P T Lenard
Biographic Data
| ID | 46723 |
|---|---|
| NAME | P T Lenard |
| GIVEN NAMES | P T |
| FAMILY NAME | Lenard |
| SIGNATURE | LENARD P T |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Ottawa |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-5521-1396 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 54 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 306 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 54 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2005 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
The Challenges of Sustaining Solidarity
The building of solidarity is proposed across many philosophical traditions as a solution to the problem of collective action, that is, how to motivate disparate individuals to commit to a common cause or shared good, where that commitment involves some kind of personal sacrifice or cost. Solidarity itself is generally described in terms of an affective experience of being linked with or feeling connected to others which, as a result, motivates w…
The Role of Trust in LGBTQ + Refugee Status Determination ( RSD ) System
The refugee status determination (RSD) system struggles to treat LGBTQ+/queer1 asylum seekers fairly. The many humiliations to which they are subject over the course of the determination process are well-documented (O'Leary 2008; Jensen and Spijkerboer 2011; Lewis 2014; Danisi et al. 2021). The dangers they face before they seek status and after they are granted this status are widely recognized (Grungras, Levitan, and Slotek 2009; UNHCR 2021, 20…
Reply to critics
Introduction: Trust, social cohesion, and integration
The power of sponsorship: Power and Moral Action in Private Refugee Resettlement
The morality of state priorities and refugee admission
Unintentional Residence and the Right to Vote
Democratic theory offers robust resources in order to defend the claim that noncitizens are, in many cases, entitled to the right to vote in their place of residence, regardless of their citizenship. On this, Avner de Shalit and I are in broad agreement. But the route we take to justify this right rests on substantially different argumentation: whereas I believe that residence is necessary and sufficient to justify the right to vote at the munici…
Democracy and Exclusion
As people become more mobile, the nature of citizenship, and all its attendant rights, has become the object of intense scrutiny. And, as we know, democracies forcefully and coercively exclude those whom they believe do not belong on their territory or among their constituency. This book looks at how and when democracies exclude both citizens and non-citizens from territory and from membership to determine if and when these instances are justifie…
Sanctuary as democratic non-cooperation
Across North America, Europe and Latin America, multiple sub-state jurisdictions have declared themselves to be migrant “sanctuaries”. By adopting sanctuary status, sub-state jurisdictions signal their welcoming attitude towards migrants as well their opposition to the state-level policies that target them for exclusion. In this article, I examine the place of sanctuary in the broader literature of political resistance and opposition in democrati…
Constraining Denaturalization
Citizenship has been treated, since World War II, as a robust political and legal status. Recent political events have prompted the reassessment of the conditions under which it can be justly removed, however. Using the lens of democratic theory, I consider one particular instance of denationalization, namely, the withdrawal of citizenship from naturalized citizens when the granting state believes that the applicant ‘misrepresented’ themselves, t…
Moral proximity and the territorial imperative
In The Shifting Border, Ayelet Shachar offers us two concrete proposals for combatting the danger posed by the shifting border, especially to those crossing borders in search of safety. One proposal suggests that human rights travel with migrants, so that agents who control the border must take responsibility for protecting their human rights at the border. A second proposal, which forms the basis of my commentary below, asks that states consider…
How Exceptional? Welcoming Refugees the Canadian Way
During the global attempt to respond to the exodus of Syrians into neighboring countries and beyond, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) praised Canada for its intention to resettle 25,000 refugees. Even as many Canadians—and their government—were feeling proud of themselves, others responded with discomfort at the accolades being heaped upon Canada, worrying that they were undeserved. This article is an attempt to assess wh…
The Stakes of Sanctuary
This introductory article lays out the objectives for this special issue of Migration and Society . In focusing on the stakes of sanctuary, both this introduction and the special issue concentrate on the ways sanctuary is inspired by, connected to, and symbolic of larger political and social processes. To see what is at stake, we outline some of the myriad possible meanings of sanctuary and examine the justifications given by the actors who offer…
Restricting emigration for their protection? Exit controls and the protection of (women) migrant workers
Abuse and exploitation of migrant workers in Gulf States is common and well-documented, and women domestic workers are at special risk. Sending states—often relatively poorer South Asian states—are limited in the ways that they can protect the rights of their citizens when they are labouring abroad. One strategy that sending states have deployed is the adoption of ‘emigration bans’ or ‘emigration conditions’. Emigration bans restrict citizens fro…
Democracy versus Security as Standards of Political Legitimacy: The Case of National Policy on Irregular Migrant Arrivals
