J L Hook
Biographic Data
| ID | 45760 |
|---|---|
| NAME | J L Hook |
| GIVEN NAMES | J L |
| FAMILY NAME | Hook |
| SIGNATURE | HOOK J L |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Southern California |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1125-9037 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 28 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 964 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 28 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2004 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 12 |
National Work-Family Policies and Gender Earnings Inequality in 26 OECD Countries, 1999 to 2019
The authors investigate whether work-family policies help incorporate women into the labor market, but exacerbate the gender earnings gap and motherhood penalty, especially for mothers and/or tertiary-educated women. The authors use repeated cross-sectional income data from the Luxembourg Income Study database (1999–2019) ( n = 26 countries, 280 country-years, 2.9 million employees) combined with an original collection of indicators on work-famil…
Does Online Dating Challenge Gendered Divisions of Household Labor
Online dating has modified how people find and select partners. In addition to outcomes already observed (e.g., exogamy), we argue that by subverting normative dating scripts, online courtship practices may set the course for partnerships that display more egalitarian divisions of routine household labor. This may be particularly true for the married and for lower-educated women, who generally report the least egalitarian allocation of domestic w…
National work–family policies and the occupational segregation of women and mothers in European countries, 1999–2016
Some scholars hypothesize that although work–family policies help incorporate women into the labour market, they do so by integrating women, and mothers specifically, into female-dominated occupations. Some suggest that although these policies are ‘good’ for lower educated women, they harm higher educated women by concentrating them in female-dominated professions. We revisit this debate using the highest quality data brought to bear on this ques…
Occupational characteristics and parents' childcare time
Objective This study examines how occupational resources and demands are associated with parents' childcare time. Background Scholars recognize parental employment as important for understanding parental time use. Yet, given data limitations, we know relatively little about how strain‐based demands (demands that can produce negative psychological states) are associated with parent's time with children. Method Occupational‐level data in the O*NET …
Gendered Tradeoffs
In this chapter we review the research linking national-level family policies on childcare services and parental leave to women’s labor market outcomes. We review the state of the literature in answering two primary questions: (1) Do generous family policies perpetuate gender inequality in the labor market? That is, do family policies have unintended consequences or promote women’s inclusion into the labor force at the expense of gender equality …
A Stalled Revolution? Change in Women's Labor Force Participation during Child‐Rearing Years, Europe and the United States 1996–2016
While women's labor force participation rates (LFPRs) in the United States stalled over the last quarter‐century, European countries exhibited a variety of trajectories. We draw on demographic and gender theories of women's life course to understand changes in women's LFPR during their prime child‐rearing years. We build expectations about how aggregate trends may be driven by shifts in the prevalence of key demographic events such as child‐reari…
National Family Policies and Mothers’ Employment: How Earnings Inequality Shapes Policy Effects across and within Countries
Although researchers generally agree that national family policies play a role in shaping mothers’ employment, there is considerable debate about whether, how, and why policy effects vary across country contexts and within countries by mothers’ educational attainment. We hypothesize that family policies interact with national levels of earnings inequality to differentially affect mothers’ employment outcomes by educational attainment. We develop …
Family Demography
We begin by reviewing tools and terminology commonly used in family demography. We then examine the sweeping changes in family and household composition and living arrangements over the last 50 years with a focus on the United States, followed by consideration of other industrialized countries. We then discuss the rise of social demography of the family, which looks at the causes and consequences of family change and variation
Productivity or Gender? The Impact of Domestic Tasks Across the Wage Distribution
This article assesses the wage impact of domestic tasks across women's and men's wage distributions given the cross-distribution variation in unpaid work time. The productivity-volume versus the gender-class normative argument developed here suggests competing hypotheses. Analyses of pooled 2010-2015 waves of the American Time Use Survey using unconditional quantile regression revealed that an increase in the lesser time women at the top of the w…
The potential educational benefits of extending foster care to young adults: Findings from a natural experiment
