Peter Sunley
Biographic Data
| ID | 457727 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Peter Sunley |
| GIVEN NAMES | Peter |
| FAMILY NAME | Sunley |
| SIGNATURE | SUNLEY P |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Southampton |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4803-5299 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 65 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1546 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 65 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1986 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 17 |
On resilience building for regional and local economies: What would it take
In recent years the Journal of Economic Geography has contributed notably to the growth of the study of resilience in regional and urban studies. Reflecting back on this literature, in this brief Commentary we seek to highlight the need for theoretical and empirical research on the idea of ‘resilience building’ as a core policy imperative in today’s turbulent and unstable world
Rethinking path dependence and lock-ins in regions, economy and society
In our current crisis-ridden times of multiple, cascading pressures, shocks and disruptions, there is an increasingly pressing need for adaptation, flexibility and change in regions, economies, societies and policy models. However, no matter whether present-day crises have a long durée character, such as climate change and the accelerating AI Revolution, or are sudden shocks, such as the Global Financial Crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, the Ukraine…
Capitalism divided? London, financialisation and the UK’s spatially unbalanced economy
The UK economy is one of the most geographically unequal among OECD countries, with London's lead having increased since the mid-1980s. The UK is also one of the most centralised, in terms of the overwhelming concentration of economic, financial, political and institutional power in the capital, London. A key question, therefore, is whether the latter feature is a cause of the former. This paper focuses on one aspect of this question, namely Lond…
Levelling up’ the UK: Reinforcing the Policy Agenda
In early 2022, the UK government published its White Paper on Levelling Up the UK, arguably the most important spatial policy document for more than 80 years. There is much that is innovative in the White Paper, but also some key limitations and weaknesses. At a time of economic and political upheaval in the UK, it is imperative that the levelling up agenda in the White Paper is not de-prioritized or submerged by other challenges, but is used as …
Levelling up Left Behind Places: The Scale and Nature of the Economic and Policy Challenge
This book aims to understand the predicaments of ‘left behind places’ and the scale of the policy challenge of ‘levelling up’ their economic prosperity. Drawing out lessons of wider international significance, it examines how places (cities, towns and localities) have grown apart over recent decades amidst deindustrialisation, post-industrial transition and the disruptive shocks of the global financial crisis and COVID-19 pandemic. Using the UK c…
Neglected Transportation Infrastructure: Corporate Social Responsibility and the Russian State in a Small Siberian Oil Town
Verkhnemarkovo, a small Siberian town located on an oil field in Russia’s Irkutsk region, is plagued by bad roads and limited mobility. This article explores the relationship between corporate social responsibility and the wellbeing of individuals and communities, with a focus on transport and mobility infrastructure. Some oil companies, such as Irkutsk Oil Company, are tied to the sustainability standards of international financial institutions.…
Renewing industrial regions? Advanced manufacturing and industrial policy in Britain
The UK’s industrial strategy, with local variants, aims to support manufacturing in ‘traditional industrial regions’ (TIRs). Using novel data for advanced manufacturing (AM) industries over several decades, we examine long-term changes in their geography by regions and local authority districts. These industries have shifted away from large urban regions, and local authority districts in TIRs have lost ground relative to those in other regions, a…
In search of the skilled city: Skills and the occupational evolution of British cities
Recent research has argued that human capital has become the key driver of city growth and that there is a widening divergence between high- and low-skill cities. This skilled-city view includes several stylised propositions. The first is that more skills and human capital generate stronger economic growth; the second is that already-skilled cities are becoming ever more skilled; and, the third is that larger cities tend to have stronger concentr…
Does spatial proximity raise firm productivity? Evidence from British manufacturing
The UK’s economy is one of the most regionally imbalanced in Europe. The government’s recent industrial strategy discusses various means of addressing this, one of which is the strengthening of existing clusters. Using plant-level indices of spatial proximity derived from postcode district data, this article investigates the extent of spatial concentration and its impact on total factor productivity in advanced manufacturing sectors in Great Brit…
