de la situation contemporaine de l'Irak sont analyses : l'impact de la guerre du Golfe et ses consequences pour l'industrie petroliere irakienne et le marche petrolier international ; la politique de sanctions economiques des Nations Unies afin d'eliminer les armes non-conventionnelles de l'armee irakienne ; les methodes diplomatiques et mi…
US-Iranian Relations: Sanctions and the Caspian Sea
Pipeline Diplomacy: The Geopolitics of the Caspian Sea Region
The Caspian Sea region is important to world energy markets because it holds large reserves of undeveloped oil and natural gas. In order to fully utilize these resources several challenges need to be addressed. These include an accurate assessment of the region’s hydrocarbon resources; rivalries between regional and international powers; domestic ethnic conflicts; and lack of appropriate export routes. This study examines these four obstacles. It…
Iran, the United States, and the War on Terrorism
For more than two decades the United States has considered Iran the world's leading country in sponsoring international terrorism. Shortly after the September 11 attacks the two nations worked together to defeat Al Qaeda and the Taliban. By late 2001, however, the old mistrust and suspicion had resurfaced. This article examines the brief period of cooperation between Washington and Tehran in the war on terrorism. The following sections analyze th…
The Caspian Sea: Potentials and Prospects
The intense interest shown by the major international oil and gas companies in the Caspian Sea testifies to its promising potentials. The seven‐ hundred‐mile long Caspian Sea is located in northwest Asia. Five countries—Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan—share the Caspian basin. Shortly after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Caspian states became open to foreign investment and the region has reemerged as a potentially sig…
The New Geopolitics of Oil: The United States, Saudi Arabia, and Russia
The War on Terrorism: The Mujahedeen e-Khalk Saga
One of the most controversial issues the United States has to deal with since the beginning of the 2003 war in Iraq is the Mujahedeen a-Khalk (MEK). For more than two decades the organization had been the major armed opposition to the Iranian government and, at the same time, had been a close ally to Saddam Hussein's regime. This study examines the history of the MEK, the debate within the Bush administration on what to do with the MEK fighters, …
The Islamic Republic and the Jewish State
The fall of the Shah and the rise of an Islamic regime shattered any formal ties between Iran and Israel, but it did not obliterate their shared geopolitical interests. Therefore, ideology aside, geopolitical interest kept the channels between Tehran and Jerusalem open. These channels have never completely closed, although the level of activity has varied. This study examines some of the most salient areas of conflict and/or cooperation between I…
Nuclear Proliferation in the Middle East: Iran and Israel
Since the early 2000s the nuclear non-proliferation regime has been seriously challenged, particularly by North Korea and Iran. In the Middle East, following the toppling of Saddam Hussein's regime by an American-led international coalition, the international community's attention has focused on Iran's nuclear programme. The United States claims that Iran is actively seeking to develop nuclear weapons. The European Union, led by the United Kingdo…
Communications
Nuclear Proliferation: The Islamic Republic of Iran
Since the early 2000s considerable attention has been focused on Iran's nuclear ambition. Several Western powers accuse the Islamic Republic of developing nuclear weapons capability. Iran categorically denies these accusations and insists that it seeks nuclear power for peaceful purposes. This essay examines Iran's nuclear program. In the first part the lessons learned from other countries' experiences are analyzed. The literature on nuclear prol…
Political science (71 works) · Law (57 works) · Law (47 works) · Middle East and Rwanda Conflicts (41 works) · Politics (40 works) · Middle East (28 works) · Economics (27 works) · Sociology (23 works) · Geography (21 works) · Global Energy Security and Policy (21 works)