The impact of income on reunification among families with children in out-of-home care
Women's Housework: New Tests of Time and Money
The author uses variation by the day of week-comparing weekdays to weekends-to reconsider three main explanations for variation in women's housework time. The author predicts that though evidence of gender deviance neutralization (GDN) should be evident across the days of the week, evidence of time constraints and absolute earnings should be most apparent on weekdays. The author tests these hypotheses with the largest sample to date (American Tim…
Dual-System Families: Cash Assistance Sequences of Households Involved With Child Welfare
Dual-system families, those involved with the child welfare system and receiving public cash assistance, may be more vulnerable than families only connected to either of the two systems. This study advances our understanding of the heterogeneous and dynamic cash assistance histories of dual-system families in the post-welfare reform era. With merged administrative data from [state name removed] over the period 1998 to 2009, we use cluster analysi…
Trajectories of Economic Disconnection among Families in the Child Welfare System
This study examined economic disconnection, an extreme case of economic exclusion in which families lack both employment and cash assistance, among families in the child welfare system. We hypothesized that child welfare intervention has the potential to be a mechanism of economic inclusion or exclusion for vulnerable families, with implications for family reunification. We utilized a novel administrative dataset containing data from three state …
Reproducing Occupational Inequality: Motherhood and Occupational Segregation
Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society - Volume 23, Number 3, Fall 2016
Incorporating ‘class’ into work–family arrangements: Insights from and for Three Worlds
In response to feminist critics, Esping-Andersen (1999) added family to the state–market nexus by examining the degree of familialism across regimes. In the absence of the state de-familializing care, however, it is difficult to predict work–family arrangements without reference to the overall level of inequality and a family’s social location within it. Thus, levels of familialism interact with levels of economic inequality. I build on existing …
Parental Involvement and Work Schedules: Time with Children in the United States, Germany, Norway and the United Kingdom
We examine variation in parents' time with children by work schedule in two-parent families, utilizing time use surveys from the United States (2003), Germany (2001), Norway (2000), and the United Kingdom (2000) (N = 6,835). We find that American fathers working the evening shift spend more time alone with children regardless of mothers’ employment status, whereas this association is conditional on mothers’ employment in the United Kingdom and Ge…
Formal Bonds During the Transition to Adulthood: Extended Foster Care Support and Criminal/Legal Involvement
This study examines the relationship between extending care past age 18 and self-reported criminal and legal involvement among youth aging out of the foster care system, hypothesizing that staying in care past age 18 acts as a protective factor by reducing the likelihood that youth will engage in criminal behavior or experience arrests, incarcerations, and/or convictions. Data from a prospective study of former foster youth are used to test this …
Timing of exits to legal permanency from out-of-home care: The importance of systems and implications for assessing institutional accountability
Evaluation of the impact of enhanced parental legal representation on the timing of permanency outcomes for children in foster care
New Fathers: Residential Fathers’ Time With Children in Four Countries
The authors examine variation in employed fathers' time with children ages 0 to 14 years, using time use surveys from the United States (2003), Germany (2001), Norway (2000), and the United Kingdom (2000). They examine levels of father involvement and mechanisms associated involvement on both weekdays ( N = 4,192) and weekends ( N = 3,024). They find some evidence of 'new fathers' on weekends in all countries. Fathers spend more time on interacti…
Working on the Weekend: Fathers' Time With Family in the United Kingdom
Whereas most resident fathers are able to spend more time with their children on weekends than on weekdays, many fathers work on the weekends, spending less time with their children on these days. There are conflicting findings about whether fathers are able to make up for lost weekend time on weekdays. Using unique features of the United Kingdom's National Survey of Time Use 2000, the author examined the impact of fathers' weekend work on the ti…
Employment outcomes of former foster youth as young adults: The importance of human, personal, and social capital
Gender Inequality in the Welfare State: Sex Segregation in Housework, 1965-2003
National context may influence sex segregation of household tasks through both pragmatic decision making and the normative context in which decision making is embedded. This study utilizes 36 time use surveys from 19 countries (spanning 1965-2003) combined with original national-level data in multilevel models to examine household task segregation. Analyses reveal that men do less and women do more time-inflexible housework in nations where work …
