Manuel Almagro
Biographic Data
| ID | 459492 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Manuel Almagro |
| GIVEN NAMES | Manuel |
| FAMILY NAME | Almagro |
| SIGNATURE | ALMAGRO M |
| AFFILIATIONS | Universitat de València |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1647-9995 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 25 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 25 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2018 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 1 |
How can hate narratives be tracked in online environments? A corpus-based study
Forms of communication that spread hateful and harmful ideologies must be countered. But to combat hate speech, we must first be able to detect it, and to do so, we must understand what counts as hate speech. In recent years, many scholars have put their efforts to detect and analyze hate speech, particularly in online environments. However, such efforts have significantly focused on uncontroversial cases, such as slurs, partly due to the lack of…
The Harms of Self-Help Discourse
In this paper, we analyze the potential harms of everyday self-help discourse, particularly in contexts of systemic oppression. After analyzing the core principles of self-help, such as the power of positive thinking, eliminating negative thinking, gratitude, self-knowledge for self-improvement, and individual choice and responsibility, we argue that self-help discourse is likely to perpetuate different forms of harm in conditions of oppression. …
Building our attachments
In this chapter, the author delves into the narrative dimension of affective polarization. Section 4.2 explores the nature of narratives, emphasizing that they belong to a second-order domain and offer a particular perspective through which individuals interpret the world, among other defining characteristics. Section 4.3 addresses the formation of political identities, arguing that these identities are shaped not only by rational arguments but a…
Voicing our attachments
In this chapter, the author addresses the meaning of the emotional language involved in affective polarization measurements. In the second section, it is argued that there are at least three distinct types of mental states we can refer to when discussing our emotions, and several limitations of the tools used to measure emotions in the population are reviewed. In the third section, it is argued that the information provided by the questionnaires …
The phenomenon of affective polarization
In this chapter, the author introduces the central thesis of the book: Affective polarization encompasses dimensions beyond just identity and animosity. To build this case, the author first examines a divisive issue in many contemporary democracies: Offensive speech and the debate over unrestricted freedom of expression. In Section 3.2 , the author traces the origin of the term “affective polarization” and elaborates on its key concepts. Section …
Conclusion
The final chapter of this book synthesizes the core arguments presented throughout, emphasizing that affective polarization extends beyond the traditional focus on political identities and emotions. The author has argued that the phenomenon also involves other critical dimensions, such as the presence and influence of divisive narratives in public discourse and the increasing credence citizens place in these narratives. The conventional two-dimen…
The labyrinth of polarization
In this chapter, the author reviews the specialized literature on polarization to clarify the types of polarization most relevant for understanding what is happening in many contemporary democracies. The chapter rejects two specific positions: The contentless view, which holds that the term “polarization” is meaningless, and the distraction view, which argues that the current challenges in democracies should not be explained in terms of polarizat…
Increasing our attachments
In this chapter, the author explores the credence dimension of affective polarization, a critical aspect that has been largely overlooked in traditional analyses of the phenomenon. In section 5.2, the notion of credence is introduced, highlighting the difference between the content of our beliefs and the degree of confidence we have in our belief content. More specifically, the theory of subjective probabilities and the concept of degree of membe…
Unmasking therapy-speak
Therapy-speak is the imprecise and superficial integration of psychotherapy language into everyday communication, especially by privileged or wealthy people. Despite the advantages of normalizing psychotherapy language, such as resisting epistemic injustice and enhancing awareness of mental health issues, therapy-speak raises important concerns. On the epistemic front, therapy-speak is susceptible to the erosion of the meaning and relevance of ps…
Blunting concepts: The double-edged effect of popularizing psychotherapy language
The increasing presence of mental health-related language in everyday conversations gives rise to a worth-exploring tension: while it can enhance mental health literacy and provide individuals with hermeneutical resources to understand and articulate their experiences, it also risks distorting or trivializing these resources, ultimately contributing to hermeneutical injustice. This paper examines this tension from a practice-focused approach to m…
Against the Neutral View of Poisoning the Well
A Wittgensteinian take on moral vs. deep disagreements
