C Tan
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 47071 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | C Tan |
| NOMBRES | C |
| APELLIDO | Tan |
| FIRMA | TAN C |
| AFILIACIONES | Nanyang Technological University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-5711-3749 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 79 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 175 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 79 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1970 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 7 |
Confucian Empathy as an Epistemological Foundation of Care and Cultural Responsiveness for Educational Leadership in Hong Kong and Other Confucian Heritage Cultures
Purpose We propose that a Confucian perspective on empathy provides leaders with a meaningful way to reimagine primary and secondary school leadership for nondominant students in Hong Kong and other Confucian Heritage Cultures. Known as shu (恕), Confucian empathy's unique value and mindset can enhance leaders’ ethic of care and their capacity to practice care and Culturally Responsive School Leadership (CRSL). Our application of shu to care and c…
Towards a Dao‐Centric Orientation of Sustainability Education
This paper proposes a dao‐centric orientation of sustainability education to combat the climate emergency. Drawing on the Daoist text Liezi 列子, it is argued that dao‐centrism comprises two salient characteristics. First, dao‐centrism is embodied in ‘common Way‐making’ ( gongdao 公道) that denotes a non‐possessive and non‐exploitative view of nature. Secondly, dao‐centrism is facilitated by ‘effortless acting’ ( wuwei ) which is manifested in the lo…
Response to Jesudason on ethical problems with kindness in healthcare
In this paper, we respond to a recent article by Edwin Jesudason regarding the ethical problems associated with kindness in healthcare. Jesudason contends that kindness contributes to unkind outcomes such as discrimination and systemic problems in healthcare. We disagree with his above assertion by forwarding three arguments. First, we question his association of kindness with favouritism through his conflation of favour with favouritism. We coun…
Educational equity in China
This paper focuses on educational equity in China using the experience of school choice reform in Shanghai. The education authority in Shanghai has launched a host of policy measures to address “school choice fever” (zexiao re) where parents compete to enrol their children in a top-performing school. The policy initiative has been enacted through three strategies that collectively seek to make admission into elite public and minban (people-manage…
Nature connectedness and moral cultivation in the Yijing
This article explores the concept of nature connectedness with reference to the Yijing (The Classic of Changes). Following an interpretation of the neo-Confucian thinker Zhu Xi, the article argues that oneness with the natural world refers to the moral unity between humans and Heaven. This unity is reflected in the correspondence between the natural order (tianli) of Heaven and the moral order (daoli) for humanity. Humans attain moral order by cu…
An analysis of the concept of soft skills in a lifelong learning movement in Singapore
An analysis of attainment grouping policy in Singapore
This paper extends the scholarship on attainment grouping by focusing on the policy initiatives of streaming and subject‐based banding (SBB) in Singapore. The study is framed by the concept of pragmatic perfectionism, which refers to the continuous and ideals‐oriented drive to improve a system through practical, incremental and paradoxical measures. It is argued that SBB is aligned with setting by giving students the flexibility and choice to stu…
A Confucian approach to a democratic classroom
This article delineates a Confucian approach to a democratic classroom by drawing upon the educational thought of third-century philosopher Xunzi. It is argued that Xunzi’s approach is generally compatible with the three salient features of a democratic classroom: (i) it is a way of life guided by the principles of equality, freedom, justice, and cooperation; (ii) it comprises a community of learners who are bounded by close ties and shared inter…
Integrating Moral Personhood and Moral Management
An ancient Chinese interpretation of distributed leadership
Drawing on the Huainanzi (The Master of Huainan), this article delineates an ancient Chinese understanding of distributed leadership. Accordingly, distributed leadership advocates the distribution of task that combines responsibility and authority; and the harmonious co-existence of the empowerment of others and positional authority. The distribution of responsibility and authority is undertaken by an exemplary leader who inspires others through …
An ethical foundation of global competence and its educational implications
This paper proposes an ethical foundation of global competence and highlights its educational implications by critiquing the conception promoted by the Organisation for Economic and Co-operation and Development (OECD). It is contended that OECD's formulation of global competence presupposes neo-liberal ideas and pays insufficient attention to ethical concerns, especially those originating from the Global South. Drawing upon Confucian thought, it …
A Foucauldian analysis of research Assessment in a postcolonial context