The city dimension of the productivity growth puzzle: The relative role of structural change and within-sector slowdown
Across OECD countries productivity growth has slowed, not just in recent years but over the past four decades: the so-called productivity puzzle. This paper examines the differing productivity growth paths of some 85 British cities since the beginning of the 1970s, and explores how far these paths reflect differences across cities in the pace and nature of structural change. We find that while northern cities led productivity growth over 1971–91 …
Growing apart? Structural transformation and the uneven development of British cities
Structural change is now widely considered to be an important aspect of national economic growth. The issue is not only relevant at the macro-economic level, but also has a direct bearing on the growth of regions and cities. In this article, we examine the relationship between structural transformation and economic (output) growth across British cities over the last half-century. During this time, the British economy has gone through a series of …
Cities in transition: Problems, processes and policies
There are preconditions that either enjoin urban innovation, or at least powerfully encourage it. But perhaps they never actually guarantee, inexorably, that it will happen: urban innovation is not the monopoly of one kind of place, even at the same period of capitalist evolution, let alone different eras. No place has a monopoly, whether large metropolis or small emerging city, old European capital or new West Coast upstart; any city can play. T…
Divergent cities in post-industrial Britain
According to Moretti (2013) , deindustrialisation has been responsible for a ‘great divergence’ between cities that have moved to become centres of innovation and ideas, and those that have continued to produce material goods. Other authors however, place more emphasis on trends in specialisation and differences in productive bases as the driving forces behind urban divergence. Somewhat similarly, Storper (2013) argues that recent divergence been…
How Regions React to Recessions: Resilience and the Role of Economic Structure
Martin R., Sunley P., Gardiner B. and Tyler P. How regions react to recessions: resilience and the role of economic structure, Regional Studies. This paper examines how employment in the major UK regions has reacted to the four major recessions of the last 40 years, namely 1974-76, 1979-83, 1990-93 and 2008-10. The notions of resistance and recoverability are used to examine these reactions. The analysis reveals both continuities and significant …
Local growth evolutions: Recession, resilience and recovery
Change is one of capitalism's constants. It never stands still, but is in a state of constant churning, as old firms, products and technologies decline or disappear, and new firms, products and technologies emerge. It is this constant process of mutation and flux, what Schumpeter famously called 'creative destruction' , the 'perennial gale' of structural and technological change, that drives the evolution of the economy, "incessantly destroying t…
Do Urban Social Enterprises Benefit from Agglomeration? Evidence from Four UK Cities
Pinch S. and Sunley P. Do urban social enterprises benefit from agglomeration? Evidence from four UK cities, Regional Studies. This paper examines the relevance of clustering theory for an understanding of the location of social enterprises (SEs). This is accomplished through an analysis of the extent to which managers of SEs in four major UK cities perceive themselves to benefit from agglomeration effects. The paper concentrates on two broad set…
Evolutionary history but thin geography? Piketty’s Capital in the Twenty - First Century
Reindustrialising regions: Rebuilding the manufacturing economy
On the notion of regional economic resilience: Conceptualization and explanation
Over the past few years a new buzzword has entered academic, political and public discourse: the notion of resilience, a term invoked to describe how an entity or system responds to shocks and disturbances. Although the concept has been used for some time in ecology and psychology, it is now invoked in diverse contexts, both as a perceived (and typically positive) attribute of an object, entity or system and, more normatively, as a desired featur…
Towards a Developmental Turn in Evolutionary Economic Geography
Martin R. and Sunley P. Towards a developmental turn in evolutionary economic geography?, Regional Studies. Over the past couple of decades or so there have been increasing moves within evolutionary theory to move beyond the neo-Darwinian principles of variety, selection and retention, and to incorporate development. This has led to a richer palette of concepts, mechanisms and models of evolution and change, such as plasticity, robustness, evolva…
The Local Construction of Social Enterprise Markets: An Evaluation of Jens Beckert's Field Approach
Despite the rapid growth of interest in social enterprises (SEs) and the intense controversies over their merits in addressing pressing social and economic issues, there has been surprisingly little attention given to explicit theorization of how the markets for their goods and services are constructed and maintained. Towards this end this paper examines the conceptualization of market fields formulated by Jens Beckert. His approach conceptualize…
