Garret A Fitzgerald
Biographic Data
| ID | 4805488 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Garret A Fitzgerald |
| GIVEN NAMES | Garret A |
| FAMILY NAME | Fitzgerald |
| SIGNATURE | FITZGERALD G A |
| AFFILIATIONS | Translational Therapeutics (United States) |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-5885-6819 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 26 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 209 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 26 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1971 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2021 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Considerations for the Safe Operation of Schools During the Coronavirus Pandemic
During the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, providing safe in-person schooling has been a dynamic process balancing evolving community disease burden, scientific information, and local regulatory requirements with the mandate for education. Considerations include the health risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its post-acute sequelae, the impact of remote learning or periods of quarantine on education and well-b…
The 1974–5 Threat of a British Withdrawal from Northern Ireland
Arising from the release of Irish and British state papers for the years 1974 and 1975, Professor Ronan Fanning wrote in the Irish Independent about the Irish government's reactions in 1975 to what appeared to be a danger that the British government might withdraw from Northern Ireland. This current article outlines the circumstances in which, as Minister for Foreign Affairs, I submitted a memorandum to government on this issue on 11 June 1975, i…
Prostaglandins and Inflammation
Prostaglandins are lipid autacoids derived from arachidonic acid. They both sustain homeostatic functions and mediate pathogenic mechanisms, including the inflammatory response. They are generated from arachidonate by the action of cyclooxygenase isoenzymes, and their biosynthesis is blocked by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, including those selective for inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. Despite the clinical efficacy of nonsteroidal antiinfla…
The 1974-5 Threat of a British Withdrawal from Northern Ireland
Arising from the release of Irish and British state papers for the years 1974 and 1975, Professor Ronan Fanning wrote in the Irish Independent about the Irish government's reactions in 1975 to what appeared to be a danger that the British government might withdraw from Northern Ireland. This current article outlines the circumstances in which, as Minister for Foreign Affairs, I submitted a memorandum to government on this issue on 11 June 1975, i…
Irish-Speaking in the Pre-Famine Period: A Study Based on the 1911 Census Data for People Born before 1851 and Still Alive in 1911
The object of this paper is to provide detailed geographical data on the level of Irish-speaking amongst those who were aged 60 or more in 1911, these being survivors of the generation born during or not long before the Famine. Whilst some of those born during this period who were brought up as Irish-speakers in areas within which subsequent generations no longer spoke the language will have lost their command of Irish later in life, these data a…
Irish-Speaking in the Pre-Famine Period: A Study Based on the 1911 Census Data for People Born Before 1851 and Still Alive in 1911
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy: Archaeology, Culture, History, Literature - Volume 103C, Number 5, 2003
Ireland in the next millennium
The Irish electoral system defects and possible reforms
1991). The Irish electoral system defects and possible reforms. Representation: Vol. 30, No. 111, pp. 49-52
The Traditional Nationalist Interpretation
The traditional nationalist view of Northern Ireland can be summed up in two propositions: (1) the people of Ireland form one nation; and (2) the fault for keeping Ireland divided lies with Britain. This view can be traced back to the foundation of Northern Ireland itself. Among early statements of it are The Handbook of the Ulster Question (1923), published by the North-Eastern Boundary Bureau, which had been set up by the Irish Free State gover…
Opinion Polls in Northern Ireland, 1973-1988
Subject Politics Collection: Oxford Scholarship Online
The Traditional Unionist Interpretation
The traditional unionist interpretation can be summed up in two propositions: (1) there are two distinct peoples in Ireland, unionist and nationalist (or Protestant and Catholic); and (2) the core of the problem is the refusal of nationalists to recognize this fact, and to accord to unionists the same right of self-determination as they claim for themselves. Far from seeing Britain as the core of the problem, unionists tend to see the mainland Br…
Political Aspects