Gendered Expectations? Reconsidering Single Fathers' Child-Care Time
We take a fresh look at an important question in the sociology of gender and family: Do single fathers "mother"? We add to the theoretical debate by proposing that single fathers face competing interactional pressures, to simultaneously act like mothers and men. Using nationally representative data from the American Time Use Survey 2003 - 2006 (N = 16,654), we compare the time single fathers spend on child care to other parent types, paying speci…
Care in Context: Men's Unpaid Work in 20 Countries, 1965-2003
By situating men within the country and time period in which they live, social scientists are better able to understand men's housework and child care behaviors. The author proposes that national context, conceptualized here as women's employment practices and policies, influences men's unpaid work behaviors by shaping the benefits of specialization, the terms of bargaining, and the ease of adhering to gender ideologies and norms. Using 44 time-u…
Gender Inequality in the Welfare State: Sex Segregation in Housework, 1965-2003
National context may influence sex segregation of household tasks through both pragmatic decision making and the normative context in which decision making is embedded. This study utilizes 36 time use surveys from 19 countries (spanning 1965-2003) combined with original national-level data in multilevel models to examine household task segregation. Analyses reveal that men do less and women do more time-inflexible housework in nations where work …
The Structure of Women's Employment in Comparative Perspective
In this paper we analyze social survey data from 19 countries using multi-level modeling methods in an effort to synthesize structural and institutional accounts for variation in women's employment. Observed demographic characteristics show much consistency in their relationship to womens employment across countries, yet there is significant variation in the effect of demographic characteristics on womens employment across countries. Disentanglin…
New Fathers: Residential Fathers’ Time With Children in Four Countries
The authors examine variation in employed fathers' time with children ages 0 to 14 years, using time use surveys from the United States (2003), Germany (2001), Norway (2000), and the United Kingdom (2000). They examine levels of father involvement and mechanisms associated involvement on both weekdays ( N = 4,192) and weekends ( N = 3,024). They find some evidence of 'new fathers' on weekends in all countries. Fathers spend more time on interacti…
Incorporating ‘class’ into work–family arrangements: Insights from and for Three Worlds
In response to feminist critics, Esping-Andersen (1999) added family to the state–market nexus by examining the degree of familialism across regimes. In the absence of the state de-familializing care, however, it is difficult to predict work–family arrangements without reference to the overall level of inequality and a family’s social location within it. Thus, levels of familialism interact with levels of economic inequality. I build on existing …
National Family Policies and Mothers’ Employment: How Earnings Inequality Shapes Policy Effects across and within Countries
Although researchers generally agree that national family policies play a role in shaping mothers’ employment, there is considerable debate about whether, how, and why policy effects vary across country contexts and within countries by mothers’ educational attainment. We hypothesize that family policies interact with national levels of earnings inequality to differentially affect mothers’ employment outcomes by educational attainment. We develop …
Employment outcomes of former foster youth as young adults: The importance of human, personal, and social capital
Women's Housework: New Tests of Time and Money
The author uses variation by the day of week-comparing weekdays to weekends-to reconsider three main explanations for variation in women's housework time. The author predicts that though evidence of gender deviance neutralization (GDN) should be evident across the days of the week, evidence of time constraints and absolute earnings should be most apparent on weekdays. The author tests these hypotheses with the largest sample to date (American Tim…
The potential educational benefits of extending foster care to young adults: Findings from a natural experiment
Gendered Expectations? Reconsidering Single Fathers' Child-Care Time
We take a fresh look at an important question in the sociology of gender and family: Do single fathers "mother"? We add to the theoretical debate by proposing that single fathers face competing interactional pressures, to simultaneously act like mothers and men. Using nationally representative data from the American Time Use Survey 2003 - 2006 (N = 16,654), we compare the time single fathers spend on child care to other parent types, paying speci…
Parental Involvement and Work Schedules: Time with Children in the United States, Germany, Norway and the United Kingdom
We examine variation in parents' time with children by work schedule in two-parent families, utilizing time use surveys from the United States (2003), Germany (2001), Norway (2000), and the United Kingdom (2000) (N = 6,835). We find that American fathers working the evening shift spend more time alone with children regardless of mothers’ employment status, whereas this association is conditional on mothers’ employment in the United Kingdom and Ge…
