B Gustafsson
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 46179 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | B Gustafsson |
| NOMBRES | B |
| APELLIDO | Gustafsson |
| FIRMA | GUSTAFSSON B |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Gothenburg |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7177-9099 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 58 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 434 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 58 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1956 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 10 |
How and Why the Gender Pension Gap in Urban China Decreased between 1988 and 2018
In urban China, gender gaps in employment and earnings have steadily increased since the 1990s. Such gender gaps are important because pension rights and amounts are based on labor force participation and wages. However, as this study demonstrates, despite the rise in gender differences in the urban labor market, the average gender pension gap decreased between 1988 and 2018. In this paper, we describe the evolution of the fragmented pension syst…
Economic Transformation and Income Distribution in China over Three Decades
It is arguable that the most important event in the world economy in recent decades has been the rise of China, from being on a par with Sub Sahara Africa at the start of economic reform to being an economic superpower today. That rise remains under-researched. Moreover, the great structural changes which accompanied economic growth require examination. The nationally representative China Household Income Project (CHIP) surveys, conducted for the…
In and out of privileged and disadvantaged neighbourhoods in Sweden
Moves into and out of privileged neighbourhoods as well as moves into and out of disadvantaged neighbourhoods in metropolitan Sweden are studied using register data on all moves by adults that took place between 2004 and 2006. Based on estimated multivariate models, we find that, for all four types of moves, age, education, household income, household composition and its changes, as well as labour market status and its changes, matter. However, i…
Economic Transformation and the Gender Earnings Gap in Urban China
Older immigrants - new poverty risk in Scandinavian welfare states
Many European high-income countries face a rapid increase in the number of immigrants from low- and middle-income countries reaching the normal pension age. Thus, it is increasingly relevant to ask: how are older migrants from such countries faring? Here we study poverty rates and determinants of poverty among natives and persons born in Bosnia, Iran, Iraq, Yugoslavia and Turkey living in Denmark or Sweden in 2010. Income data on all such persons…
Working beyond the normal retirement age in urban China and urban Russia
The incidence of working for earnings beyond the normal pension age of 55 for females and 60 for males in urban China and Russia is investigated using micro-data for 2002, 2013, and 2018. Estimated logit models indicate that, in both countries, the probability of working after normal retirement age is positively related to living with a spouse only, being healthy, and having a higher education level. It is negatively associated with age, the scal…
Catching Up with the West
Using nationwide household survey data for 2002 and 2013, we investigate how widely Chinese household incomes had caught up to those of the middle class in the developed world by 2013, the year Xi Jinping came to power. Based on the living standards of the middle-income class in the European Union as our standard of comparison, we estimate that China’s “global middle class” with a similar living standard grew rapidly after 2002, reaching 254 mill…
Growing into Relative Income Poverty
Social Assistance Receipt Among Young Adults Who Grow Up in Different Neighborhoods of Metropolitan Sweden
Using large samples of persons born in 1985, we investigate the relationship between characteristics of the neighborhood where young people lived as adolescents and the probability that they will receive social assistance when aged 19, 20, and 21, for the three Swedish metropolitan regions—Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malmö. We estimated logistic regressions separately for the majority population and “visible immigrants” and included several charac…
Older people in Sweden without means
This paper examines immigrant poverty at an older age in Sweden with an emphasis on late-in-life immigrants. We analyse tax data for the entire Swedish-born and non-Swedish-born population. The poverty status of a household is assessed using two criteria. First, the disposable income of the household in which the person lived in 2007 must be below 60 per cent of the median equivalent income in Sweden as a whole. Second, to be classified as ‘twice…
Paths through (and out of) social assistance
Earnings among nine ethnic minorities and the Han majority in China's cities
This paper asks if economic growth and steps towards a market economy have affected earnings gaps between the Han and nine large urban ethnic minorities: Zhuang, Hui, Manchurian, Tujia, Uighur, Miao, Tibetan, Mongol and Korean. It also asks how earnings premiums and earnings penalties have changed for the nine ethnic minorities. For the analysis we use a subsample of the 2005 China's Inter-Census Survey. We find examples of three different change…
Age at immigration matters for labor market integration-the Swedish example