It was for long a matter of folk wisdom that national identity and religious allegiance coincided in Northern Ireland. The nationalist writer Frank Gallagher (1957), for instance, systematically used ‘nationalist’ when he appeared to mean ‘Catholic’. The first scholar to research the correlation between religion and national identity was Richard Rose, in his survey of 1968. In response to the question ‘which of these terms best describes the way …
Economic Aspects
All recent writers on the Northern Ireland economy agree that it is in a bad state. On this point the spectrum of academic opinion is narrower than on almost any topic examined in this book. It ranges only from those who paint the picture as bleak (e.g. Kennedy et al. 1988, 95-116) through to those who paint it as catastrophic (e.g. Rowthorn and Wayne 1988, 70-104). Unemployment is high. Emigration is rife. A substantial minority of the populatio…
Tables
Subject Politics Collection: Oxford Scholarship Online
Psychological Aspects, and a Review
Anyone who studies Northern Ireland must be struck by the intensity of feeling which the conflict evokes. It seems to go beyond what is required by a rational defence of the divergent interests which undoubtedly exist. There is an emotional element here, a welling-up of deep unconscious forces. It is worth examining what contribution psychology can make to an explanation of the conflict. The first observer to -stress such an approach was a journa…
Illustrations
Subject Politics Collection: Oxford Scholarship Online
Marxist Interpretations
Marxist analysis of the Irish problem goes back to Marx and Engels themselves, whose writings on Ireland were numerous enough to have been collected in book form (Marx and Engels 1971). However, the first writer to apply Marx’s ideas to Ireland systematically was James Connolly (1870-1916). Connolly’s works were still influential in the 1960s, when the troubles in Northern Ireland broke out. They were kept in print long after the writings of cont…
Some Religious Aspects
My purpose in this chapter is to examine how far Northern Ireland is segregated by religion into two communities. I shall do this by examining in turn a number of social institutions which have been singled out—by some writers at least—as linked with religion. To begin with, rather obviously, come the Churches themselves. Then will come the Orange Order, residential segregation, segregation at work, voluntary social activities, endogamy, and segr…
Solutions?
My purpose in this chapter is to survey possible solutions to the Northern Ireland problem, and to assess their merits. Such an exercise is not new. It has been done many times in the literature—for instance, by Palley (1972), Rose (1976), Oliver (1978a), Palley again in Watt (1981), Barritt (1982), Rea (1982), Boyle and Hadden (1985), and the SOL/Liberal Alliance commission on Northern Ireland (Alliance 1985). It has been done with particular co…
Implications
In the final chapter of this book I wish to offer some reflections on the preceding material. I shall discuss in turn: (1) how far has common ground been established among researchers into the problem?; (2) why has research on the problem not been more effective in helping towards a solution of the problem?; (3) how far, notwithstanding the limited effectiveness of research to date, has research into the Northern Ireland problem been worth while?…
Some Preliminary Issues
When the troubles broke out in 1968, there was very little literature available on the community divide in Northern Ireland. Back in 1947, John M. Mogey had published a book for the Northern Ireland Council of Social Service entitled Rural Life in Northern Ireland: Five Regional Studies. Intended as ‘an attempt to describe the way of life of the country people of Northern Ireland’ (p. I), it contains much fascinating detail; but it focuses mainly…
The Internal-Conflict Interpretation
A political scientist at the London School of Economics, Brendan O’Leary, has pointed out in a stimulating article (1985) that a distinction can be made between endogenous and exogenous explanations of the Northern Ireland problem. The schools of thought covered in the three preceding chapters all offer exogenous explanations: the problem is the responsibility of the British, or the Irish, or the capitalists. We now come to a school of thought wh…
The CSSRI Research Programme
Subject Politics Collection: Oxford Scholarship Online
Interpreting Northern Ireland
Relative to its size, Northern Ireland is possibly the most heavily researched area on earth; hundreds of books and thousands of articles have been published since the current troubles began there in 1968. In Interpreting Northern Ireland John Whyte provides a badly-needed guide to the mass of literature and comment. In part I, Professor Whyte surveys the research on the nature and extent of the community divide, examining in turn the religious, …
Estimates for Baronies of Minimum Level of Irish-Speaking Amongst Successive Decenniel Cohorts: 1771-1781 To 1861-1871
Interpreting Northern Ireland
Relative to its size, Northern Ireland is possibly the most heavily researched area on earth; hundreds of books and thousands of articles have been published since the current troubles began there in 1968. In Interpreting Northern Ireland John Whyte provides a badly-needed guide to the mass of literature and comment. In part I, Professor Whyte surveys the research on the nature and extent of the community divide, examining in turn the religious, …