Spatially unbalanced growth in the British economy
The financial crisis and consequential recession that brought the UK’s long economic boom of 1992–2008 to a dramatic end have generated considerable debate about the need to ‘rebalance’ the economy, both sectorally and spatially. In this article, we examine the scale and nature of imbalance in the British economy. We first examine the stylized facts of spatial economic imbalance, especially in relation to the recurring debate over the existence a…
Innovation, Global Change and Territorial Resilience
Innovation, Global Change and Territorial Resilience, Phillip Cooke, Mario Davide Parrilli and Jose Luis Curbelo (Eds), Edward Elgar, Cheltenham (2012). xii + 493 pp. £125.00 (hbk). ISBN 9780857935
The enigmatic regional geography of social enterprise in the UK: A conceptual framework and synthesis of the evidence
Social enterprise (SE) has attracted increasing attention from policymakers, practitioners and academics over recent years and it has often been argued that there is a strong geographical dimension to social enterprise growth. However, a lack of reliable and extensive quantitative data about these organisations has prevented any rigorous analysis of their geographical distribution. This paper offers an exploratory theoretical framework for unders…
The Sage Handbook of Economic Geography
This companion illustrates the significance of thinking the 'economy' and the 'economic' geographically. It identifies significant stages in the discipline's development, and focuses on the key themes and ideas that inform present thinking in economic geography
Path dependence and regional economic evolution
In recent years, economic geographers have seized on the concepts of 'path dependence' and 'lock-in' as key ingredients in constructing an evolutionary approach to their subject. However, they have tended to invoke these notions without proper examination of the ongoing discussion and debate devoted to them within evolutionary economics and elsewhere. Our aim in this paper, therefore, is, first, to highlight some of the unresolved issues that sur…
Deconstructing clusters: Chaotic concept or policy panacea
This working paper forms part of the CBR Research Programme on Industrial Organisation, Competitive Strategy and Business Performance'. Includes bibliographical references
How Regions React to Recessions: Resilience and the Role of Economic Structure
Martin R., Sunley P., Gardiner B. and Tyler P. How regions react to recessions: resilience and the role of economic structure, Regional Studies. This paper examines how employment in the major UK regions has reacted to the four major recessions of the last 40 years, namely 1974-76, 1979-83, 1990-93 and 2008-10. The notions of resistance and recoverability are used to examine these reactions. The analysis reveals both continuities and significant …
On the notion of regional economic resilience: Conceptualization and explanation
Over the past few years a new buzzword has entered academic, political and public discourse: the notion of resilience, a term invoked to describe how an entity or system responds to shocks and disturbances. Although the concept has been used for some time in ecology and psychology, it is now invoked in diverse contexts, both as a perceived (and typically positive) attribute of an object, entity or system and, more normatively, as a desired featur…
Complexity thinking and evolutionary economic geography
Thus far, most of the work towards the construction of an evolutionary economic geography has drawn upon a particular version of evolutionary economics, namely the Nelson-Winter framework, which blends Darwinian concepts and metaphors (especially variety, selection, novelty and inheritance) and elements of a behavioural theory of the firm. Much less attention has been directed to an alternative conception based on complexity theory, yet in recent…
Conceptualizing Cluster Evolution: Beyond the Life Cycle Model
Although the literature on the evolution of industrial clusters is not vast, a preferred approach has already become evident based around the idea of a cluster ‘life cycle’. This approach has several limitations. This paper explores a different conception of cluster evolution, drawing on the ‘adaptive cycle’ model that has been developed in evolutionary ecology. Using this model, cluster evolution is viewed as an adaptive process with different p…
Relational Economic Geography: A Partial Understanding or a New Paradigm
Relational approaches in economic geography have grown in popularity and influence, but have not been critically evaluated or discussed. This article argues that poststructural and network-based versions of relational economic geography undoubtedly open up new research issues and provide tools for certain purposes, but questions whether they provide a coherent research agenda and new theoretical paradigm that can guide the reconceptualization of …
Towards a Developmental Turn in Evolutionary Economic Geography
Martin R. and Sunley P. Towards a developmental turn in evolutionary economic geography?, Regional Studies. Over the past couple of decades or so there have been increasing moves within evolutionary theory to move beyond the neo-Darwinian principles of variety, selection and retention, and to incorporate development. This has led to a richer palette of concepts, mechanisms and models of evolution and change, such as plasticity, robustness, evolva…