This article analyses performance-based research evaluation for the higher education sector in a postcolonial context through a Foucauldian lens. Using Hong Kong as an example, this paper examines the formulation of and receptions towards the Research Assessment Exercise (RAE). It is argued that Hong Kong academics, especially those working in the humanities and social sciences, associate the key concepts of 'world-leading' and 'internationally e…
The social contract and education
This article explicates a Confucian perspective of the social contract and its relation with education through the philosophical thought of Xunzi. It is argued that Xunzi shares the early European social contract theorists' presuppositions that human beings are naturally motivated by selfish desires, and therefore require a collective agreement to avoid interpersonal strife and chaos. However, Xunzi's social compact does not originate from the pe…
Rethinking service learning in the light of Wang Yangming's philosophy
Aimed at rethinking the concept of service learning, this article draws upon the philosophical thought of the neo-Confucian thinker Wang Yangming. The inquiry is directed at a perennial concern that the prevailing understandings of service learning may encourage patronisation and domination in the server coupled with subordination and disempowerment of the served. Following Wang’s thought, two arguments are made in this paper. First, service lear…
Clarifying the concept of future-ready learning
This article critically discusses the concept of future-ready learning by drawing on the educational thought of Confucius as recorded in the Analects. Two main arguments are made in this paper. First, Confucius views future-readiness as the preparedness to broaden dao (Way), which is a vision of human excellence. Secondly, Confucius does not limit future-ready learning to the acquisition of competencies, nor does he adopt a functionalist assumpti…
Daoism, Novelty, and Usefulness
This paper elucidates a Daoist perspective of creativity by focusing on novelty and usefulness. Drawing on the thought of Zhuangzi, it is noted that he advocates original and unorthodox views by challenging social norms and traditional practices. He also questions the prevailing notions and assumptions concerning the usefulness and uselessness of things and people. To liberate humans from conventional commitment and judgment, Zhuangzi recommends …
A Daoist interpretation of perspective-taking
Offering a Daoist interpretation of perspective-taking, this article expounds the philosophical thought of Zhuangzi on this topic. Zhuangzi’s views can be consolidated into two broad areas: the challenge of perspective-taking and recommendations to foster perspective-taking. A primary hindrance, according to Zhuangzi, is limited human perspective that results in narrow-mindedness, dogmatism, self-serving moral standard and disharmony among humans…
Confucian trustworthiness and communitarian education
Through the conceptual lens of ‘education-as-moulding’ and ‘education-as-drawing-out,’ this article expounds the Confucian concept of trustworthiness (xin) and its relation with communitarian education. Informed by the Analects, it is argued that Confucius envisions a community of trustworthy members who are motivated and characterised by interpersonal trust. From a Confucian viewpoint, both approaches – education-as-moulding and education-as-dra…
Empathy as a virtue
This paper extends the dominant understandings of empathy – as a trait, state, communication or relationship – by conceptualising it as a virtue and as a tool to address anti-Asian hate crime. Drawing upon the writings of the Confucian philosopher Xunzi, this article interprets empathy as a personal quality that attests to one's moral excellence. It is argued that Xunzi's concept of empathy revolves around the ethical attributes of zhong (authent…
A Daoist understanding of mindful leadership
This article seeks to contribute to the discourse on mindful leadership by drawing on Daoist philosophy as recorded in the Daodejing (Book on the Way and Virtue). Without a clear articulation of its normative underpinnings, mindful leadership can be easily exploited by leaders for immoral agendas and outcomes. The existing literature describes Daoist leadership as antithetical to autocratic leadership, and is unimposing and ethical. Giving additi…
Cultivating creativity in a high-performing education system
Focusing on the cultivation of twenty-first century competencies in a high-performing education system, this article examines the teaching and learning of creativity in Singapore. It is argued that "everyday creativity" and creativity as innovation are privileged by educators in Singapore. Creativity is promoted through a harmonized approach that is manifested in two main ways. First, novelty and usefulness are integrated with the help of design …
Mindfulness and morality
Addressing a research gap on the relationship between mindfulness and morality, this paper draws insights from Confucius’ notion of jing. I explain how jing essentially refers to maintaining a full, respectful and humanity-centred attention towards others. To illustrate the application of Confucius’ conception of mindfulness, I use the current coronavirus pandemic as an example. On the one hand, mindfulness is useful as a coping mechanism to redu…
Reading Education and the Limits of Reason from a Cross-Cultural Perspective
A Confucian Interpretation of Women's Empowerment