The notion of deep disagreement was originally introduced by Fogelin to describe situations where disagreement about the truth-value of a proposition proceeds from a clash of viewpoints (Fogelin, Informal Logic 7 , 1985). Fogelin and others conceived of this notion in a Wittgensteinian fashion, i.e., as disagreements generated by a clash of what Wittgenstein called “hinge propositions” and “forms of life”. Thus, the notion of deep disagreement ha…
Rise of Polarization: Affects, Politics, and Philosophy
The Rise of Polarization: Affects, Politics, and Philosophy
This book presents a philosophical analysis of affective polarization. It rejects the two-dimensional view of affective polarization and offers a multi-dimensional approach to it. An underlying philosophical issue throughout the book is that our political views are strongly influenced by purely contingent matters. The widespread approach to affective polarization emphasizes the role played by two key elements: political identities and feelings to…
Deep conflicts and deep disagreements: Two ways in which a dispute can be deep
This paper tackles the following puzzle. On the one hand, a growing body of literature suggests that most of our current political disagreements are pernicious and difficult to resolve because they are instances of deep disagreement. On the other hand, there does not seem to be anything inherent to a deep disagreement that necessarily makes it pernicious nor irresolvable. To address this issue, I distinguish two senses in which a disagreement can…
Disagreeing with Experts
This paper addresses the question of who should be trusted as an expert and when, particularly in the context of public deliberation. Trust in experts is crucial in making decisions about public policies that involve complex information beyond the expertise of most people. However, fruitful deliberation also requires being able to resist misinformation campaigns, no matter how widespread these might be; being able, in general, to evaluate the evi…
On a Columnar Self: Two Senses of Expressing Partisanship
Political polarization: Radicalism and immune beliefs
When public opinion gets polarized, the population’s beliefs can experience two different changes: they can become more extreme in their contents or they can be held with greater confidence. These two possibilities point to two different understandings of the rupture that characterizes political polarization: extremism and radicalism. In this article, I show that from the close examination of the best available evidence regarding how we get polar…
Desacuerdos cuidados
El pensamiento crítico parece ser la piedra de toque de la relevancia de la filosofía, aquello que nos permite mejorar nuestro modo de razonar. El propósito de este artículo es desarrollar una opinión extraordinariamente poco popular que nos parece, sin embargo, obviamente verdadera: El pensamiento crítico no es patrimonio exclusivo de la filosofía; probablemente ni siquiera es la filosofía la disciplina de la que cabe esperarse la contribución m…
Whose Words Hurt? Contextual Determinants of Offensive Speech
Tracing the boundaries of freedom of expression is a matter of wide societal and academic import—especially, as these boundaries encroach on the politics of inclusion. Yet, the elements that constitute offensive speech and determine its legal status remain poorly defined. In two studies, we examined how lay judges evaluate the offensiveness of apparently descriptive statements. Replicating prior work, we found that non-linguistic features (includ…
Injusticia testimonial utilizada como arma
Las herramientas teóricas destinadas a señalar las injusticias que sufren ciertos grupos socialmente oprimidos pueden acabar siendo utilizadas con propósitos completamente opuestos a los iniciales. Modificar el alcance de una herramienta teórica no es necesariamente problemático: la popularización de un concepto abre las puertas a que se utilice estratégicamente para diferentes fines. La tesis que defendemos en este artículo es que algunos person…
Weaponized testimonial injustice
Theoretical tools aimed at making explicit the injustices suffered by certain socially disadvantaged groups might end up serving purposes which were not foreseen when the tools were first introduced. Nothing is inherently wrong with a shift in the scope of a theoretical tool: the popularization of a concept opens up the possibility of its use for several strategic purposes. The thesis that we defend in this paper is that some public figures culti…
Is Testimonial Injustice Epistemic? Let Me Count the Ways
Miranda Fricker distinguishes two senses in which testimonial injustice is epistemic. In the primary sense, it is epistemic because it harms the victim as a giver of knowledge. In the secondary sense, it is epistemic, more narrowly, because it harms the victim as a possessor of knowledge. Her characterization of testimonial injustice has raised the following objection: testimonial injustice is not always an epistemic injustice, in the narrow, sec…
You are just being emotional! Testimonial injustice and folk-psychological attributions
Verdad sobre la no existencia: Un problema para la teoría reduccionista de tim crane. Nota crítica sobre the objects of thought
Tim Crane, The Objects of Thought, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013, 208 pp
Political polarization: Radicalism and immune beliefs