Rethinking the “Economic” in Economic Geography: Broadening Our Vision or Losing Our Focus
Spatially unbalanced growth in the British economy
The financial crisis and consequential recession that brought the UK’s long economic boom of 1992–2008 to a dramatic end have generated considerable debate about the need to ‘rebalance’ the economy, both sectorally and spatially. In this article, we examine the scale and nature of imbalance in the British economy. We first examine the stylized facts of spatial economic imbalance, especially in relation to the recurring debate over the existence a…
Paul Krugman's Geographical Economics and Its Implications for Regional Development Theory: A Critical Assessment
Ron Martin, Peter Sunley, Paul Krugman's Geographical Economics and Its Implications for Regional Development Theory: A Critical Assessment, Economic Geography, Vol. 72, No. 3 (Jul., 1996), pp. 259-292
Slow Convergence? The New Endogenous Growth Theory and Regional Development
In economics, interest has revived in economic growth, especially in long‐term convergence in per capita incomes and output between countries. This mainly empirical debate has promoted the development of endogenous growth theory, which seeks to move beyond conventional neoclassical theory by treating as endogenous those factors—particularly technological change and human capital— relegated as exogenous by neoclassical growth models. The economist…
Mapping the New Deal: Local disparities in the performance of Welfare‐to‐Work
In recent years, following the lead of the US, several OECD countries have introduced ‘workfare’ policies that link receipt of unemployment and related social benefits to compulsory participation on state‐administered work and training schemes. The UK’s New Deal (Welfare‐to‐Work) for Young People is one of the largest and most developed of these workfare programmes. Official evaluations of the UK’s New Deal for Young People claim that it has been…
Context in economic geography: The relevance of pragmatism
Design spaces: Agglomeration and creativity in british design agencies
Although there is a growing body of research into the cultural and creative industries, little work has focused specifically upon on the geography of design and its role in regional economies. The relative neglect of the geography of the UK design industry is surprising given recent assertions about the sector's role in national economic competitiveness; its contribution to product innovation; and its importance as an urban regeneration resource.…
Innovation in a creative production system: The case of design
This paper addresses the relatively neglected issue of variations in the degree of innovation and creativity within cultural production systems – paying particular attention to the design industries. It is argued that previous studies have paid too much attention to place-based creative buzz, thereby downplaying the business ecosystems and firm architectures that drive innovation. Design emerges from interactions between different sites that synt…
Levelling up’ the UK: Reinforcing the Policy Agenda
In early 2022, the UK government published its White Paper on Levelling Up the UK, arguably the most important spatial policy document for more than 80 years. There is much that is innovative in the White Paper, but also some key limitations and weaknesses. At a time of economic and political upheaval in the UK, it is imperative that the levelling up agenda in the White Paper is not de-prioritized or submerged by other challenges, but is used as …
The Geography of Trade Union Decline: Spatial Dispersal or Regional Resilience
Since the late 1970s, in many nations trade union membership has fallen sharply and the power of trade unions has weakened considerably. The decline in unionization has been particularly abrupt in Britain. Whether considered as a crisis or as a transition of organized labour, the unions have been in retreat. Although the broad features and dimensions of this decline have received attention, relatively little is known about its geography, about ho…
Venture capital programmes in the UK and Germany: In what sense regional policies
Sunley P., Klagge B., Berndt C. and Martin R. (2005) Venture capital programmes in the UK and Germany: in what sense regional policies?, Regional Studies 39 , 255–273. The paper considers how far and in what ways venture capital policies in the UK and Germany have been constructed as regional policy interventions. It begins by explaining two justifications for adding a regional dimension to venture capital policy and outlines the development of s…
Taking risks in regions: The geographical anatomy of Europe's emerging venture capital market
Over the past 25 years, the USA has pioneered a new technological revolution, based on large numbers of new small enterprises, financed by a dynamic venture (risk) capital market. The European Union, meanwhile, has lagged behind in this sector of economic activity, and compared to the US innovative small and medium enterprises appear to find it more difficult to get started and grow. At a time when regional and local banking systems – traditional…
