C C Grueter
Biographic Data
| ID | 46984 |
|---|---|
| NAME | C C Grueter |
| GIVEN NAMES | C C |
| FAMILY NAME | Grueter |
| SIGNATURE | GRUETER C C |
| AFFILIATIONS | The University of Western Australia |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8770-8148 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 48 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 115 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 48 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2007 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
Heterospecific social behavior in primates: Insights into the evolutionary roots of pet-keeping
Primate interspecific interactions with both other primates and non-primate species range from predator–prey dynamics to affiliative behaviors such as grooming, play, and carrying. While many primates participate in interspecific associations or commensal relationships, to our knowledge interspecific social interactions have never been systematically synthesized. Here, we present the first comprehensive review of such interactions, compiling 427 …
The Evolutionary-Ecological Basis of Xenophilia
Humans are uniquely adept at cultivating positive, xenophilic relationships beyond their immediate group, forming bonds through various mechanisms such as trade, exogamy, and shared defense. Despite the significance of intergroup cooperation, synthetic approaches to understanding the evolutionary, ecological, and institutional drivers of xenophilia remain underdeveloped compared to the wealth of research on intergroup conflict. Here, I synthesize…
Continuous Provisioning Increases Breeding Success of Black‐and‐White Snub‐Nosed Monkeys ( Rhinopithecus bieti ) in the Baima Snow Mountain Nature Reserve, Yunnan, China
The high energy demands of primates during pregnancy and lactation often limit their breeding success due to the availability of food resources. Until now, few studies have focused on the effects of continuous provisioning on primate reproduction. To assess the impact of continuous provisioning on breeding success, we collected data on female reproductive status (primiparous or multiparous), maternal age of births, births, deaths, and sex of infa…
The 10th anniversary of the scientific description of the black snub‐nosed monkey ( Rhinopithecus strykeri ): It is time to initiate a set of new management strategies to save this critically endanger…
Traditionally, the genus Rhinopithecus (Milne‐Edwards, 1872, Primates, Colobinae) included four allopatric species, restricted in their distributions to China and Vietnam. In 2010, a fifth species, the black snub‐nosed monkey ( Rhinopithecus strykeri ) was discovered in the Gaoligong Mountains located on the border between China and Myanmar. Despite the remoteness, complex mountainous terrain, dense fog, and armed conflict that characterizes this…
Do we need to reclassify the social systems of gregarious apes
Decades of research have led to a solid understanding of the social systems of gregarious apes: chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and gibbons. As field studies have increasingly collected data from multiple neighboring habituated groups, genetic and social interconnections have been revealed. These findings provide a more nuanced picture of intergroup relations in apes, and have led to claims in the literature that some ape taxa have multilevel soc…
Fermented food consumption in wild nonhuman primates and its ecological drivers
OBJECTIVES: Although fermented food use is ubiquitous in humans, the ecological and evolutionary factors contributing to its emergence are unclear. Here we investigated the ecological contexts surrounding the consumption of fruits in the late stages of fermentation by wild primates to provide insight into its adaptive function. We hypothesized that climate, socioecological traits, and habitat patch size would influence the occurrence of this beha…
Chimpanzee ranging responses to fruit availability in a high‐elevation environment
Most primates experience seasonal fluctuations in the availability of food resources and face the challenge of balancing energy expenditure with energy gain during periods of resource scarcity. This is likely to be particularly challenging in rugged, montane environments, where available energy is relatively low and travel costs are high. Chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ) show extensive behavioral diversity across study sites. Yet, as most research…
Spatiotemporal association patterns in a supergroup of Rwenzori black‐and‐white colobus ( Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii ) are consistent with a multilevel society
Primates display broad diversity in their social organization. The social groups of a few primate species are organized in a multilevel fashion, with large groups composed of multiple, core one‐male units (OMUs). A characteristic of multilevel societies is that the higher levels can include hundreds of individuals. The Rwenzori black‐and‐white colobus ( Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii ) in the montane forests of Rwanda form supergroups and have bee…