Reproducing Occupational Inequality: Motherhood and Occupational Segregation
Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society - Volume 23, Number 3, Fall 2016
Working on the Weekend: Fathers' Time With Family in the United Kingdom
Whereas most resident fathers are able to spend more time with their children on weekends than on weekdays, many fathers work on the weekends, spending less time with their children on these days. There are conflicting findings about whether fathers are able to make up for lost weekend time on weekdays. Using unique features of the United Kingdom's National Survey of Time Use 2000, the author examined the impact of fathers' weekend work on the ti…
Evaluation of the impact of enhanced parental legal representation on the timing of permanency outcomes for children in foster care
Productivity or Gender? The Impact of Domestic Tasks Across the Wage Distribution
This article assesses the wage impact of domestic tasks across women's and men's wage distributions given the cross-distribution variation in unpaid work time. The productivity-volume versus the gender-class normative argument developed here suggests competing hypotheses. Analyses of pooled 2010-2015 waves of the American Time Use Survey using unconditional quantile regression revealed that an increase in the lesser time women at the top of the w…
Timing of exits to legal permanency from out-of-home care: The importance of systems and implications for assessing institutional accountability
A Stalled Revolution? Change in Women's Labor Force Participation during Child‐Rearing Years, Europe and the United States 1996–2016
While women's labor force participation rates (LFPRs) in the United States stalled over the last quarter‐century, European countries exhibited a variety of trajectories. We draw on demographic and gender theories of women's life course to understand changes in women's LFPR during their prime child‐rearing years. We build expectations about how aggregate trends may be driven by shifts in the prevalence of key demographic events such as child‐reari…
Formal Bonds During the Transition to Adulthood: Extended Foster Care Support and Criminal/Legal Involvement
This study examines the relationship between extending care past age 18 and self-reported criminal and legal involvement among youth aging out of the foster care system, hypothesizing that staying in care past age 18 acts as a protective factor by reducing the likelihood that youth will engage in criminal behavior or experience arrests, incarcerations, and/or convictions. Data from a prospective study of former foster youth are used to test this …
Trajectories of Economic Disconnection among Families in the Child Welfare System
This study examined economic disconnection, an extreme case of economic exclusion in which families lack both employment and cash assistance, among families in the child welfare system. We hypothesized that child welfare intervention has the potential to be a mechanism of economic inclusion or exclusion for vulnerable families, with implications for family reunification. We utilized a novel administrative dataset containing data from three state …
National work–family policies and the occupational segregation of women and mothers in European countries, 1999–2016
Some scholars hypothesize that although work–family policies help incorporate women into the labour market, they do so by integrating women, and mothers specifically, into female-dominated occupations. Some suggest that although these policies are ‘good’ for lower educated women, they harm higher educated women by concentrating them in female-dominated professions. We revisit this debate using the highest quality data brought to bear on this ques…
Dual-System Families: Cash Assistance Sequences of Households Involved With Child Welfare
Dual-system families, those involved with the child welfare system and receiving public cash assistance, may be more vulnerable than families only connected to either of the two systems. This study advances our understanding of the heterogeneous and dynamic cash assistance histories of dual-system families in the post-welfare reform era. With merged administrative data from [state name removed] over the period 1998 to 2009, we use cluster analysi…
National Work-Family Policies and Gender Earnings Inequality in 26 OECD Countries, 1999 to 2019
The authors investigate whether work-family policies help incorporate women into the labor market, but exacerbate the gender earnings gap and motherhood penalty, especially for mothers and/or tertiary-educated women. The authors use repeated cross-sectional income data from the Luxembourg Income Study database (1999–2019) ( n = 26 countries, 280 country-years, 2.9 million employees) combined with an original collection of indicators on work-famil…
The impact of income on reunification among families with children in out-of-home care
Reconsidering the Division of Household Labor: Incorporating Volunteer Work and Informal Support