In this paper, I present a cultural interpretation of women’s empowerment by referring to a Confucian classic Neixun (Instructions for the Inner Quarters) that was written by Empress Xu. I explain that Empress Xu rejects the prevailing gender biases and practices concerning the low status and moral inferiority of women. She supports women’s empowerment in three aspects: the exercise of one’s agency, a more balanced approach to power relations, an…
Being modern in China. A western cultural analysis of modernity, tradition and schooling in China today
Reviewed by John Lowe, Charlene Tan and Ting-Hong WongIf one is interested in studying ‘social change’ – almost however one interprets that broad phrase – then China is a magnet to researchers. Wha
Education policy borrowing and cultural scripts for teaching in China
China's recent education reforms are a result of selective policy borrowing from 'the West'. Although comparativists have highlighted the importance of cultural context in policy borrowing in China, what remains relatively under-explored is the epistemological basis for cultural views that mediate policy transfer. This article argues that the dominant cultural factors ('cultural scripts') for teaching in China – students' respect for the teacher,…
Beyond Rote-Memorisation
Confucian education is often associated with rote-memorisation that is characterised by sheer repetition of facts with no or little understanding of the content learnt. But does Confucian education necessarily promote rote-memorisation? What does Confucius himself have to say about education? This article aims to answer the above questions by examining Confucius’ concept of si (thinking) based on a textual study of the Analects. It is argued that…
Chinese responses to Shanghai’s performance in Pisa
This article analyses the public responses in China to Shanghai’s performance in the 2012 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Based on data obtained from media accounts and other materials published between 2013 and 2016, the research findings show that the responses in China are generally reflective, measured and self-critical. Drawing upon Gadamer’s notions of ‘tradition’, ‘horizon’ and ‘prejudice’, this paper contends that t…
Education policy borrowing in China
Recent education reform in China reflects the global trend of education policy borrowing from Anglophone countries such as the USA. The reform in China essentially advocates shifting from knowledge reproduction and didacticism to knowledge construction by students through a learner-centredness approach. Aware of the trend of borrowing policy from ‘Western’ countries, some educators in China use the proverb ‘the West wind has overpowered the East …
Professional learning communities in Singapore and Shanghai
Professional learning communities (PLCs) have been recognised as having the potential to raise the quality of teachers, teaching and student learning through structured teacher collaboration, and have been featured prominently in Singapore and Shanghai – both considered top-performing Asian societies in the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA). Although embedded in education systems that are considered centralised, there are still …
The enactment of the policy initiative for critical thinking in Singapore schools
This article examines the enactment of the policy initiative to promote critical thinking in Singapore schools from the perspectives of educators in Singapore. It is argued that teachers in Singapore are not passive recipients or mere implementers of top-down policy decisions. Rather, they enact the policy initiative by making sense of, negotiating, influencing and capitalising on their unique conditions to achieve their goals and juggle multiple…
Fostering Social Cohesion and Cultural Sustainability
This article critically discusses the Singapore state’s endeavor to balance social cohesion and cultural sustainability through the Character and Citizenship Education (CCE) curriculum. This article points out that underpinning the CCE syllabus are the state ideologies of communitarianism and multiracialism. It is argued that the ideology of communitarianism is compatible with and finds support from Confucius’s emphasis on the concept of harmony …
Neoliberalism as exception
Drawing upon Aihwa Ong’s concept of ‘neoliberalism as exception’, this paper explores how the education authority in Shanghai capitalises on neoliberal knowledge, techniques and logics to address local challenges. Through the creation of ‘new high-quality schools’ that is accompanied by a new assessment system, the authority hopes to persuade parents to choose non-elite schools instead of prestigious schools that excel in academic performance. Th…
Lifelong learning through the SkillsFuture movement in Singapore
This article examines the promotion of lifelong learning (LLL) in Singapore through a new national initiative known as the SkillsFuture movement. It is argued that the attainment of LLL is confronted with three key challenges, the first being the sociocultural preference for academic rather than vocational education in Singapore. Secondly, there is an absence of a strong local culture that underscores the habits of mind needed for LLL. The final …
Change and Continuity
Teaching critical thinking
Among the challenges faced by educators in promoting critical thinking is that of cultural compatibility. Using Singapore as an illustrative case study, this paper explores the cultural challenges and recommended strategies for the teaching of critical thinking in schools. The research for this study is based on a theoretical framework that focuses on two dominant practices of critical thinking: confrontational and individualistic on the one hand…