Cafeteria‐style feeding trials provide new insights into the diet and nutritional strategies of the black snub‐nosed monkey ( Rhinopithecus strykeri ): Implications for conservation
Anthropogenic changes and fragmentation of natural habitats often exert a negative effect on resource availability and distribution, and the nutritional ecology and feeding behavior of nonhuman primates. The goals of this study are to examine food choice and to identify the nutritional profile of foods consumed by the Critically Endangered black snub‐nosed monkey ( Rhinopithecus strykeri ). To accomplish our study goals, we presented cafeteria‐st…
Dynamics of Intergroup Relationships in Primates: Introduction to the Special Issue
Intragroup Behavioral Changes Following Intergroup Conflict in Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei)
Diet and Use of Fallback Foods by Rwenzori Black-and-White Colobus (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii) in Rwanda: Implications for Supergroup Formation
Male social rank and food competition in a primate multi‐level society
OBJECTIVES: Social animals often have dominance hierarchies, with high rank conferring preferential access to resources. In primates, competition among males is often assumed to occur predominantly over reproductive opportunities. However, competition for food may occur during food shortages, such as in temperate species during winter. Higher-ranked males may thus gain preferential access to high-profitability food, which would enable them to spe…
Dietary diversity of an ecological and macronutritional generalist primate in a harsh high‐latitude habitat, the Taihangshan macaque ( Macaca mulatta tcheliensis )
Recent advances in niche theory have stressed the importance of understanding dietary generalism at multiple levels, including the range of habitat and foods exploited by a species, foods exploited within populations, and patterns of nutrient intake. Here we apply this framework to examine the dietary strategy of the Macaca mulatta , a primate species that is second only to humans in their breadth of geographical distribution, and occupy diverse …
Chimpanzee feeding ecology and fallback food use in the montane forest of Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda
Almost all primates experience seasonal fluctuations in the availability of key food sources. However, the degree to which this fluctuation impacts foraging behavior varies considerably. Eastern chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii ) in Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda, live in a montane forest environment characterized by lower primary productivity and resource diversity than low‐elevation forests. Little is known about chimpanzee feeding e…
Infant handling by female mountain gorillas: Establishing its frequency, function, and (ir)relevance for life history evolution
OBJECTIVES: Infant handling describes cases in which youngsters are temporarily removed from the care of their mothers and "taken care of" (held, carried, etc.) by other conspecifics. Handlers may gain indirect fitness benefits from these actions and can practice mothering skills, thereby improving the odds of survival of their own infants. Great apes are notable for displaying little infant handling. Apart from anecdotal observations, no publish…
Educational attainment is associated with unconditional helping behaviour
Seasonal changes in social cohesion among males in a same‐sex primate group
Male-male interactions in mixed-sex groups of social mammals are typically characterized by a mix of hostility and affiliation, as a result of inherent conflicts over mating opportunities, and the costs and benefits of social alliances, co-operative behaviors, and coalitionary defense. In species of nonhuman primates that form all-male groups, it is still unclear how the tradeoffs between the benefits of forming an all-male group and the cost of …
Aiming low: A resident male's rank predicts takeover success by challenging males in Yunnan snub‐nosed monkeys
In many primate species that form one-male breeding units (OMUs), the threat of a takeover by a bachelor male represents a major challenge to group stability and individual reproductive success. In the case of snub-nosed monkeys, which live in large multilevel or modular societies (MLS) comprising several OMUs that travel, feed and rest together and as well as one or more all male units (AMUs), the process by which rival males challenge resident …
A new conservation strategy for China—A model starting with primates
Although the evolutionary history of primates in China dates to the Eocene, and includes major radiations of lorisids, hominoids, cercopithecines, and colobines during the Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene, extensive human-induced habitat change and deforestation over the past few centuries has resulted in 22 of 25 extant species listed as threatened or endangered, and two species of gibbons extirpated in the last few years. This commentary brie…
Male Infanticide in the Golden Snub-Nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana), a Seasonally Breeding Primate
Are badges of status adaptive in large complex primate groups?