The 1974–5 Threat of a British Withdrawal from Northern Ireland
Arising from the release of Irish and British state papers for the years 1974 and 1975, Professor Ronan Fanning wrote in the Irish Independent about the Irish government's reactions in 1975 to what appeared to be a danger that the British government might withdraw from Northern Ireland. This current article outlines the circumstances in which, as Minister for Foreign Affairs, I submitted a memorandum to government on this issue on 11 June 1975, i…
Estimates for Baronies of Minimum Level of Irish-Speaking Amongst Successive Decenniel Cohorts: 1771-1781 To 1861-1871
The 1974-5 Threat of a British Withdrawal from Northern Ireland
Arising from the release of Irish and British state papers for the years 1974 and 1975, Professor Ronan Fanning wrote in the Irish Independent about the Irish government's reactions in 1975 to what appeared to be a danger that the British government might withdraw from Northern Ireland. This current article outlines the circumstances in which, as Minister for Foreign Affairs, I submitted a memorandum to government on this issue on 11 June 1975, i…
Planning in Ireland
Estimates for Baronies of Minimum Level of Irish-Speaking Amongst Successive Decenniel Cohorts: 1771-1781 To 1861-1871
The Traditional Nationalist Interpretation
The traditional nationalist view of Northern Ireland can be summed up in two propositions: (1) the people of Ireland form one nation; and (2) the fault for keeping Ireland divided lies with Britain. This view can be traced back to the foundation of Northern Ireland itself. Among early statements of it are The Handbook of the Ulster Question (1923), published by the North-Eastern Boundary Bureau, which had been set up by the Irish Free State gover…
Opinion Polls in Northern Ireland, 1973-1988
Subject Politics Collection: Oxford Scholarship Online
The Traditional Unionist Interpretation
The traditional unionist interpretation can be summed up in two propositions: (1) there are two distinct peoples in Ireland, unionist and nationalist (or Protestant and Catholic); and (2) the core of the problem is the refusal of nationalists to recognize this fact, and to accord to unionists the same right of self-determination as they claim for themselves. Far from seeing Britain as the core of the problem, unionists tend to see the mainland Br…
Political Aspects
It was for long a matter of folk wisdom that national identity and religious allegiance coincided in Northern Ireland. The nationalist writer Frank Gallagher (1957), for instance, systematically used ‘nationalist’ when he appeared to mean ‘Catholic’. The first scholar to research the correlation between religion and national identity was Richard Rose, in his survey of 1968. In response to the question ‘which of these terms best describes the way …
Economic Aspects
All recent writers on the Northern Ireland economy agree that it is in a bad state. On this point the spectrum of academic opinion is narrower than on almost any topic examined in this book. It ranges only from those who paint the picture as bleak (e.g. Kennedy et al. 1988, 95-116) through to those who paint it as catastrophic (e.g. Rowthorn and Wayne 1988, 70-104). Unemployment is high. Emigration is rife. A substantial minority of the populatio…
Tables
Subject Politics Collection: Oxford Scholarship Online
Psychological Aspects, and a Review
Anyone who studies Northern Ireland must be struck by the intensity of feeling which the conflict evokes. It seems to go beyond what is required by a rational defence of the divergent interests which undoubtedly exist. There is an emotional element here, a welling-up of deep unconscious forces. It is worth examining what contribution psychology can make to an explanation of the conflict. The first observer to -stress such an approach was a journa…
Illustrations
Subject Politics Collection: Oxford Scholarship Online
Marxist Interpretations
Marxist analysis of the Irish problem goes back to Marx and Engels themselves, whose writings on Ireland were numerous enough to have been collected in book form (Marx and Engels 1971). However, the first writer to apply Marx’s ideas to Ireland systematically was James Connolly (1870-1916). Connolly’s works were still influential in the 1960s, when the troubles in Northern Ireland broke out. They were kept in print long after the writings of cont…
Some Religious Aspects
My purpose in this chapter is to examine how far Northern Ireland is segregated by religion into two communities. I shall do this by examining in turn a number of social institutions which have been singled out—by some writers at least—as linked with religion. To begin with, rather obviously, come the Churches themselves. Then will come the Orange Order, residential segregation, segregation at work, voluntary social activities, endogamy, and segr…
Solutions?