The Teaching of Religious Knowledge in a Plural Society
Confucius and Langerian mindfulness
In this essay, I draw upon Ellen J. Langer’s notions of mindlessness and mindfulness to identify and delineate Confucius’ views on mindfulness. Langer’s theory exemplifies a social-cognitive approach to mindfulness which is a prominent orientation in the extant research. I argue that Confucius, like Langer, rejects mindlessness that is characterised by an over-reliance on automatic responses based on past knowledge and experiences. Furthermore, C…
Path-dependency or path-shaping? An analysis of the policy to target exam-orientation in South Korea
This article draws upon Torfing’s dialectics of path-shaping and path-dependency to shed light on the persistent challenge faced by the policymakers to reduce academic burden in Korea. It is argued that the policy agenda to promote a more all-encompassing form of education reflects the path-shaping motivation of the Ministry of Education to modify the existing stable path of exam-orientation. In the course of enacting the policy to target exam-or…
Beyond high-stakes exam
This article seeks to clarify the purpose of high-stakes exam and its relationship with teaching and learning by elucidating the educational thought of the eminent neo-Confucian thinker Zhu Xi. The paper contends that Zhu Xi views standardised testing as an essential means to evaluate the learning outcomes, honour exemplary scholars and select suitable persons for official positions. But he rejects exam-centred teaching and learning that promote …
Pisa and education reform in Shanghai
This article examines how Chinese education officials interpret and utilise selective information from Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) to legitimate and consolidate contested reform messages and initiatives in Shanghai. A content analysis of data obtained from newspaper articles, official documents and education essays published in China yielded two key findings. First, Chinese officials turn to PISA data to highlight the ex…
The culture of education policy making
This paper explores the culture of education policy making in Shanghai using the conceptual tool of a 'global assemblage'. A global assemblage is essentially a collection of ideas and practices that arise from the interplay between a global form and situated sociocultural elements. Focusing on the global form of curriculum reform, this paper explains how the Shanghai municipal government justifies the introduction of the 'Second Curriculum Reform…
(Re)imagining the Muslim Identity in Singapore
This paper discusses how the Singapore government attempted to (re)imagine the Muslim identity in Singapore based on the crisis of the Jemaah Islamiah (JI) arrests in 2002. The paper argues that the government sought to resolve and manage the crisis using the combined apparatuses of the mass media, education and administrative regulations. The paper further analyses the constraints and challenges faced by the government in the process of (re)cons…
Narrowing the gap
This paper discusses the educational gap between the Malay community and other ethnic communities in Singapore. Using official statistics from 1980 to 2004, the paper compares the educational achievements of the Malay community with other ethnic communities in Singapore. The paper points out that, while the Malay students have made significant improvements in their educational achievements over the years, they are still lagging behind the other e…
Rethinking the Concept of Mindfulness
This article expounds on a neo-Confucian approach to mindfulness by drawing upon the writings of Zhu Xi. I argue that Zhu Xi's notion of mindfulness is encapsulated in the concept of ‘jing’ that refers to the single-minded and reverential attention to self-cultivation through ‘gewu’ (investigation of things). The desired outcome of mindfulness is the attainment of perfect goodness where one responds with sagely ease to affairs in everyday life. I…
Constructivism and pedagogical reform in China
This article critically discusses the constructivist ideas, assumptions and practices that undergird the current pedagogical reform in China. The pedagogical reform is part of a comprehensive curriculum reform that has been introduced across schools in Mainland China. Although the official documents did not specify the underpinning theories for the pedagogical reform, Chinese scholars and educators have identified constructivism as a dominant the…
A Confucian Conception of Critical Thinking
Journal Article A Confucian Conception of Critical Thinking Get access Charlene Tan Charlene Tan Correspondence: Charlene Tan, Associate Professor, Policy and Leadership Studies, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616. Email: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Philosophy of Education, Volume 51, Issue 1, February 2…
A Daoist understanding of mindful leadership
This article seeks to contribute to the discourse on mindful leadership by drawing on Daoist philosophy as recorded in the Daodejing (Book on the Way and Virtue). Without a clear articulation of its normative underpinnings, mindful leadership can be easily exploited by leaders for immoral agendas and outcomes. The existing literature describes Daoist leadership as antithetical to autocratic leadership, and is unimposing and ethical. Giving additi…