This paper analyses how age at immigration to Sweden and getting a first foothold in the labor market is related. We estimate hazard rate models using registry data on all persons who arrived in each of the years 1990, 1994, 1998, and 2002. The results show that the number of years taken to get a foothold in the Swedish labor market increases rapidly by age among immigrants from middle- and low-income countries aged 40+. Most individuals who are …
Ethnic disparities in economic well-being in China
In chapter 15, Björn Gustafsson surveys research that addresses the existence and magnitude of disparities in economic wellbeing in China between ethnic minorities and the majority Han group, and attempts to throw light on the reasons for the gaps. According to Gustafsson, in rural China, income differs greatly between locations, and most of China's rural minorities live in places with low average income. In addition, in some but not all rural lo…
How are Immigrant Children in Sweden Faring? Mean Income, Affluence and Poverty Since the 1980s
This article presents new research on income-based child indicators for immigrant children from 17 different national backgrounds and children of parents born in Sweden observed during the 3-year periods 1983-85, 1995-97 and 2008-10. This research examines mean household income, representation at the top of the income distribution and relative poverty differ for immigrant children from the corresponding levels among children with native born pare…
Children in Out-of-Home Care and Adult Labor-Market Attachment
Using longitudinal national register data, we investigated labor-market attachment during the years 1993–1995 in Sweden for persons aged 25–35 years who had been in out-of-home care before the age of 18 in Sweden during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. We consider whether an immigrant background has an additional influence on labor-market attachment. Compared to majority population peers, young persons who had been in foster care had shorter educatio…
Residential Segregation from Generation to Generation
In this paper, we investigate to what degree young adults live in neighbourhoods that are similar, in terms of relative average household income, to the neighbourhoods in which they grew up. We use regression analysis on register data for all individuals who were born in 1974 and lived in metropolitan Sweden in both 1990 and 2006. During this period, the distribution of income in Sweden became far more unequal, unemployment rose dramatically, ear…
Mapping and Understanding Ethnic Disparities in Length of Schooling
The Hukou Converters—China's lesser known rural to urban migrants
This article studies people born in rural China who now live in urban areas of China and possess a residence permit, an urban hukou; these are the hukou converters and they are examined using large datasets covering substantial parts of China in 2002. According to our estimates, there are 107 million hukou converters constituting 20% of the registered population of China's urban areas. Presence of a high employment rate in the city, that the city…
Why Is There No Income Gap between the Hui Muslim Minority and the Han Majority in Rural Ningxia, China
Using a household sample survey for 2006, this article shows that the Hui population in the rural part of Ningxia Autonomous Region in China is disadvantaged compared to the Han majority as regards length of education and household per capita wealth. Yet, there is no gap in average disposable incomes between the two ethnic groups and poverty rates are very similar. This paradox is owing to members of Hui households earning more off-farm income th…
Social assistance among immigrants and natives in Sweden
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the issue of social assistance receipt among immigrants to Sweden and compare to receipt by natives. Design/methodology/approach The paper describes the institutional background, reports statistical information and surveys the literature on the immigrant‐native disparity in social assistance receipt. Findings Most out‐payment for social assistance in Sweden refers to foreign‐born pers…
Introduction to the special issue on children and families, assistance and welfare
This includes authors as well as the anonymous referees. We thank all who contributed to the success of the workshop at the Nordic Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai in November 2012. Special thanks are addressed to Ronny Tikkanen for efficient coordination of the event which was funded by a grant from the Swedish Council for Work Life and Social Research (FAS). We also thank Ellen Cheung, Editorial Assistant at the China Journal of Social Work, …
A comparison of social assistance in China and Sweden
This article compares social assistance in China and Sweden, and finds a number of similarities. In both countries, benefits are regulated by a national policy, while local governments are responsible for administration. The proportion of the population receiving social assistance is surprisingly similar in China and Sweden. Social assistance reduces dire poverty but is less successful in raising full-year recipients above the poverty line used i…
Di Bao Receipt and Its Importance for Combating Poverty in Urban China
Since the second half of the 1990s, economic restructuring in urban China has led to widespread joblessness and income insecurity. The rapid expansion of the system of social assistance, Di Bao, can be understood from this perspective. Using a survey covering large parts of urban China in 2002, we investigate factors affecting receipt and how receipt affects urban poverty. Results from estimating probability models indicate that social assistance…
How Large Is China’s Rural- Urban Income Gap?