The gendered division of household labor is more multifaceted than the allocation of paid work and domestic work. People also engage in volunteer work and informal support. I investigate the applicability of household labor allocation theories—specifically the time constraints, economic, and “doing gender” perspectives—to all unpaid work. I analyze the 1997 Australian Time Use Survey diaries of 1,797 married couples using logistic, ordinary least…
The Structure of Women's Employment in Comparative Perspective
In this paper we analyze social survey data from 19 countries using multi-level modeling methods in an effort to synthesize structural and institutional accounts for variation in women's employment. Observed demographic characteristics show much consistency in their relationship to womens employment across countries, yet there is significant variation in the effect of demographic characteristics on womens employment across countries. Disentanglin…
Care in Context: Men's Unpaid Work in 20 Countries, 1965-2003
By situating men within the country and time period in which they live, social scientists are better able to understand men's housework and child care behaviors. The author proposes that national context, conceptualized here as women's employment practices and policies, influences men's unpaid work behaviors by shaping the benefits of specialization, the terms of bargaining, and the ease of adhering to gender ideologies and norms. Using 44 time-u…
Gendered Expectations? Reconsidering Single Fathers' Child-Care Time
We take a fresh look at an important question in the sociology of gender and family: Do single fathers "mother"? We add to the theoretical debate by proposing that single fathers face competing interactional pressures, to simultaneously act like mothers and men. Using nationally representative data from the American Time Use Survey 2003 - 2006 (N = 16,654), we compare the time single fathers spend on child care to other parent types, paying speci…
Gender Inequality in the Welfare State: Sex Segregation in Housework, 1965-2003
National context may influence sex segregation of household tasks through both pragmatic decision making and the normative context in which decision making is embedded. This study utilizes 36 time use surveys from 19 countries (spanning 1965-2003) combined with original national-level data in multilevel models to examine household task segregation. Analyses reveal that men do less and women do more time-inflexible housework in nations where work …
Employment outcomes of former foster youth as young adults: The importance of human, personal, and social capital
Formal Bonds During the Transition to Adulthood: Extended Foster Care Support and Criminal/Legal Involvement
This study examines the relationship between extending care past age 18 and self-reported criminal and legal involvement among youth aging out of the foster care system, hypothesizing that staying in care past age 18 acts as a protective factor by reducing the likelihood that youth will engage in criminal behavior or experience arrests, incarcerations, and/or convictions. Data from a prospective study of former foster youth are used to test this …
Timing of exits to legal permanency from out-of-home care: The importance of systems and implications for assessing institutional accountability
Evaluation of the impact of enhanced parental legal representation on the timing of permanency outcomes for children in foster care
New Fathers: Residential Fathers’ Time With Children in Four Countries
The authors examine variation in employed fathers' time with children ages 0 to 14 years, using time use surveys from the United States (2003), Germany (2001), Norway (2000), and the United Kingdom (2000). They examine levels of father involvement and mechanisms associated involvement on both weekdays ( N = 4,192) and weekends ( N = 3,024). They find some evidence of 'new fathers' on weekends in all countries. Fathers spend more time on interacti…
Working on the Weekend: Fathers' Time With Family in the United Kingdom
Whereas most resident fathers are able to spend more time with their children on weekends than on weekdays, many fathers work on the weekends, spending less time with their children on these days. There are conflicting findings about whether fathers are able to make up for lost weekend time on weekdays. Using unique features of the United Kingdom's National Survey of Time Use 2000, the author examined the impact of fathers' weekend work on the ti…
Parental Involvement and Work Schedules: Time with Children in the United States, Germany, Norway and the United Kingdom
We examine variation in parents' time with children by work schedule in two-parent families, utilizing time use surveys from the United States (2003), Germany (2001), Norway (2000), and the United Kingdom (2000) (N = 6,835). We find that American fathers working the evening shift spend more time alone with children regardless of mothers’ employment status, whereas this association is conditional on mothers’ employment in the United Kingdom and Ge…
Reproducing Occupational Inequality: Motherhood and Occupational Segregation
Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society - Volume 23, Number 3, Fall 2016
Incorporating ‘class’ into work–family arrangements: Insights from and for Three Worlds
In response to feminist critics, Esping-Andersen (1999) added family to the state–market nexus by examining the degree of familialism across regimes. In the absence of the state de-familializing care, however, it is difficult to predict work–family arrangements without reference to the overall level of inequality and a family’s social location within it. Thus, levels of familialism interact with levels of economic inequality. I build on existing …
