M Hunter Martaindale
Biographic Data
| ID | 4792055 |
|---|---|
| NAME | M Hunter Martaindale |
| GIVEN NAMES | M Hunter |
| FAMILY NAME | Martaindale |
| SIGNATURE | MARTAINDALE M H |
| AFFILIATIONS | Texas State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8100-7698 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 9 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 0 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 9 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2019 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 0 |
Known to the system? Criminal history, pre-attack behaviors, and firearms acquisition among mass public shooters with documented warning behaviors
Prior research has documented that many mass public shooters have prior contact with the criminal justice system and exhibit observable pre-attack warning behaviors, but these patterns are typically reported in aggregate. Using a dataset of 171 mass public shooting incidents in the United States (1999–2024) involving 175 perpetrators with documented pre-attack warning behaviors (e.g., leakage of intent), the present study examines whether perpetr…
Striking or grappling? Comparing public and officers' perceptions of police use of force
Police officers use physical arrest and control techniques far more often than firearms, yet public understanding of how people judge these actions is limited, specifically regarding different styles of unarmed arrest. This study examined how civilians and law enforcement officers evaluate different types of police use of force, focusing on whether opinions change depending on the kind of technique used. Using short video clips of the same police…
Public opinion and the immediate entry dilemma
Interviewing and interrogation practices and beliefs, 20 years later
OBJECTIVE: This survey examined current law enforcement beliefs and practices about interviewing and interrogation to gauge whether they have evolved given the research and training developed over the past 20 years. HYPOTHESES: We hypothesized that police beliefs and practices would have evolved along with research findings over the past 20 years. METHOD: We surveyed 526 law enforcement officers about the practices and beliefs regarding interview…
Arm the educators… but not without conditions
In the wake of high-profile mass shootings in schools, policymakers have explored options designed to mitigate harms to students, faculty, staff, and visitors during similar tragedies. Among the most controversial measures introduced has been armed teacher policies, which currently are authorized in some form in more than half of U.S. states despite no evidence about their effectiveness in such situations. Public support for arming teachers is di…
Armed and considered capable? Law enforcement officers’ attitudes about armed teacher policies in the USA
A scientific examination of the 21-foot rule
The purpose of this study was to scientifically assess the long-standing 21-foot rule. There are several anecdotal publications looking at the 21-foot rule as a standard in policing. This study uses experimental design to examine whether this standard should continue in modern-day policing. The 21-foot rule was tested in three independent experimental design studies. The first study measured the average speed at which a person could run 21 feet. …
Active Shooter Training Drill Increases Blood and Salivary Markers of Stress
Police officers are frequently engaged in a variety of high-stress scenarios, such as high-speed chases and other suspect conflicts, that cause significant increases in a variety of physiological and psychological stress markers. The purpose of this study was to investigate salivary and blood markers of stress in response to an active shooter training drill (ASD). Thirty-one participants (n = 31; males = 15, females = 16; Age: 21 ± 3.5 years) par…
Peek or Push
Prior to the modern era of active shooter events, the standard training for patrol officers responding to an ongoing shooting event required the responding patrol officer(s) to contain the shooter in the building where the attack was occurring, control access to the location, attempt to communicate with the shooter, and call the Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) team. Recently, research has been undertaken to empirically examine different law en…
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Peek or Push
Prior to the modern era of active shooter events, the standard training for patrol officers responding to an ongoing shooting event required the responding patrol officer(s) to contain the shooter in the building where the attack was occurring, control access to the location, attempt to communicate with the shooter, and call the Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) team. Recently, research has been undertaken to empirically examine different law en…
Active Shooter Training Drill Increases Blood and Salivary Markers of Stress
Police officers are frequently engaged in a variety of high-stress scenarios, such as high-speed chases and other suspect conflicts, that cause significant increases in a variety of physiological and psychological stress markers. The purpose of this study was to investigate salivary and blood markers of stress in response to an active shooter training drill (ASD). Thirty-one participants (n = 31; males = 15, females = 16; Age: 21 ± 3.5 years) par…
A scientific examination of the 21-foot rule
The purpose of this study was to scientifically assess the long-standing 21-foot rule. There are several anecdotal publications looking at the 21-foot rule as a standard in policing. This study uses experimental design to examine whether this standard should continue in modern-day policing. The 21-foot rule was tested in three independent experimental design studies. The first study measured the average speed at which a person could run 21 feet. …
Armed and considered capable? Law enforcement officers’ attitudes about armed teacher policies in the USA
Interviewing and interrogation practices and beliefs, 20 years later
OBJECTIVE: This survey examined current law enforcement beliefs and practices about interviewing and interrogation to gauge whether they have evolved given the research and training developed over the past 20 years. HYPOTHESES: We hypothesized that police beliefs and practices would have evolved along with research findings over the past 20 years. METHOD: We surveyed 526 law enforcement officers about the practices and beliefs regarding interview…
Arm the educators… but not without conditions
In the wake of high-profile mass shootings in schools, policymakers have explored options designed to mitigate harms to students, faculty, staff, and visitors during similar tragedies. Among the most controversial measures introduced has been armed teacher policies, which currently are authorized in some form in more than half of U.S. states despite no evidence about their effectiveness in such situations. Public support for arming teachers is di…
Public opinion and the immediate entry dilemma
Known to the system? Criminal history, pre-attack behaviors, and firearms acquisition among mass public shooters with documented warning behaviors
Prior research has documented that many mass public shooters have prior contact with the criminal justice system and exhibit observable pre-attack warning behaviors, but these patterns are typically reported in aggregate. Using a dataset of 171 mass public shooting incidents in the United States (1999–2024) involving 175 perpetrators with documented pre-attack warning behaviors (e.g., leakage of intent), the present study examines whether perpetr…
Striking or grappling? Comparing public and officers' perceptions of police use of force
Police officers use physical arrest and control techniques far more often than firearms, yet public understanding of how people judge these actions is limited, specifically regarding different styles of unarmed arrest. This study examined how civilians and law enforcement officers evaluate different types of police use of force, focusing on whether opinions change depending on the kind of technique used. Using short video clips of the same police…
Psychology (6 works) · Law (5 works) · Law enforcement (5 works) · Political science (5 works) · Gun Ownership and Violence Research (4 works) · Applied Psychology (3 works) · Officer (3 works) · Perception (3 works) · Aeronautics (2 works) · Computer Science (2 works)