Democratic citizens confront a range of problems framed as “security” issues, in policy areas such as counterterrorism and migration control, which place substantial political pressure on democratic norms. We develop a normative theoretical framework for assessing whether and how policies that curtail democratic governance standards in the name of security can be justified as politically legitimate. To do so, we articulate a novel normative accou…
The Ethics of Citizen Selection of Refugees for Admission and Resettlement
The global space is in need of creative solutions to the challenges posed by those seeking, and deserving of, asylum. In some democratic states, experiments in permitting citizens to have a greater role in selecting refugees for admission are underway; in this article, I consider the conditions that must apply to any citizen‐selection scheme, in order for such a scheme to be morally acceptable. I begin with an account of the way in which citizen‐…
Refugees as (Political) Agents: A Review of Three Recent Books in the Political Theory of Refugees
Free to be you and me: An introduction to Ghosh’s De-Moralizing Gay Rights
Although he does not characterize it this way himself, Cyril Ghosh’s book De-moralizing Gay Rights is a book about freedom. Told from within the domain of queer theory, and constructed as a ‘polemical’ interruption into three apparently distinct conversations taking place therein, Ghosh offers readers deep insight into how best to understand what it is to be free in democratic states and what rights should attend this freedom. In this symposium i…
Refugee Sponsorship and Family Reunification
This article examines the choice made by resettled refugees and their sponsors to use the Private Sponsorship of Refugees Program (PSRP) in Canada to reunite families and the benefits and challenges of doing so. The timing of our study is deliberate. Global efforts are underway to encourage other states to adopt private or community sponsorship schemes, and this spread renders examination of the benefits and burdens of this form of refugee resett…
What is (the wrong of) cultural appropriation
Social media is full of accusations and counter-accusations of a wrong called ‘cultural appropriation’. Our goal in this article is to sift through these deliberations and identify what cultural appropriation is, what it is not, and what, if anything might be wrong with it. We begin by explaining why public discourse about cultural appropriation should matter to political theorists of multiculturalism, especially in the anti-immigrant mood that h…
Creating Canadians through Private Sponsorship
We investigate how refugee sponsors and sponsorship groups approach their responsibility to “create new Canadians.” We set the stage by reflecting on the history of Canada as an immigrant-receiving, multicultural country, as well as on the role of acculturation attitudes of host community members in establishing the integration environment for newcomers in general. We use findings from nearly 60 interviews with sponsors in the Ottawa area to outl…
"How Do Sponsors Think about "Month 13
There are many different ways in which one might describe the goal of Canada’s Private Sponsorship of Refugees Program. For sponsors, though, one goal is clear: to get “their” refugees ready to handle the rigors of “month 13.” The supposed ideal is that, by month 13, newcomers are employed and living independently in Canada, as productive members of society. The reality is messier. The objective in this article is to offer an account of how spons…
The theory and politics of the second-class citizenship
Democratic Citizenship and Denationalization
Are democratic states permitted to denationalize citizens, in particular those whom they believe pose dangers to the physical safety of others? In this article, I argue that they are not. The power to denationalize citizens-that is, to revoke citizenship-is one that many states have historically claimed for themselves, but which has largely been in disuse in the last several decades. Recent terrorist events have, however, prompted scholars and po…
Fragile Trust: Muslim Communities in Canada and the R v. NS Decision
In December 2012, the Canadian Supreme Court issued a ruling in R v. NS , in which a Muslim woman had demanded – citing her right to freedom of religion, as protected in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms – the right to cover her face, while giving testimony in a court of law. The defendants, also Muslim, demanded the right to see her face, in particular during cross-examination, as part of their right to the demeanor evidence that is ne…
Trust Your Compatriots, but Count Your Change: The Roles of Trust, Mistrust and Distrust in Democracy
Although trust is clearly central to human relations of all kinds, it is less clear whether there is a role for trust in democratic politics. In this article, I argue that trust is central to democratic institutions as well as to democratic political participation, and that arguments which make distrust the central element of democracy fail. First, I argue for the centrality of trust to the democratic process. The voluntary compliance that is cen…
Temporary labour migration, global redistribution, and democratic justice
Calls to expand temporary work programmes come from two directions. First, as global justice advocates observe, every year thousands of poor migrants cross borders in search of better opportunities, often in the form of improved employment opportunities. As a result, international organizations now lobby in favour of expanding ‘guest-work’ opportunities, that is, opportunities for citizens of poorer countries to migrate temporarily to wealthier c…
Resettling refugees: Is private sponsorship a just way forward