Effects of food availability and climate on activity patterns of western black-crested gibbons in an isolated forest fragment in southern Yunnan, China
Home range overlap as a driver of intelligence in primates
Various socioecological factors have been suggested to influence cognitive capacity in primates, including challenges associated with foraging and dealing with the complexities of social life. Alexander [Alexander, 1989]. Evolution of the human psyche. In: Mellars P, Stringer C, editors. The human revolution: Behavioural and biological perspectives on the origins of modern humans. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p 455-513] proposed an inte…
Energetic responses to variation in food availability in the two mountain gorilla populations ( Gorilla beringei beringei )
OBJECTIVE: Here, we compare food availability and relate this to differences in energy intake rates, time spent feeding, and daily travel distance of gorillas in the two populations. Comparative intraspecific studies investigating spatiotemporal variation in food availability can help us understand the complex relationships between ecology, behavior, and life history in primates and are relevant to understanding hominin evolution. Differences in …
Evolution of Multilevel Social Systems in Nonhuman Primates and Humans
Multilevel (or modular) societies are a distinct type of primate social system whose key features are single-male-multifemale, core units nested within larger social bands. They are not equivalent to fission-fusion societies, with the latter referring to routine variability in associations, either on an individual or subunit level. The purpose of this review is to characterize and operationalize multilevel societies and to outline their putative …
Fallback foods of temperate‐living primates: A case study on snub‐nosed monkeys
Only a few primate species thrive in temperate regions characterized by relatively low temperature, low rainfall, low species diversity, high elevation, and especially an extended season of food scarcity during which they suffer from dietary stress. We present data of a case study of dietary strategies and fallback foods in snub‐nosed monkeys ( Rhinopithecus bieti ) in the Samage Forest, Northwest Yunnan, PRC. The snub‐nosed monkeys adjusted inta…
Energetic responses to variation in food availability in the two mountain gorilla populations ( Gorilla beringei beringei )
OBJECTIVE: Here, we compare food availability and relate this to differences in energy intake rates, time spent feeding, and daily travel distance of gorillas in the two populations. Comparative intraspecific studies investigating spatiotemporal variation in food availability can help us understand the complex relationships between ecology, behavior, and life history in primates and are relevant to understanding hominin evolution. Differences in …
Multilevel Societies in Primates and Other Mammals: Introduction to the Special Issue
remarked that nowhere on Earth do people live regularly in isolated families. The habitual formation of superfamily level groupings is one of the unmistakable universals of human sociality. Males and females within these higher level groupings are connected via kinship and affinity ties, and affiliative and cooperative bonds reach far beyond the nuclear family unit Although interunit encounters are usually circumvented or characterized by animosi…
Dietary Profile of Rhinopithecus bieti and Its Socioecological Implications
To enhance our understanding of dietary adaptations and socioecological correlates in colobines, we conducted a 20-mo study of a wild group of Rhinopithecus bieti (Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys) in the montane Samage Forest. This forest supports a patchwork of evergreen broadleaved, evergreen coniferous, and mixed deciduous broadleaved/coniferous forest assemblages with a total of 80 tree species in 23 families. The most common plant families by basa…
Fermented food consumption in wild nonhuman primates and its ecological drivers
OBJECTIVES: Although fermented food use is ubiquitous in humans, the ecological and evolutionary factors contributing to its emergence are unclear. Here we investigated the ecological contexts surrounding the consumption of fruits in the late stages of fermentation by wild primates to provide insight into its adaptive function. We hypothesized that climate, socioecological traits, and habitat patch size would influence the occurrence of this beha…
On the emergence of large-scale human social integration and its antecedents in primates
One of the universal features of human sociality is the fact that our social networks are highly integrated - human societies exhibit several nested social layers including families, bands and communities. Several factors have been identified as creating disincentives for hostile intergroup relations, including economic interdependence (trade), intermarriage (exogamy), cooperative defence against external adversaries (warfare), and lack of patril…
Effects of Seasonal Folivory and Frugivory on Ranging Patterns in Rhinopithecus roxellana
Are Hylobates lar Extirpated from China