Conceptions and Practices of Critical Thinking in Chinese Schools
Drawing on MacIntyre’s notion of rationality, this article examines the conceptions and practices of critical thinking in Chinese schools. Focusing on the perceptions of school leaders in Shanghai, this study reports that they interpreted critical thinking primarily as personal inquiry and problem solving. They drew attention to the promotion of critical thinking under the current education reform and highlighted ongoing challenges arising from t…
Competence or Performance? A Bernsteinian Analysis of Basic Competency Assessment in Hong Kong
This article analyses an assessment initiative known as the Basic Competency Assessment (BCA) in Hong Kong using Bernstein’s performance and competence models of pedagogic practice. On the one hand, BCA is aligned with a competence model through its official projection as a low-stakes, student-focussed and formative assessment. However, an examination of the public perception of and context for BCA reveals its high-stakes, disciplines-centred and…
Educative Tradition and Islamic Schools in Indonesia
An Islamic school that subscribes to an educative tradition is essentially one that sees compatibility between the inculcation of religious values and the acquisition of ‘modern’ knowledge and dispositions. This article argues that most Islamic schools in Indonesia reside in an educative tradition as evident in three main ways. First, most Islamic schools in Indonesia are keen to obtain knowledge from both religious subjects and modern ‘secular’ …
Program schedule
had a significant impact on the creation, development, and direction of research in dental anthropology in the U.S. and internationally. We have selected a small, but international group of dental anthropologists whose research methods and interests reflect, and have been impacted by Dahlberg's influence. The unifying theme of this symposium, dental morphology and evolution, is broadly conceived to include papers on dental genetics, development, …
We are registered
A common phenomenon in Singapore is the early registration of marriage followed, sometime later, by a customary or religious wedding ceremony and the setting up of a new family unit. This article examines the law's response to this phenomenon and the attitudes of those to whom the law is applied. It seeks to understand both the gap and the interaction between the two and suggests way forward
My Two 'Difficulties
Michael Hand, Indoctrination and the Inculcation of Belief
Journal Article Michael Hand, Indoctrination and the Inculcation of Belief Get access Charlene Tan Charlene Tan Correspondence: Dr Charlene Tan, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616. [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Philosophy of Education, Volume 38, Issue 2, May 2004, Pages 257–267, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0309-8…
Religious Upbringing
In this symposium Michael Hand presents a rejoinder to criticisms of his ‘Religious Upbringing Reconsidered’ (Journal of Philosophy of Education, 36.4) by Jim Mackenzie, Peter Gardner and Charlene Tan. Defending the idea of the logical possibility of non-indoctrinatory religious upbringing, he attempts to show that none of their various objections is successful. Mackenzie, Gardner and Tan each offer a response
Definición mundial de consenso para el síndrome metabólico
Change and Continuity
Narrowing the gap
This paper discusses the educational gap between the Malay community and other ethnic communities in Singapore. Using official statistics from 1980 to 2004, the paper compares the educational achievements of the Malay community with other ethnic communities in Singapore. The paper points out that, while the Malay students have made significant improvements in their educational achievements over the years, they are still lagging behind the other e…
Two views of education
(Re)imagining the Muslim Identity in Singapore
This paper discusses how the Singapore government attempted to (re)imagine the Muslim identity in Singapore based on the crisis of the Jemaah Islamiah (JI) arrests in 2002. The paper argues that the government sought to resolve and manage the crisis using the combined apparatuses of the mass media, education and administrative regulations. The paper further analyses the constraints and challenges faced by the government in the process of (re)cons…
The Teaching of Religious Knowledge in a Plural Society
Maximising the overlapping area
This paper discusses the recent efforts by the Singapore government to construct a Muslim identity for the madrasahs in Singapore. By promoting a prescribed set of desired attributes for the Muslims and introducing new curriculum materials for the madrasahs, the government aspires to construct a Muslim identity that is compatible with the principle and practice of ‘hard multiculturalism’ in Singapore. Through a content analysis of the textbooks f…
The Reform Agenda for Madrasah Education in Singapore
As governments in many countries review their education systems to optimise their human capital in an age of globalisation, religious schools such as madrasahs (Islamic or Muslim schools) have also come under state scrutiny. This article examines the Singapore government's reform agenda for madrasah education in the country. It argues that the Singapore government advocates a reformist Muslim view of madrasah education that emphasises the learnin…
Functional differentiation
