Michael Laffan
Biographic Data
| ID | 511737 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Michael Laffan |
| GIVEN NAMES | Michael |
| FAMILY NAME | Laffan |
| SIGNATURE | LAFFAN M |
| AFFILIATIONS | Princeton University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8268-3268 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 39 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 49 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 36 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 3 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1971 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 4 |
Subjects of an Orientalist despot: John Ross and the ‘Malaynesian’ people of the northeastern Indian Ocean, 1812–54
Using the writings of the Scottish mariner and claimant to the Cocos Islands, John Ross (1786–1854), this article, based on my Indian Economic and Social History Review lecture of September 2024, offers new information about the formerly enslaved people he had taken on by 1830 and further suggests that his experience with them led to his offering a collective term for the peoples of Southeast Asia. The stimulus for this rethinking was not based o…
Under Empire: Muslim Lives and Loyalties Across the Indian Ocean World, 1775–1945
Michael Francis Laffan offers a sweeping exploration of two centuries of interactions among Muslim subjects of empires and nation-states around the Indian Ocean world. He traces interlinked lives and journeys, examining engagements with Western, Islamic, and pan-Asian imperial formations to consider the possibilities for Muslims in an imperial age
America's Moros
Oliver Charbonneau offers a valuable distillation of the U.S. encounter, if that is the right word, with the Southern Philippines and its then-majority Muslim population, who were known to their Spanish predecessors and lowland Filipinos alike as Moros or “Moors.” It was these people—really a set of several peoples living on the island of Mindanao and the smaller islets of the adjacent Sulu Sea—who became bogeymen figures for a cohort of soldier-…
Ronit Ricci. Banishment and Belonging: Exile and Diaspora in Sarandib, Lanka and Ceylon
Over the past years, Ronit Ricci has done sterling service in coordinating the location and digitization of numerous Southeast Asian manuscripts held in private collections on Sri Lanka—known variously and interchangeably as Lanka, Ceylon, or the Arabic Sarandib, itself derived from an older Indic form. With Banishment and Belonging: Exile and Diaspora in Sarandib, Lanka and Ceylon she has added a formidable study of Javanese and Malay language i…
The Forgotten Jihad under Japan: Muslim Reformism and the Promise of Indonesian Independence
In this article I seek to make sense of the apparent contradiction of a call for jihad made under the auspices of the Japanese empire during its occupation of Java from March 1942 to September 1945. Why was Mas Mansur (1896–1946), the Indonesian religious figure and national hero who made the call, so supportive of the Japanese military administration? And why is this act so seldom remembered? As I hope to explain, Japan had already figured in th…
Islamic Law of the Sea: Freedom of Navigation and Passage Rights in Islamic Thought By Hassan S. Khalilieh
Islamic Law of the Sea: Freedom of Navigation and Passage Rights in Islamic Thought By Hassan S. Khalilieh Islamic Law of the Sea: Freedom of Navigation and Passage Rights in Islamic Thought By Hassan S. Khalilieh (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization), xviii + 283 pp. Price HB £75.00. EAN 978–1108481458. Michael Laffan Michael Laffan Princeton University E-mail: [email protected] Search for o…
Islam, Humanity, and Indonesian Identity: Reflections on History
Islam, Humanity, and Indonesian Identity leiden university centre for the study of islam and society (lucis) series 'debates on islam and society
Merle Calvin Ricklefs (1943-2019), a Note of Appreciation
Becoming Arab: Creole Histories and Modern Identity in the Malay World
The Postcolonial Moment in South and Southeast Asia
By exploring themes of fragility, mobility and turmoil, anxieties and agency, and pedagogy, this book shows how colonialism shaped postcolonial projects in South and Southeast Asia including India, Pakistan, Burma, and Indonesia. Its chapters unearth the contingency and contention that accompanied the establishment of nation-states and their claim to be decolonized heirs
From Javanese Court to African Grave: How Noriman Became Tuan Skapie, 1717-1806
This article assembles clues related to the life and impact of an eighteenth century exile to Cape Town known as Oupa or Tuan Skapie (Grandpa/ Lord Sheepy). Remembered as a slave sent from Java in the 1770s who tended herds and dug wells on the slopes of Signal Hill in between periods of meditation, it would appear that this subaltern might well have been more than that. Certainly he was successful at concealing his identity (and abilities) from …
Islam and the European Empires Edited by David Motadel
William R. Roff (1929-2013)
Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society - Volume 86 Part 2, December 2013, No. 305
The Sayyid in the Slippers: An Indian Ocean Itinerary and Visions of Arab Sainthood, 1737-1929
This article links fragmentary information in Dutch sources about an eighteenth century Arab teacher, the opaquely named Sayyid ‘ Alawi, who was said to have played a leading role in the humiliation of the VOC garrison at Kartasura during the Chinese War of 1741-43. After being banished to Cape Town in 1744 he languished on Robben Island before being transferred to the town in 1761 as an enforcer of public order. Today, however, he is remembered …
Facing Fear: The History of an Emotion in Global Perspective
Fear is ubiquitous but slippery. It has been defined as a purely biological reality, derided as an excuse for cowardice, attacked as a force for social control, and even denigrated as an unnatural condition that has no place in the disenchanted world of enlightened modernity. In these times of institutionalized insecurity and global terror, this book sheds light on the meaning, diversity, and dynamism of fear in multiple world-historical contexts…
Facing Fear: The History of an Emotion in Global Perspective