The Nangunhe Nature Reserve in Southwest Yunnan (PRC) has long been presumed to be the last stronghold of lar (or white-handed) gibbons (Hylobates lar) in China and the likely last place of occurrence of Hylobates lar yunnanensis. We conducted a comprehensive survey to assess the status of lar gibbons at Nangunhe. We found no visual or auditory evidence of them still residing at the reserve and therefore tentatively conclude that lar gibbons have…
Intragroup Behavioral Changes Following Intergroup Conflict in Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei)
Diet and Use of Fallback Foods by Rwenzori Black-and-White Colobus (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii) in Rwanda: Implications for Supergroup Formation
Dynamics of Intergroup Relationships in Primates: Introduction to the Special Issue
Infant handling by female mountain gorillas: Establishing its frequency, function, and (ir)relevance for life history evolution
OBJECTIVES: Infant handling describes cases in which youngsters are temporarily removed from the care of their mothers and "taken care of" (held, carried, etc.) by other conspecifics. Handlers may gain indirect fitness benefits from these actions and can practice mothering skills, thereby improving the odds of survival of their own infants. Great apes are notable for displaying little infant handling. Apart from anecdotal observations, no publish…
Educational attainment is associated with unconditional helping behaviour
Male Infanticide in the Golden Snub-Nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana), a Seasonally Breeding Primate
Diet and feeding behavior of Rhinopithecus bieti at Xiaochangdu, Tibet: Adaptations to a marginal environment
The diet and feeding ecology of a wild subpopulation of black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkeys ( Rhinopithecus bieti ) were studied at Xiaochangdu in Honglaxueshan Nature Reserve, Tibet. This region is climatologically harsher than any other inhabited by non‐human primates. Black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkeys fed on 48 parts of 25 plant species, at least three species of lichens and seven species of invertebrates. The number of food items exploited va…
First direct evidence of infanticide and cannibalism in wild snub‐nosed monkeys ( Rhinopithecus bieti )
Although infanticide has been witnessed in many species of Colobinae, and a case was observed in a captive group of golden snub‐nosed monkeys ( Rhinopithecus roxellana ), observed cases of infanticide in wild snub‐nosed monkeys ( Rhinopithecus spp.) have not previously been recorded. Here we describe the killing of a 1‐month‐old infant by a male in a black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkey ( R. bieti ) group at Xiaochangdu in Tibet. The infanticidal at…
Ranging of Rhinopithecus bieti in the Samage Forest, China. II. Use of Land Cover Types and Altitudes
Ranging of Rhinopithecus bieti in the Samage Forest, China. I. Characteristics of Range Use
Choice of analytical method can have dramatic effects on primate home range estimates
Sexual size dimorphism in Asian colobines revisited
Asian colobines exhibit a wide range of sexual dimorphism in body mass. Some species are monomorphic, whereas others are strongly dimorphic. Strong sexual dimorphism is generally viewed as the consequence of intense male contest competition over access to mates, but this idea appears not to explain variation in sexual dimorphism in Asian colobines. Our results show that modular colobines, i.e. species in which social units aggregate into higher‐l…
Dietary Profile of Rhinopithecus bieti and Its Socioecological Implications
To enhance our understanding of dietary adaptations and socioecological correlates in colobines, we conducted a 20-mo study of a wild group of Rhinopithecus bieti (Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys) in the montane Samage Forest. This forest supports a patchwork of evergreen broadleaved, evergreen coniferous, and mixed deciduous broadleaved/coniferous forest assemblages with a total of 80 tree species in 23 families. The most common plant families by basa…
Are Hylobates lar Extirpated from China
The Nangunhe Nature Reserve in Southwest Yunnan (PRC) has long been presumed to be the last stronghold of lar (or white-handed) gibbons (Hylobates lar) in China and the likely last place of occurrence of Hylobates lar yunnanensis. We conducted a comprehensive survey to assess the status of lar gibbons at Nangunhe. We found no visual or auditory evidence of them still residing at the reserve and therefore tentatively conclude that lar gibbons have…
Fallback foods of temperate‐living primates: A case study on snub‐nosed monkeys
Only a few primate species thrive in temperate regions characterized by relatively low temperature, low rainfall, low species diversity, high elevation, and especially an extended season of food scarcity during which they suffer from dietary stress. We present data of a case study of dietary strategies and fallback foods in snub‐nosed monkeys ( Rhinopithecus bieti ) in the Samage Forest, Northwest Yunnan, PRC. The snub‐nosed monkeys adjusted inta…