In Search of Smoking Guns
We investigate the forces affecting the distribution of income by analyzing an unbalanced panel of information for 16 industrialized countries for the years 1966 through 1994. Income inequality is measured with the Gini coefficient of equivalent disposable income; individuals are the unit of analysis; the statistical analysis uses panel methods. The results suggest that many factors affect the development of income inequality. Some factors are st…
The Ethnic Minority-Majority Income Gap in Rural China during Transition
Economic transformation and the gender earnings gap in urban China
One Country, Two Societies
Income inequality within and across counties in rural China 1988 and 1995
At the Lower End of the Table
In this paper we study determinants of relative poverty among immigrants and natives in Denmark and Sweden during the 1980s and 1990s. Denmark and Sweden share the same properties in a range of labour-market and welfare-state characteristics. At the same time, they differ very much in cyclical profiles and immigration experiences during recent decades. Both countries have followed the same principles regarding immigration policy, i.e. immigration…
Patterns of social assistance receipt in Sweden
This article analyses the situation of Swedish‐born people who became first‐time receivers of social assistance in 1987 and 1992. The macroeconomic situation at the time of entry was rather different for the two cohorts and the number of new entrances increased by almost 50%. Much of the increase consisted of young adults and experience of social assistance has been shown to be fairly widespread among persons under the age of 25. Bridging the per…
Residential Segregation from Generation to Generation
In this paper, we investigate to what degree young adults live in neighbourhoods that are similar, in terms of relative average household income, to the neighbourhoods in which they grew up. We use regression analysis on register data for all individuals who were born in 1974 and lived in metropolitan Sweden in both 1990 and 2006. During this period, the distribution of income in Sweden became far more unequal, unemployment rose dramatically, ear…
Earnings of Immigrants in Sweden, 1978 to 1999
This paper aims to illuminate the deteriorating situation of immigrants in the Swedish labour market. Two questions are in focus. First, is the pattern of a deteriorating labour market situation and increased difficulty entering the economy of the host country applicable to all immigrants? Second, are immigrants more vulnerable to the state of the economy than natives? Large samples of immigrant women and immigrant men as well as large samples of…
Assessing non-use of social assistance
Non-use of income tested social benefits has many causes. Three hypotheses on non-use of social assistance based on data for Sweden collected in 1985 and 1997 are investigated. The results indicate some support for the view that it is more socially acceptable to apply for social assistance when a larger proportion of the population are receivers. Non-use of social assistance seems to be widespread. There are no signs of non-users as a fraction of…
Age at immigration matters for labor market integration-the Swedish example
This paper analyses how age at immigration to Sweden and getting a first foothold in the labor market is related. We estimate hazard rate models using registry data on all persons who arrived in each of the years 1990, 1994, 1998, and 2002. The results show that the number of years taken to get a foothold in the Swedish labor market increases rapidly by age among immigrants from middle- and low-income countries aged 40+. Most individuals who are …
Growing into Relative Income Poverty
Di Bao Receipt and Its Importance for Combating Poverty in Urban China
Since the second half of the 1990s, economic restructuring in urban China has led to widespread joblessness and income insecurity. The rapid expansion of the system of social assistance, Di Bao, can be understood from this perspective. Using a survey covering large parts of urban China in 2002, we investigate factors affecting receipt and how receipt affects urban poverty. Results from estimating probability models indicate that social assistance…
The Hukou Converters—China's lesser known rural to urban migrants
This article studies people born in rural China who now live in urban areas of China and possess a residence permit, an urban hukou; these are the hukou converters and they are examined using large datasets covering substantial parts of China in 2002. According to our estimates, there are 107 million hukou converters constituting 20% of the registered population of China's urban areas. Presence of a high employment rate in the city, that the city…
Out‐of‐home care among immigrant children in Sweden
We used data from several national registers for ten entire birth cohorts ( n > 1 million) to examine the representation of first generation immigrant children among first time entries into out‐of‐home care (foster or residential care) at ages 7–12 and 13–17. Logistic regression models were used to adjust results for socioeconomic background factors. Immigrant children were categorised in six groups relating to birth country/continent. Compared w…
Disability pension among immigrants in Sweden
Earnings among nine ethnic minorities and the Han majority in China's cities