According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, there are over 20 million refugees worldwide, less than 1% of whom are referred for resettlement to third countries permanently. One obstacle to resettlement stems from the alleged lack of resources in settlement countries. A possible way forward is a refugee selection and admission regime that shares costs between governments and private citizens, to permit states to admit greater n…
What is (the wrong of) cultural appropriation
Social media is full of accusations and counter-accusations of a wrong called ‘cultural appropriation’. Our goal in this article is to sift through these deliberations and identify what cultural appropriation is, what it is not, and what, if anything might be wrong with it. We begin by explaining why public discourse about cultural appropriation should matter to political theorists of multiculturalism, especially in the anti-immigrant mood that h…
Democracies and the Power to Revoke Citizenship
Citizenship status is meant to be secure, that is, inviolable. Recently, however, several democratic states have adopted or are considering adopting laws that allow them the power to revoke citizenship. This claimed right forces us to consider whether citizenship can be treated as a “conditional” status, in particular whether it can be treated as conditional on the right sort of behavior. Those who defend such a view argue that citizenship is a p…
The ethics of deportation in liberal democratic states
This article considers two questions: (1) Do democratic states have the right to deport non-citizens present or residing on their territory? (2) And, if so, what principles should guide deportation in democratic states? The overall objective is to offer an account of what deportation should look like in a liberal democratic state. I begin by situating the practice of deportation in larger discussions of the extent of state discretion in controlli…
Temporary labour migration: Exploitation, tool of development, or both
Economies around the world have long relied on temporary labour migration programs.1 For years and years, migrants have crossed borders to access labour markets more promising than those in their c
Democratic Citizenship and Denationalization
Are democratic states permitted to denationalize citizens, in particular those whom they believe pose dangers to the physical safety of others? In this article, I argue that they are not. The power to denationalize citizens-that is, to revoke citizenship-is one that many states have historically claimed for themselves, but which has largely been in disuse in the last several decades. Recent terrorist events have, however, prompted scholars and po…
Residence and the Right to Vote
Debating brain drain: May governments restrict emigration
Refugee Sponsorship and Family Reunification
This article examines the choice made by resettled refugees and their sponsors to use the Private Sponsorship of Refugees Program (PSRP) in Canada to reunite families and the benefits and challenges of doing so. The timing of our study is deliberate. Global efforts are underway to encourage other states to adopt private or community sponsorship schemes, and this spread renders examination of the benefits and burdens of this form of refugee resett…
Creating Canadians through Private Sponsorship
We investigate how refugee sponsors and sponsorship groups approach their responsibility to “create new Canadians.” We set the stage by reflecting on the history of Canada as an immigrant-receiving, multicultural country, as well as on the role of acculturation attitudes of host community members in establishing the integration environment for newcomers in general. We use findings from nearly 60 interviews with sponsors in the Ottawa area to outl…
Global Solidarity
Shared Public Culture: A Reliable Source of Trust
"How Do Sponsors Think about "Month 13
There are many different ways in which one might describe the goal of Canada’s Private Sponsorship of Refugees Program. For sponsors, though, one goal is clear: to get “their” refugees ready to handle the rigors of “month 13.” The supposed ideal is that, by month 13, newcomers are employed and living independently in Canada, as productive members of society. The reality is messier. The objective in this article is to offer an account of how spons…
Why Temporary Labour Migration is Not a Satisfactory Alternative to Permanent Migration
Temporary labour migration programs are often proposed as a way to provide the benefits of migration in general, while mitigating the allegedly problematic effects of permanent migration. Here I propose that the arguments deployed in favour of temporary labour migration over permanent migration are flawed, normatively, and that empirically temporary labour migration programs produce effects in receiving states that are even worse than those (alle…
Restricting emigration for their protection? Exit controls and the protection of (women) migrant workers
Abuse and exploitation of migrant workers in Gulf States is common and well-documented, and women domestic workers are at special risk. Sending states—often relatively poorer South Asian states—are limited in the ways that they can protect the rights of their citizens when they are labouring abroad. One strategy that sending states have deployed is the adoption of ‘emigration bans’ or ‘emigration conditions’. Emigration bans restrict citizens fro…
Creating cosmopolitans
Cosmopolitan principles of justice tell us that it is the responsibility of the wealthy to ensure the immediate transfer of resources to the poor. Yet, it cannot be denied that most countries, and most individual citizens, seem unwilling to act as these principles demand. At issue is motivation: although many people would agree that cosmopolitan principles of justice are right, at least to some extent, few seem motivationally inspired to act upon…
Democratic Self-determination and Non-citizen Residents