Nocturnal sleeping habits of the Yunnan snub‐nosed monkey in Xiangguqing, China
Weather, predation, and social organization are hypothesized to influence sleeping habits of nonhuman primates at night. To investigate how the Yunnan snub‐nosed monkey ( Rhinopithecus bieti ) prepares for and behaves during cold nights in their harsh alpine forest habitat (above 3,000 m), we studied the sleeping habits of the 171 one‐male units (OMU) in one group for 12 months at Xiangguqing in the Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve, China. It took 20.…
Snub‐nosed monkeys: Multilevel societies across varied environments
The ecology and behavior of the four species of Rhinopithecus , snub‐nosed monkeys, are rapidly becoming well known. New field studies reveal in depth the striking adaptations of these colobines. Diets range from those typical for tropical colobines to diets dominated by lichens. The monkeys form bands, at times consisting of more than 400 individuals; these bands are based on the one‐male, multi‐female units common in colobines. We review the di…
Effects of Seasonal Folivory and Frugivory on Ranging Patterns in Rhinopithecus roxellana
Multilevel Societies in Primates and Other Mammals: Introduction to the Special Issue
remarked that nowhere on Earth do people live regularly in isolated families. The habitual formation of superfamily level groupings is one of the unmistakable universals of human sociality. Males and females within these higher level groupings are connected via kinship and affinity ties, and affiliative and cooperative bonds reach far beyond the nuclear family unit Although interunit encounters are usually circumvented or characterized by animosi…
Evolution of Multilevel Social Systems in Nonhuman Primates and Humans
Multilevel (or modular) societies are a distinct type of primate social system whose key features are single-male-multifemale, core units nested within larger social bands. They are not equivalent to fission-fusion societies, with the latter referring to routine variability in associations, either on an individual or subunit level. The purpose of this review is to characterize and operationalize multilevel societies and to outline their putative …
Grooming and group cohesion in primates: Implications for the evolution of language
Preface to the special contribution “Out of the tropics: Ecology of temperate primates”
Feeding strategies of primates in temperate and alpine forests: Comparison of Asian macaques and colobines
Fruiting and flushing phenology in Asian tropical and temperate forests: Implications for primate ecology
Ranging and foraging of Himalayan grey langurs (Semnopithecus ajax) in Machiara National Park, Pakistan
Overwintering strategy of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys: Adjustments in activity scheduling and foraging patterns
Long‐Term Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Food Availability for Endangered Mountain Gorillas in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda
Monitoring temporal and spatial changes in the resource availability of endangered species contributes to their conservation. The number of critically endangered mountain gorillas ( Gorilla beringei beringei ) in the Virunga Volcano population has doubled over the past three decades, but no studies have examined how food availability has changed during that period. First, we assessed if the plant species consumed by the gorillas have changed in a…
Males collectively defend their one‐male units against bachelor males in a multi‐level primate society
Group-level male-male co-operation, which has been documented in several primate and non-primate societies, may be mutualistically advantageous to the participants when confronted with threats such as takeovers and cuckoldry by external males. Co-operation among members of distinct social units-while universal among humans-is extremely rare in non-human primates. We present the first observations of collective action or co-operation among males o…
On the emergence of large-scale human social integration and its antecedents in primates
One of the universal features of human sociality is the fact that our social networks are highly integrated - human societies exhibit several nested social layers including families, bands and communities. Several factors have been identified as creating disincentives for hostile intergroup relations, including economic interdependence (trade), intermarriage (exogamy), cooperative defence against external adversaries (warfare), and lack of patril…
Are badges of status adaptive in large complex primate groups?
Effects of food availability and climate on activity patterns of western black-crested gibbons in an isolated forest fragment in southern Yunnan, China
Primate Behavior and Ecology (46 works) · Biology (43 works) · Ecology (34 works) · Animal Behavior and Reproduction (25 works) · Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior (24 works) · Geography (20 works) · Animal ecology (17 works) · Demography (17 works) · Wildlife Ecology and Conservation (17 works) · Habitat (16 works)