Marshallian Industrial Districts: The Case of the Lancashire Cotton Industry in the Inter-War Years
Alfred Marshall's description of industrial districts has been used to support the argument that local agglomerations of industry can offer powerful external economies and encourage technical dynamism. This paper argues, however, that Marshall's favourable representation of industrial districts followed from his evolutionary and organic theory of economic and social progress. Industrial districts were used to demonstrate that the growth of the so…
Putting Workfare in Place: Local Labour Markets and the New Deal
The Economy in Question
Introduction The UK Economy at a Crossroads - Laurence Harris What's Happening to UK Manufacturing? - Doreen Massey Towards a Post-Industrial Economy? - John Allen A Crisis of Mass Production - Richard Meegan Fragmented Firms, Disorganized Labour - John Allen What is an Economy Anyway? - Doreen Massey
Divergent cities in post-industrial Britain
According to Moretti (2013) , deindustrialisation has been responsible for a ‘great divergence’ between cities that have moved to become centres of innovation and ideas, and those that have continued to produce material goods. Other authors however, place more emphasis on trends in specialisation and differences in productive bases as the driving forces behind urban divergence. Somewhat similarly, Storper (2013) argues that recent divergence been…
Pension Exclusion in Grey Capitalism: Mapping the Pensions Gap in Britain
The switch in Britain's pension policy towards private funded schemes and a liberal style of state regulation have exposed variations in individuals’ ability and willingness to undertake pensions saving. This paper focuses on the patterns of exclusion and the geographies of pension consumption created by this reform. It argues that there are new patterns of pension provision which have important but neglected spatial dimensions. First, it shows t…
Regional Restructuring, Class Change, and Political Action: A Comment
In his analysis of the miners' strike in South Wales, Rees stresses the role played by labour institutions within a context of regional restructuring, but neglects the importance of popular interpretations of the strike. These interpretations revealed that the coalfields are characterised by differing political cultures which can only be explained historically
The Economy in Question
Introduction The UK Economy at a Crossroads - Laurence Harris What's Happening to UK Manufacturing? - Doreen Massey Towards a Post-Industrial Economy? - John Allen A Crisis of Mass Production - Richard Meegan Fragmented Firms, Disorganized Labour - John Allen What is an Economy Anyway? - Doreen Massey
Tired Tims' and 'Valuable Assets: Managerial Strategies and the Geography of Production
Studies of the geography of capital should consider the ways in which coalitions of managers choose to pursue alternative strategies and courses of action. The idea of strategic choice denies that the responses of capitalists and managers to their operating environments can be reduced to institutional needs or structural position. The paper considers the development of differing strategies towards labour in the British coal industry during the ea…
Striking Parallels: A Comparison of the Geographies of the 1926 and 1984-85 Coalmining Disputes
The author compares the coalmining disputes of 1926 and 1984-85 and concentrates on the similarity shown by the spatial patterns of support for both actions. It is argued that the failure of the recent strike was not the result of the disappearance of a traditional solidarity but involved the reproduction of regional traditions of industrial relations. The geography of the 1926 dispute is not satisfactorily explained by economic coercion. It was …
Game Theories? Spatial Divisions of Labour and Rational Choice Marxism
Criticisms of Spatial Divisions of Labour have argued that the model ultimately dissolves into empirical particularities so that its theoretical tenets and context have been neglected. This paper attempts to draw out these premises by comparing Spatial Divisions of Labour with rational choice Marxism. Rational choice Marxism has aimed to provide microfoundations for structural categories by analysing the strategic interactions of individual actor…
An uncertain future: A critique of post- Keynesian economic geographies
Marshallian Industrial Districts: The Case of the Lancashire Cotton Industry in the Inter-War Years
Alfred Marshall's description of industrial districts has been used to support the argument that local agglomerations of industry can offer powerful external economies and encourage technical dynamism. This paper argues, however, that Marshall's favourable representation of industrial districts followed from his evolutionary and organic theory of economic and social progress. Industrial districts were used to demonstrate that the growth of the so…
The Geography of Trade Union Decline: Spatial Dispersal or Regional Resilience
Since the late 1970s, in many nations trade union membership has fallen sharply and the power of trade unions has weakened considerably. The decline in unionization has been particularly abrupt in Britain. Whether considered as a crisis or as a transition of organized labour, the unions have been in retreat. Although the broad features and dimensions of this decline have received attention, relatively little is known about its geography, about ho…