When public opinion gets polarized, the population’s beliefs can experience two different changes: they can become more extreme in their contents or they can be held with greater confidence. These two possibilities point to two different understandings of the rupture that characterizes political polarization: extremism and radicalism. In this article, I show that from the close examination of the best available evidence regarding how we get polar…
Verdad sobre la no existencia: Un problema para la teoría reduccionista de tim crane. Nota crítica sobre the objects of thought
Tim Crane, The Objects of Thought, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013, 208 pp
Injusticia testimonial utilizada como arma
Las herramientas teóricas destinadas a señalar las injusticias que sufren ciertos grupos socialmente oprimidos pueden acabar siendo utilizadas con propósitos completamente opuestos a los iniciales. Modificar el alcance de una herramienta teórica no es necesariamente problemático: la popularización de un concepto abre las puertas a que se utilice estratégicamente para diferentes fines. La tesis que defendemos en este artículo es que algunos person…
Weaponized testimonial injustice
Theoretical tools aimed at making explicit the injustices suffered by certain socially disadvantaged groups might end up serving purposes which were not foreseen when the tools were first introduced. Nothing is inherently wrong with a shift in the scope of a theoretical tool: the popularization of a concept opens up the possibility of its use for several strategic purposes. The thesis that we defend in this paper is that some public figures culti…
Is Testimonial Injustice Epistemic? Let Me Count the Ways
Miranda Fricker distinguishes two senses in which testimonial injustice is epistemic. In the primary sense, it is epistemic because it harms the victim as a giver of knowledge. In the secondary sense, it is epistemic, more narrowly, because it harms the victim as a possessor of knowledge. Her characterization of testimonial injustice has raised the following objection: testimonial injustice is not always an epistemic injustice, in the narrow, sec…
You are just being emotional! Testimonial injustice and folk-psychological attributions
Desacuerdos cuidados
El pensamiento crítico parece ser la piedra de toque de la relevancia de la filosofía, aquello que nos permite mejorar nuestro modo de razonar. El propósito de este artículo es desarrollar una opinión extraordinariamente poco popular que nos parece, sin embargo, obviamente verdadera: El pensamiento crítico no es patrimonio exclusivo de la filosofía; probablemente ni siquiera es la filosofía la disciplina de la que cabe esperarse la contribución m…
Whose Words Hurt? Contextual Determinants of Offensive Speech
Tracing the boundaries of freedom of expression is a matter of wide societal and academic import—especially, as these boundaries encroach on the politics of inclusion. Yet, the elements that constitute offensive speech and determine its legal status remain poorly defined. In two studies, we examined how lay judges evaluate the offensiveness of apparently descriptive statements. Replicating prior work, we found that non-linguistic features (includ…
Disagreeing with Experts
This paper addresses the question of who should be trusted as an expert and when, particularly in the context of public deliberation. Trust in experts is crucial in making decisions about public policies that involve complex information beyond the expertise of most people. However, fruitful deliberation also requires being able to resist misinformation campaigns, no matter how widespread these might be; being able, in general, to evaluate the evi…
On a Columnar Self: Two Senses of Expressing Partisanship
Political polarization: Radicalism and immune beliefs
When public opinion gets polarized, the population’s beliefs can experience two different changes: they can become more extreme in their contents or they can be held with greater confidence. These two possibilities point to two different understandings of the rupture that characterizes political polarization: extremism and radicalism. In this article, I show that from the close examination of the best available evidence regarding how we get polar…
Deep conflicts and deep disagreements: Two ways in which a dispute can be deep
This paper tackles the following puzzle. On the one hand, a growing body of literature suggests that most of our current political disagreements are pernicious and difficult to resolve because they are instances of deep disagreement. On the other hand, there does not seem to be anything inherent to a deep disagreement that necessarily makes it pernicious nor irresolvable. To address this issue, I distinguish two senses in which a disagreement can…
Building our attachments
In this chapter, the author delves into the narrative dimension of affective polarization. Section 4.2 explores the nature of narratives, emphasizing that they belong to a second-order domain and offer a particular perspective through which individuals interpret the world, among other defining characteristics. Section 4.3 addresses the formation of political identities, arguing that these identities are shaped not only by rational arguments but a…
Voicing our attachments
In this chapter, the author addresses the meaning of the emotional language involved in affective polarization measurements. In the second section, it is argued that there are at least three distinct types of mental states we can refer to when discussing our emotions, and several limitations of the tools used to measure emotions in the population are reviewed. In the third section, it is argued that the information provided by the questionnaires …