This paper asks if economic growth and steps towards a market economy have affected earnings gaps between the Han and nine large urban ethnic minorities: Zhuang, Hui, Manchurian, Tujia, Uighur, Miao, Tibetan, Mongol and Korean. It also asks how earnings premiums and earnings penalties have changed for the nine ethnic minorities. For the analysis we use a subsample of the 2005 China's Inter-Census Survey. We find examples of three different change…
Why Is There No Income Gap between the Hui Muslim Minority and the Han Majority in Rural Ningxia, China
Using a household sample survey for 2006, this article shows that the Hui population in the rural part of Ningxia Autonomous Region in China is disadvantaged compared to the Han majority as regards length of education and household per capita wealth. Yet, there is no gap in average disposable incomes between the two ethnic groups and poverty rates are very similar. This paradox is owing to members of Hui households earning more off-farm income th…
Children in Out-of-Home Care and Adult Labor-Market Attachment
Using longitudinal national register data, we investigated labor-market attachment during the years 1993–1995 in Sweden for persons aged 25–35 years who had been in out-of-home care before the age of 18 in Sweden during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. We consider whether an immigrant background has an additional influence on labor-market attachment. Compared to majority population peers, young persons who had been in foster care had shorter educatio…
The welfare of Sweden's old-age pensioners in times of bust and boom from 1990
This study analyses the development of the economic wellbeing of Swedes aged 65 years and older from 1990. This period was characterised by Sweden's deepest and most prolonged recession since the Great Depression, but was then followed by buoyant growth. In a series of interventions from 1991 through to 1998, pensions were cut and their full price indexation abandoned. In spite of these dramatic measures, this study shows that pensioners fared be…
Financial poverty (Chapter 3)
Immigrants and the public sector budget - accounting exercises for Sweden
From the employment office to the social welfare office
Social assistance receipt among first-time unemployed in Sweden is investigated by analysing data files obtained by merging register data from the city of Goteborg. First-time unemployed males were observed during 1993 and 1994 and were followed in the register of social assistance recipients for 18 months after the debut. Many of the newly unemployed had no access to unemployment compensation. Slightly more than one out of five newly unemployed …
Poverty Lines and Poverty in Seven European Countries, Australia, Canada and the Usa
Poverty is recognized as a social problem in most European countries. However, figures showing the size of poverty are far from unquestioned. One reason for controversy is how the poverty line should be determined. The approach taken here is to start from the fundamental property of the welfare state, that it provides income for various categories of people who are not working. We concentrate on those of an age where one is supposed to work but d…
In and out of privileged and disadvantaged neighbourhoods in Sweden
Moves into and out of privileged neighbourhoods as well as moves into and out of disadvantaged neighbourhoods in metropolitan Sweden are studied using register data on all moves by adults that took place between 2004 and 2006. Based on estimated multivariate models, we find that, for all four types of moves, age, education, household income, household composition and its changes, as well as labour market status and its changes, matter. However, i…
The Oldest Graffiti in the History of the Church
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Sin in Sweden A contribution to the sociology of myth
International Migration and Falling into the Income ‘Safety Net’
The author focuses on public assistance payments to international immigrants in Sweden. "One object of the article is to give a statistical overview of the subject; another is to discuss reasons why international migrants receive social assistance more frequently than others. The latter leads to the formulation of econometric models and the estimation for immigrants with different backgrounds." It is found that "the number of immigrants receiving…
Public opinion about social assistance in Sweden
When studying public opinion about income‐tested programmes, it is important to distinguish between expenditures and parameters regulating supply of social assistance. We suggest that the latter might be the most interesting. Using data from a survey study over a Swedish sample, we investigate public opinion about income thresholds in Swedish welfare programmes. The results show the public as being in favour of rather higher income thresholds, as…
Public Sector Transfers and Income Taxes among Immigrants and Natives in Sweden
Poverty Lines and Poverty in Seven European Countries, Australia, Canada and the Usa
Poverty is recognized as a social problem in most European countries. However, figures showing the size of poverty are far from unquestioned. One reason for controversy is how the poverty line should be determined. The approach taken here is to start from the fundamental property of the welfare state, that it provides income for various categories of people who are not working. We concentrate on those of an age where one is supposed to work but d…
Poverty in Sweden, 1975–85
(1993). Poverty in Sweden, 1975–85. International Journal of Sociology: Vol. 23, Welfare Trends in the Scandinavian Countries, pp. 53-71