Unions and the Politics of Deindustrialization: Some Comments on How Geography Complicates Class Analysis
Labouring Differences: Method, Measurement and Purpose in Geographical Research on Trade Unions
Ron Martin, Peter Sunley, Jane Wills, Labouring Differences: Method, Measurement and Purpose in Geographical Research on Trade Unions, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 19, No. 1 (1994), pp. 102-110
The Decentralization of Industrial Relations? New Institutional Spaces and the Role of Local Context in British Engineering
Context in economic geography: The relevance of pragmatism
Paul Krugman's Geographical Economics and Its Implications for Regional Development Theory: A Critical Assessment
Ron Martin, Peter Sunley, Paul Krugman's Geographical Economics and Its Implications for Regional Development Theory: A Critical Assessment, Economic Geography, Vol. 72, No. 3 (Jul., 1996), pp. 259-292
States and Economic Development: A Comparative Historical Analysis
Beyond the State: An Introductory Critique
Union Retreat and the Regions: The Shrinking Landscape of Organised Labour
Slow Convergence? The New Endogenous Growth Theory and Regional Development
In economics, interest has revived in economic growth, especially in long‐term convergence in per capita incomes and output between countries. This mainly empirical debate has promoted the development of endogenous growth theory, which seeks to move beyond conventional neoclassical theory by treating as endogenous those factors—particularly technological change and human capital— relegated as exogenous by neoclassical growth models. The economist…
Space for Stakeholding? Stakeholder Capitalism and Economic Geography
In this paper I review recent stakeholding proposals and critically assess their implications for debates on local and regional economic development. I highlight some of the benefits, tensions, and ambiguitics of the stakeholding metaphor, before considering whether it offers a blueprint for the construction of more ethically and socially responsible regional and local economies. I argue that the idea's main limitations stem from its basis in a n…
Unemployment Flow Regimes and Regional Unemployment Disparities
Almost all studies of regional and local unemployment are concerned with unemployment stock rates. In this paper, attention is focused on the unemployment flows behind these stocks. By using data for the British regions over the 1980s and 1990s, we show that regional unemployment-rate disparities are a direct reflection of different underlying regional unemployment 'flow regimes'; that is, different patterns of inflows into, and outflows from, un…
Pension Exclusion in Grey Capitalism: Mapping the Pensions Gap in Britain
The switch in Britain's pension policy towards private funded schemes and a liberal style of state regulation have exposed variations in individuals’ ability and willingness to undertake pensions saving. This paper focuses on the patterns of exclusion and the geographies of pension consumption created by this reform. It argues that there are new patterns of pension provision which have important but neglected spatial dimensions. First, it shows t…
The Geographies of the National Minimum Wage
Geographers have recently argued that labour-market regulation interacts with market forces in profoundly different ways in different local labour markets. We illustrate this argument by using the case of the new statutory minimum wage in Britain. We consider whether the introduction of the national minimum wage represents a genuine departure from the preceding neoliberal labour-market regime, and examine how far it will begin to redress some of …
What's behind the models? A review of The Spatial Economy
Rethinking the “Economic” in Economic Geography: Broadening Our Vision or Losing Our Focus
Mapping the New Deal: Local disparities in the performance of Welfare‐to‐Work
In recent years, following the lead of the US, several OECD countries have introduced ‘workfare’ policies that link receipt of unemployment and related social benefits to compulsory participation on state‐administered work and training schemes. The UK’s New Deal (Welfare‐to‐Work) for Young People is one of the largest and most developed of these workfare programmes. Official evaluations of the UK’s New Deal for Young People claim that it has been…
Localising Welfare-to-Work? Territorial Flexibility and the New Deal for Young People
The move towards workfare and active labour-market policies is often alleged to be closely associated with the decentralisation and localisation of welfare delivery and agencies. In the United Kingdom, the New Deal for the young unemployed was designed to introduce local flexibility and discretion in delivery to mainstream labour-market policy. We use case studies of five local areas to examine the extent to which the programme has actually been …
Economics (48 works) · Political science (35 works) · Economic geography (32 works) · Sociology (30 works) · Regional Economics and Spatial Analysis (26 works) · Geography (25 works) · Regional resilience and development (17 works) · Business (13 works) · Computer Science (13 works) · Politics (12 works)