My purpose in this chapter is to survey possible solutions to the Northern Ireland problem, and to assess their merits. Such an exercise is not new. It has been done many times in the literature—for instance, by Palley (1972), Rose (1976), Oliver (1978a), Palley again in Watt (1981), Barritt (1982), Rea (1982), Boyle and Hadden (1985), and the SOL/Liberal Alliance commission on Northern Ireland (Alliance 1985). It has been done with particular co…
Implications
In the final chapter of this book I wish to offer some reflections on the preceding material. I shall discuss in turn: (1) how far has common ground been established among researchers into the problem?; (2) why has research on the problem not been more effective in helping towards a solution of the problem?; (3) how far, notwithstanding the limited effectiveness of research to date, has research into the Northern Ireland problem been worth while?…
Some Preliminary Issues
When the troubles broke out in 1968, there was very little literature available on the community divide in Northern Ireland. Back in 1947, John M. Mogey had published a book for the Northern Ireland Council of Social Service entitled Rural Life in Northern Ireland: Five Regional Studies. Intended as ‘an attempt to describe the way of life of the country people of Northern Ireland’ (p. I), it contains much fascinating detail; but it focuses mainly…
The Internal-Conflict Interpretation
A political scientist at the London School of Economics, Brendan O’Leary, has pointed out in a stimulating article (1985) that a distinction can be made between endogenous and exogenous explanations of the Northern Ireland problem. The schools of thought covered in the three preceding chapters all offer exogenous explanations: the problem is the responsibility of the British, or the Irish, or the capitalists. We now come to a school of thought wh…
The CSSRI Research Programme
Subject Politics Collection: Oxford Scholarship Online
Interpreting Northern Ireland
Relative to its size, Northern Ireland is possibly the most heavily researched area on earth; hundreds of books and thousands of articles have been published since the current troubles began there in 1968. In Interpreting Northern Ireland John Whyte provides a badly-needed guide to the mass of literature and comment. In part I, Professor Whyte surveys the research on the nature and extent of the community divide, examining in turn the religious, …
The Irish electoral system defects and possible reforms
1991). The Irish electoral system defects and possible reforms. Representation: Vol. 30, No. 111, pp. 49-52
Ireland in the next millennium
Irish-Speaking in the Pre-Famine Period: A Study Based on the 1911 Census Data for People Born before 1851 and Still Alive in 1911
The object of this paper is to provide detailed geographical data on the level of Irish-speaking amongst those who were aged 60 or more in 1911, these being survivors of the generation born during or not long before the Famine. Whilst some of those born during this period who were brought up as Irish-speakers in areas within which subsequent generations no longer spoke the language will have lost their command of Irish later in life, these data a…
Irish-Speaking in the Pre-Famine Period: A Study Based on the 1911 Census Data for People Born Before 1851 and Still Alive in 1911
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy: Archaeology, Culture, History, Literature - Volume 103C, Number 5, 2003
The 1974-5 Threat of a British Withdrawal from Northern Ireland
Arising from the release of Irish and British state papers for the years 1974 and 1975, Professor Ronan Fanning wrote in the Irish Independent about the Irish government's reactions in 1975 to what appeared to be a danger that the British government might withdraw from Northern Ireland. This current article outlines the circumstances in which, as Minister for Foreign Affairs, I submitted a memorandum to government on this issue on 11 June 1975, i…
Prostaglandins and Inflammation
Prostaglandins are lipid autacoids derived from arachidonic acid. They both sustain homeostatic functions and mediate pathogenic mechanisms, including the inflammatory response. They are generated from arachidonate by the action of cyclooxygenase isoenzymes, and their biosynthesis is blocked by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, including those selective for inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. Despite the clinical efficacy of nonsteroidal antiinfla…
The 1974–5 Threat of a British Withdrawal from Northern Ireland
Arising from the release of Irish and British state papers for the years 1974 and 1975, Professor Ronan Fanning wrote in the Irish Independent about the Irish government's reactions in 1975 to what appeared to be a danger that the British government might withdraw from Northern Ireland. This current article outlines the circumstances in which, as Minister for Foreign Affairs, I submitted a memorandum to government on this issue on 11 June 1975, i…
Irish and British Studies (21 works) · Political science (17 works) · Law (14 works) · Sociology (14 works) · History (10 works) · Politics (10 works) · Irish (9 works) · Ethnology (7 works) · Linguistics (7 works) · Northern ireland (7 works)