In liberal democracies, citizens are entitled to a substantive package of rights, including the right to participate in politics. Without this right, citizens cannot be self-determining in any rich sense. As more and more people cross borders, the number of residents without citizenship is rising, as is the number of people who have little say in the political life of the communities in which they reside. I assess the normative status of long-ter…
What Can Multicultural Theory Tell Us about Integrating Muslims in Europe
Across Europe and elsewhere we are witnessing a series of decisions, including attempts (successful and otherwise) to ban the burka or the building of minarets on mosques, which seem to be made from a fear of ‘politicised Muslims’ – Muslim residents and citizens in European countries – who are alleged to be irredeemably and unambiguously anti-European and therefore anti-democratic. They are, additionally, frequently portrayed as taking orders fro…
Culture, Free Movement, and Open Borders
Communitarians are derided for their commitment to closed borders. According to their critics, if we balance the claims of cultural preservation (deployed primarily by wealthy countries) against the claims of economic betterment (deployed primarily by the very poor), the correct moral ordering will prioritize the claims of economic betterment, and thus support claims for open borders over closed borders. Yet, this standard way of framing the deba…
Constraining Denaturalization
Citizenship has been treated, since World War II, as a robust political and legal status. Recent political events have prompted the reassessment of the conditions under which it can be justly removed, however. Using the lens of democratic theory, I consider one particular instance of denationalization, namely, the withdrawal of citizenship from naturalized citizens when the granting state believes that the applicant ‘misrepresented’ themselves, t…
New challenges in immigration theory: An overview
Normative political theory over recent decades has focused mainly on what ought to be done as far as migration policies are concerned. It faces a basic challenge, which stems from two competing, yet equally fundamental, ideals underpinning liberal democratic societies: a commitment to moral universalism and the exclusionary requirement of democracy. The objective of this special issue, ‘New Challenges in Immigration Theory’, is to provide a conce…
The power of sponsorship: Power and Moral Action in Private Refugee Resettlement
The Decline of Trust, The Decline of Democracy
The apparent decline of trust in our political and social communities is widely lamented by both social scientists and political analysts. Our newspapers now regularly feature new evidence indicating the decline of trust, as well as regular commentary worrying about the possible effects on the political and social institutions that matter to us. Of late, political philosophers have taken up the task of assessing what, specifically, is on the decl…
The Decline of Trust, The Decline of Democracy
The apparent decline of trust in our political and social communities is widely lamented by both social scientists and political analysts. Our newspapers now regularly feature new evidence indicating the decline of trust, as well as regular commentary worrying about the possible effects on the political and social institutions that matter to us. Of late, political philosophers have taken up the task of assessing what, specifically, is on the decl…
Ethnicity, Nationalism and Minority Rights: Book Reviews
Shared Public Culture: A Reliable Source of Trust
Emerging from distrust: A review of strategies and principles for action
It is no longer controversial to observe the decline in trust in political institutions, political actors and in others more generally. Yet, trust still seems central to democratic political stability and efficiency. If distrust is on the rise – and it certainly appears that it is – we therefore have good reasons to worry about the quality of our democracies. This essay begins by evaluating the relationship between trust and distrust (since they …
Trust Your Compatriots, but Count Your Change: The Roles of Trust, Mistrust and Distrust in Democracy
Although trust is clearly central to human relations of all kinds, it is less clear whether there is a role for trust in democratic politics. In this article, I argue that trust is central to democratic institutions as well as to democratic political participation, and that arguments which make distrust the central element of democracy fail. First, I argue for the centrality of trust to the democratic process. The voluntary compliance that is cen…
Agency, empowerment and culture
Motivating Cosmopolitanism? A Skeptical View
We are not cosmopolitans, if by cosmopolitan we mean that we are willing to prioritize equally the needs of those near and far. Here, I argue that cosmopolitanism has yet to wrestle with the motivational challenges it faces: any good moral theory must be one that well-meaning people will be motivated to adopt. Some cosmopolitans suggest that the principles of cosmopolitanism are themselves sufficient to motivate compliance with them. This argumen…
Rebuilding Trust in an Era of Widening Wealth Inequality
Temporary labour migration: Exploitation, tool of development, or both
Economies around the world have long relied on temporary labour migration programs.1 For years and years, migrants have crossed borders to access labour markets more promising than those in their c
What Can Multicultural Theory Tell Us about Integrating Muslims in Europe
Across Europe and elsewhere we are witnessing a series of decisions, including attempts (successful and otherwise) to ban the burka or the building of minarets on mosques, which seem to be made from a fear of ‘politicised Muslims’ – Muslim residents and citizens in European countries – who are alleged to be irredeemably and unambiguously anti-European and therefore anti-democratic. They are, additionally, frequently portrayed as taking orders fro…