This article critically explores the ideology of functional differentiation of languages that underpins the bilingual policy in Singapore. This ideology values English for its economic function and the indigenous languages for their role in cultural transmission. In the first part of this article, we critique the ideology of functional differentiation by discussing two main challenges that arise from the bilingual policy in Singapore. In the seco…
Where tradition and ‘modern’ knowledge meet
Muslims live in a ‘modern’ world where subjects such as the English language, mathematics, sciences, and information and communication technology (ICT) are highly valued and enthusiastically transmitted in schools. How some Islamic schools attempt to equip their students with ‘modern knowledge’ while remaining faithful to their religious traditions is the focus of this exploratory study. Using two Islamic schools in Singapore and Britain as illus…
Promoting spiritual ideals through design thinking in public schools
Against a backdrop of the debates on religious education in public or state schools, we argue for the introduction of spiritual ideals into the public school curriculum. We distinguish our notion of spiritual ideals from religious ideals as conceptualised by De Ruyter and Merry. While we agree with De Ruyter and Merry that ideas drawn from religious/spiritual sources play a significant role in the students' identity formation, development into re…
The culture of education policy making
This paper explores the culture of education policy making in Shanghai using the conceptual tool of a 'global assemblage'. A global assemblage is essentially a collection of ideas and practices that arise from the interplay between a global form and situated sociocultural elements. Focusing on the global form of curriculum reform, this paper explains how the Shanghai municipal government justifies the introduction of the 'Second Curriculum Reform…
Rationality and autonomy from the Enlightenment and Islamic perspectives
Rationality and autonomy are foundational concepts in anglophone or ‘Western’ countries that originated primarily from the Enlightenment period. When compared with ‘Western’ ideologies, non-Western belief systems such as Islam may not appear, at first glance, to place as much emphasis on the value and attainment of rationality and autonomy. This may lead some people to conclude that Islam necessarily marginalises or even suppresses its believers’…
Fostering Social Cohesion and Cultural Sustainability
This article critically discusses the Singapore state’s endeavor to balance social cohesion and cultural sustainability through the Character and Citizenship Education (CCE) curriculum. This article points out that underpinning the CCE syllabus are the state ideologies of communitarianism and multiracialism. It is argued that the ideology of communitarianism is compatible with and finds support from Confucius’s emphasis on the concept of harmony …
Education policy borrowing in China
Recent education reform in China reflects the global trend of education policy borrowing from Anglophone countries such as the USA. The reform in China essentially advocates shifting from knowledge reproduction and didacticism to knowledge construction by students through a learner-centredness approach. Aware of the trend of borrowing policy from ‘Western’ countries, some educators in China use the proverb ‘the West wind has overpowered the East …
Education policy borrowing and cultural scripts for teaching in China
China's recent education reforms are a result of selective policy borrowing from 'the West'. Although comparativists have highlighted the importance of cultural context in policy borrowing in China, what remains relatively under-explored is the epistemological basis for cultural views that mediate policy transfer. This article argues that the dominant cultural factors ('cultural scripts') for teaching in China – students' respect for the teacher,…
Beyond Rote-Memorisation
Confucian education is often associated with rote-memorisation that is characterised by sheer repetition of facts with no or little understanding of the content learnt. But does Confucian education necessarily promote rote-memorisation? What does Confucius himself have to say about education? This article aims to answer the above questions by examining Confucius’ concept of si (thinking) based on a textual study of the Analects. It is argued that…
Phenolic constituents from Sarcopyramis nepalensis and their α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity
Background: This study was carried out to fully investigate the phenolic chemical constituents of Sarcopyramis nepalensis and determine their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.Materials and Methods: S. nepalensis was extracted using the ultrasonic assistant extraction (UAE) method and further fractionated with petroleum ether (PE), chloroform (CHCl3), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n-butanol (n-BuOH), respectively. The active fraction was chromatograp…
Teacher-directed and learner-engaged
Against a backdrop of an international trend to shift from a teacher-centred to a learner-centred education, this article explores a Confucian conception of education. Focusing on an ancient Chinese text Xueji (Record of Learning), the essay examines its educational ideals and practices based on the principles of ‘choice’, ‘doing’ and ‘power relationship’. It is argued that the educational model in the Xueji does not fit the description of a lear…
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