Dual-System Families: Cash Assistance Sequences of Households Involved With Child Welfare
Dual-system families, those involved with the child welfare system and receiving public cash assistance, may be more vulnerable than families only connected to either of the two systems. This study advances our understanding of the heterogeneous and dynamic cash assistance histories of dual-system families in the post-welfare reform era. With merged administrative data from [state name removed] over the period 1998 to 2009, we use cluster analysi…
Trajectories of Economic Disconnection among Families in the Child Welfare System
This study examined economic disconnection, an extreme case of economic exclusion in which families lack both employment and cash assistance, among families in the child welfare system. We hypothesized that child welfare intervention has the potential to be a mechanism of economic inclusion or exclusion for vulnerable families, with implications for family reunification. We utilized a novel administrative dataset containing data from three state …
The potential educational benefits of extending foster care to young adults: Findings from a natural experiment
The impact of income on reunification among families with children in out-of-home care
Women's Housework: New Tests of Time and Money
The author uses variation by the day of week-comparing weekdays to weekends-to reconsider three main explanations for variation in women's housework time. The author predicts that though evidence of gender deviance neutralization (GDN) should be evident across the days of the week, evidence of time constraints and absolute earnings should be most apparent on weekdays. The author tests these hypotheses with the largest sample to date (American Tim…
Productivity or Gender? The Impact of Domestic Tasks Across the Wage Distribution
This article assesses the wage impact of domestic tasks across women's and men's wage distributions given the cross-distribution variation in unpaid work time. The productivity-volume versus the gender-class normative argument developed here suggests competing hypotheses. Analyses of pooled 2010-2015 waves of the American Time Use Survey using unconditional quantile regression revealed that an increase in the lesser time women at the top of the w…
Gendered Tradeoffs
In this chapter we review the research linking national-level family policies on childcare services and parental leave to women’s labor market outcomes. We review the state of the literature in answering two primary questions: (1) Do generous family policies perpetuate gender inequality in the labor market? That is, do family policies have unintended consequences or promote women’s inclusion into the labor force at the expense of gender equality …
A Stalled Revolution? Change in Women's Labor Force Participation during Child‐Rearing Years, Europe and the United States 1996–2016
While women's labor force participation rates (LFPRs) in the United States stalled over the last quarter‐century, European countries exhibited a variety of trajectories. We draw on demographic and gender theories of women's life course to understand changes in women's LFPR during their prime child‐rearing years. We build expectations about how aggregate trends may be driven by shifts in the prevalence of key demographic events such as child‐reari…
National Family Policies and Mothers’ Employment: How Earnings Inequality Shapes Policy Effects across and within Countries
Although researchers generally agree that national family policies play a role in shaping mothers’ employment, there is considerable debate about whether, how, and why policy effects vary across country contexts and within countries by mothers’ educational attainment. We hypothesize that family policies interact with national levels of earnings inequality to differentially affect mothers’ employment outcomes by educational attainment. We develop …
Family Demography
We begin by reviewing tools and terminology commonly used in family demography. We then examine the sweeping changes in family and household composition and living arrangements over the last 50 years with a focus on the United States, followed by consideration of other industrialized countries. We then discuss the rise of social demography of the family, which looks at the causes and consequences of family change and variation
Occupational characteristics and parents' childcare time
Objective This study examines how occupational resources and demands are associated with parents' childcare time. Background Scholars recognize parental employment as important for understanding parental time use. Yet, given data limitations, we know relatively little about how strain‐based demands (demands that can produce negative psychological states) are associated with parent's time with children. Method Occupational‐level data in the O*NET …
Economics (20 works) · Demographic economics (19 works) · Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics (19 works) · Psychology (18 works) · Work-Family Balance Challenges (17 works) · Political science (16 works) · Sociology (15 works) · Social Policy and Reform Studies (9 works) · Family Dynamics and Relationships (8 works) · Medicine (8 works)