The Income Safety Net
The social-assistance systems in the various Scandinavian countries are non-categorical. Traditionally, much of the literature on the income safety net in Sweden has been produced on behalf of parliamentary or governmental investigations. Income information is obtained from tax returns and registers; background information is acquired through a mail survey. The survey of household income can be used to shed light on the dynamics of getting social…
Wages in Sweden since World War II - gender and age specific salaries in wholesale and retail trade
There are no age and gender specific time series of monthly wage earnings covering the period after World War II available for Sweden. In this paper we firstly draw up an age and gender specific time series for wages in Sweden in this period. The data series are based on renumeration of salesmen and saleswomen in wholesale and retail trade. Secondly, we study how male and female wages have developed. Real wages increased steadily until the middle…
The emergence of complex structure in astronomy
The discovery of complex structures in the universe is summarized and commented upon. The strong linkage between improved observing techniques, taxonomy and early studies of evolution is illustrated. Comments are also made on the growing modern interest in morphology and the origin of structures in astronomy
From the employment office to the social welfare office
Social assistance receipt among first-time unemployed in Sweden is investigated by analysing data files obtained by merging register data from the city of Goteborg. First-time unemployed males were observed during 1993 and 1994 and were followed in the register of social assistance recipients for 18 months after the debut. Many of the newly unemployed had no access to unemployment compensation. Slightly more than one out of five newly unemployed …
In Search of Smoking Guns
We investigate the forces affecting the distribution of income by analyzing an unbalanced panel of information for 16 industrialized countries for the years 1966 through 1994. Income inequality is measured with the Gini coefficient of equivalent disposable income; individuals are the unit of analysis; the statistical analysis uses panel methods. The results suggest that many factors affect the development of income inequality. Some factors are st…
Economic transformation and the gender earnings gap in urban China
Carbohydrates
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Immigrants and the public sector budget - accounting exercises for Sweden
Rubles and Yuan
Assessing non-use of social assistance
Non-use of income tested social benefits has many causes. Three hypotheses on non-use of social assistance based on data for Sweden collected in 1985 and 1997 are investigated. The results indicate some support for the view that it is more socially acceptable to apply for social assistance when a larger proportion of the population are receivers. Non-use of social assistance seems to be widespread. There are no signs of non-users as a fraction of…
Income inequality within and across counties in rural China 1988 and 1995
Central-Local Government Relations in Transition
Child poverty in South Africa
In this study we assess child poverty in South Africa by estimating multivariate models using household‐survey microdata from 1995. The applied poverty line defines children as poor if they live in households with a disposable per capita income less than US$1 Purchasing Power Parity. In South Africa, people living under such income conditions must be considered extremely poor. The results show that children living in South Africa face a risk of b…
The Ethnic Minority-Majority Income Gap in Rural China during Transition
Patterns of social assistance receipt in Sweden
This article analyses the situation of Swedish‐born people who became first‐time receivers of social assistance in 1987 and 1992. The macroeconomic situation at the time of entry was rather different for the two cohorts and the number of new entrances increased by almost 50%. Much of the increase consisted of young adults and experience of social assistance has been shown to be fairly widespread among persons under the age of 25. Bridging the per…
Income mobility among the elderly in Sweden during the 1990s
Using a large panel dataset, this article investigates the degree of, and explanatory factors for, income mobility amongst the elderly in Sweden during the 1990s. It contributes to literature on welfare indicators for the older population as it supplements the welfare picture of the income adequacy with insights into income certainty during old age. Our methodological approach is to work with the administrative register data for Sweden, and this …
Earnings of Immigrants in Sweden, 1978 to 1999
This paper aims to illuminate the deteriorating situation of immigrants in the Swedish labour market. Two questions are in focus. First, is the pattern of a deteriorating labour market situation and increased difficulty entering the economy of the host country applicable to all immigrants? Second, are immigrants more vulnerable to the state of the economy than natives? Large samples of immigrant women and immigrant men as well as large samples of…
Disability pension among immigrants in Sweden
Economics (48 obras) · Demographic economics (40 obras) · Sociology (36 obras) · Geography (28 obras) · Economic growth (27 obras) · Political science (27 obras) · Demography (24 obras) · Population (22 obras) · China (20 obras) · Demography (19 obras)