Culture, Free Movement, and Open Borders
Communitarians are derided for their commitment to closed borders. According to their critics, if we balance the claims of cultural preservation (deployed primarily by wealthy countries) against the claims of economic betterment (deployed primarily by the very poor), the correct moral ordering will prioritize the claims of economic betterment, and thus support claims for open borders over closed borders. Yet, this standard way of framing the deba…
Global Solidarity
Temporary labour migration, global redistribution, and democratic justice
Calls to expand temporary work programmes come from two directions. First, as global justice advocates observe, every year thousands of poor migrants cross borders in search of better opportunities, often in the form of improved employment opportunities. As a result, international organizations now lobby in favour of expanding ‘guest-work’ opportunities, that is, opportunities for citizens of poorer countries to migrate temporarily to wealthier c…
A Defence of Moderate Cosmopolitanism and/or Moderate Liberal Nationalism
Why Temporary Labour Migration is Not a Satisfactory Alternative to Permanent Migration
Temporary labour migration programs are often proposed as a way to provide the benefits of migration in general, while mitigating the allegedly problematic effects of permanent migration. Here I propose that the arguments deployed in favour of temporary labour migration over permanent migration are flawed, normatively, and that empirically temporary labour migration programs produce effects in receiving states that are even worse than those (alle…
The Ethics of Migration: Introduction
Creating cosmopolitans
Cosmopolitan principles of justice tell us that it is the responsibility of the wealthy to ensure the immediate transfer of resources to the poor. Yet, it cannot be denied that most countries, and most individual citizens, seem unwilling to act as these principles demand. At issue is motivation: although many people would agree that cosmopolitan principles of justice are right, at least to some extent, few seem motivationally inspired to act upon…
Trust, democracy, and multicultural challenges
Examines the potential for distrust in an environment of ethnocultural diversity arising from increasing rates of immigration, and its implications for a democratic society. Incorporates democratic theory, multiculturalism theory, and migration theory"--Provided by publisher
Democratic Self-determination and Non-citizen Residents
In liberal democracies, citizens are entitled to a substantive package of rights, including the right to participate in politics. Without this right, citizens cannot be self-determining in any rich sense. As more and more people cross borders, the number of residents without citizenship is rising, as is the number of people who have little say in the political life of the communities in which they reside. I assess the normative status of long-ter…
Lessons from Canada and Germany: Immigration and Integration Experiences Compared
There have been important similarities between Canada's and Germany's policies and approaches towards immigration and integration, ranging from practices of ethnic and racial exclusion in the first part of the last century to the subsequent development of both countries "into de-facto multicultural societies" (Triadafilopoulos, 2012: 2). However, because of significant diffferences in their historical contexts, as well as in the contemporary poli…
New challenges in immigration theory: An overview
Normative political theory over recent decades has focused mainly on what ought to be done as far as migration policies are concerned. It faces a basic challenge, which stems from two competing, yet equally fundamental, ideals underpinning liberal democratic societies: a commitment to moral universalism and the exclusionary requirement of democracy. The objective of this special issue, ‘New Challenges in Immigration Theory’, is to provide a conce…
The ‘rights’ of temporary labour migrants in Asian states
This article considers the struggles faced by Asian states in their attempts to recruit mostly low-skilled temporary labour migrants. The article observes three trends: (1) there is a marked reluctance to admit low-skilled migrants into many Asian states, even where they are clearly needed; (2) where they are admitted, there is an associated marked reluctance to grant them an expansive set of rights, including in particular a path to citizenship;…
Exit and the duty to admit
Conventionally, it is presumed that while citizens have the right to exit the state in which they are located, no particular state (except a citizen's home state) is required to admit them. Yet, this convention has produced, and continues to produce, injustice; to understand why, I focus on defining and protecting a right to exit, as distinct from the right to move in general. This analysis leads me to propose that whereas the political theoretic…
The ethics of deportation in liberal democratic states
This article considers two questions: (1) Do democratic states have the right to deport non-citizens present or residing on their territory? (2) And, if so, what principles should guide deportation in democratic states? The overall objective is to offer an account of what deportation should look like in a liberal democratic state. I begin by situating the practice of deportation in larger discussions of the extent of state discretion in controlli…
Residence and the Right to Vote
Political science (53 works) · Law (47 works) · Sociology (45 works) · Law (36 works) · Politics (35 works) · Migration, Refugees, and Integration (28 works) · Political Philosophy and Ethics (24 works) · Democracy (21 works) · Law and economics (20 works) · Economics (16 works)