The phenomenon of affective polarization
In this chapter, the author introduces the central thesis of the book: Affective polarization encompasses dimensions beyond just identity and animosity. To build this case, the author first examines a divisive issue in many contemporary democracies: Offensive speech and the debate over unrestricted freedom of expression. In Section 3.2 , the author traces the origin of the term “affective polarization” and elaborates on its key concepts. Section …
Conclusion
The final chapter of this book synthesizes the core arguments presented throughout, emphasizing that affective polarization extends beyond the traditional focus on political identities and emotions. The author has argued that the phenomenon also involves other critical dimensions, such as the presence and influence of divisive narratives in public discourse and the increasing credence citizens place in these narratives. The conventional two-dimen…
The labyrinth of polarization
In this chapter, the author reviews the specialized literature on polarization to clarify the types of polarization most relevant for understanding what is happening in many contemporary democracies. The chapter rejects two specific positions: The contentless view, which holds that the term “polarization” is meaningless, and the distraction view, which argues that the current challenges in democracies should not be explained in terms of polarizat…
Increasing our attachments
In this chapter, the author explores the credence dimension of affective polarization, a critical aspect that has been largely overlooked in traditional analyses of the phenomenon. In section 5.2, the notion of credence is introduced, highlighting the difference between the content of our beliefs and the degree of confidence we have in our belief content. More specifically, the theory of subjective probabilities and the concept of degree of membe…
Unmasking therapy-speak
Therapy-speak is the imprecise and superficial integration of psychotherapy language into everyday communication, especially by privileged or wealthy people. Despite the advantages of normalizing psychotherapy language, such as resisting epistemic injustice and enhancing awareness of mental health issues, therapy-speak raises important concerns. On the epistemic front, therapy-speak is susceptible to the erosion of the meaning and relevance of ps…
Blunting concepts: The double-edged effect of popularizing psychotherapy language
The increasing presence of mental health-related language in everyday conversations gives rise to a worth-exploring tension: while it can enhance mental health literacy and provide individuals with hermeneutical resources to understand and articulate their experiences, it also risks distorting or trivializing these resources, ultimately contributing to hermeneutical injustice. This paper examines this tension from a practice-focused approach to m…
Against the Neutral View of Poisoning the Well
A Wittgensteinian take on moral vs. deep disagreements
The notion of deep disagreement was originally introduced by Fogelin to describe situations where disagreement about the truth-value of a proposition proceeds from a clash of viewpoints (Fogelin, Informal Logic 7 , 1985). Fogelin and others conceived of this notion in a Wittgensteinian fashion, i.e., as disagreements generated by a clash of what Wittgenstein called “hinge propositions” and “forms of life”. Thus, the notion of deep disagreement ha…
Rise of Polarization: Affects, Politics, and Philosophy
The Rise of Polarization: Affects, Politics, and Philosophy
This book presents a philosophical analysis of affective polarization. It rejects the two-dimensional view of affective polarization and offers a multi-dimensional approach to it. An underlying philosophical issue throughout the book is that our political views are strongly influenced by purely contingent matters. The widespread approach to affective polarization emphasizes the role played by two key elements: political identities and feelings to…
How can hate narratives be tracked in online environments? A corpus-based study
Forms of communication that spread hateful and harmful ideologies must be countered. But to combat hate speech, we must first be able to detect it, and to do so, we must understand what counts as hate speech. In recent years, many scholars have put their efforts to detect and analyze hate speech, particularly in online environments. However, such efforts have significantly focused on uncontroversial cases, such as slurs, partly due to the lack of…
The Harms of Self-Help Discourse
In this paper, we analyze the potential harms of everyday self-help discourse, particularly in contexts of systemic oppression. After analyzing the core principles of self-help, such as the power of positive thinking, eliminating negative thinking, gratitude, self-knowledge for self-improvement, and individual choice and responsibility, we argue that self-help discourse is likely to perpetuate different forms of harm in conditions of oppression. …
Psychology (11 works) · Feminist Epistemology and Gender Studies (7 works) · Philosophy (7 works) · Political science (7 works) · Epistemology (6 works) · Law (6 works) · Social Psychology (6 works) · Political Philosophy and Ethics (5 works) · Politics (5 works) · Sociology (5 works)