"Enrique is a U.S. citizen-but the rest of his family isn't. When he hears a rumor of a police raid, Enrique must face the possibility of being separated from his parents and sister"
The Makings of Indonesian Islam: Orientalism and the Narration of a Sufi Past
Indonesian Islam is often portrayed as being intrinsically moderate by virtue of the role that mystical Sufism played in shaping its traditions. According to Western observers—from Dutch colonial administrators and orientalist scholars to modern anthropologists such as the late Clifford Geertz—Indonesia's peaceful interpretation of Islam has been perpetually under threat from outside by more violent, intolerant Islamic traditions that were origin…
The Makings of Indonesian Islam: Orientalism and the Narration of a Sufi Past
Indonesian Islam is often portrayed as being intrinsically moderate by virtue of the role that mystical Sufism played in shaping its traditions. According to Western observers—from Dutch colonial administrators and orientalist scholars to modern anthropologists such as the late Clifford Geertz—Indonesia's peaceful interpretation of Islam has been perpetually under threat from outside by more violent, intolerant Islamic traditions that were origin…
Colonialism, Violence and Muslims in Southeast Asia * By Syed Muhd KHAIRUDIN Aljunied
On 2 December 1950, and as a direct result of a ruling by the High Court of Singapore, a distraught European adolescent known as Nadra was forcibly removed from the arms of her adoptive Malay mother Che Aminah. Pending an appeal Nadra was placed in the care of the Convent of the Good Shepherd. This attracted widespread outcry in the local Muslim press, culminating in the formation of an action committee and protests on the steps of the High Court…
The New Turn to Mecca: Snapshots of Arabic Printing and Sufi Networks in Late 19th Century Java
À partir des écrits de C.Snouck Hurgronje (1857-1936), cet article analyse les transformations des écoles islamiques de Java à la fin du XIXe siècle. Les notes de Snouck Hurgronje montrent une transition volontaire qui se traduit par le déclin des vieux manuscrits locaux et la diffusion d’ouvrages imprimés en arabe. Ce glissement s’est opéré conjointement à la popularité croissante de certaines confréries basées à la Mecque, plus particulièrement…
Islamic Narrative and Authority in Southeast Asia
Another Andalusia: Images of Colonial Southeast Asia in Arabic Newspapers
This essay discusses changing images of island Southeast Asia and its Muslim populations in the modern Arabic press during the late colonial period. It commences by surveying the general informational letters sent to the largely pro-Ottoman papers of Beirut and Cairo during the 1890s by increasingly vocal local Arabs who were seeking to redress their situation as second-class colonial citizens. Thereafter, it considers the role played by Malays, …
From alternative medicine to national cure. Another voice for the Sûfî orders in the Indonesian media
L'article discute la façon dont une revue dédiée au Soufisme a récemment expliqué que l'inculcation d'une piété mystique adéquate au peuple indonésien sauverait la nation de ses nombreux problèmes actuels. Elle le fait en présentant la modernité comme une réalité inévitable et suggère que si les gens peuvent tirer profit d'une approche historique et contextualisée de l'histoire du Soufisme, il n'en reste pas moins que les écoles islamiques tradit…
The Fatwā Debated? Shūrā in one Indonesian Context
In July 2002 I attended a series of consultative iftā sessions, known as Bahsul Masail, held at a general meeting convened by Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), an Islamic organisation that represents traditionalist fiqh in Indonesia. Based upon close observation of the sessions, I show how consultation with the lay membership of NU impacted upon four fatwās drafted by the executive. These fatwās discuss NU's guiding principle, its definition of the Ahl al-Su…
Sufi Scents Across the Indian Ocean: Yemeni Hagiography and the Earliest History of Southeast Asian Islam
al-Jawi. Partant de son patronyme et de références éparses dans le Mir'at al-jinan de al-Yafi' i, les auteurs suggèrent sa possible relation à un commerce des épices en plein essor dans l'océan Indien, avant d'examiner sa place dans les réseaux sufi yéménites en tant que maître de al-Yafi'i, dont les ouvrages sur les miracles de 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani sont connus pour être d'une importance primordiale dans l'histoire de l'islam en Asie du Sud-Es…
Sufi Scents Across the Indian Ocean: Yemeni Hagiography and the Earliest History of Southeast Asian Islam
al-Jawi. Partant de son patronyme et de références éparses dans le Mir'at al-jinan de al-Yafi' i, les auteurs suggèrent sa possible relation à un commerce des épices en plein essor dans l'océan Indien, avant d'examiner sa place dans les réseaux sufi yéménites en tant que maître de al-Yafi'i, dont les ouvrages sur les miracles de 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani sont connus pour être d'une importance primordiale dans l'histoire de l'islam en Asie du Sud-Es…
The Fatwā Debated? Shūrā in one Indonesian Context
In July 2002 I attended a series of consultative iftā sessions, known as Bahsul Masail, held at a general meeting convened by Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), an Islamic organisation that represents traditionalist fiqh in Indonesia. Based upon close observation of the sessions, I show how consultation with the lay membership of NU impacted upon four fatwās drafted by the executive. These fatwās discuss NU's guiding principle, its definition of the Ahl al-Su…
New charts for the Arabic ocean; Dictionaries as indicators of changing times
"A Watchful Eye" ; The Meccan Plot of 1881 and Changing Dutch Perceptions of Islam in Indonesia
Michael Laffan, HAS Les rapports officiels hollandais (mailrapporten) envoyés de Batavia à La Haye à la fin du siècle dernier montrent comment la désinformation conduisit en 1881 à une véritable panique et un resserrement de la surveillance des musulmans des Indes. Les fonctionnaires néerlandais, aux Indes comme en Arabie, voyaient dans les musulmans des Indes des sujets passifs de la propagande pan-islamiste «des Arabes et des Turcs». Après l'éc…
Mustafa and the Mikado: A Francophile Egyptian's turn to Meiji Japan
(1999). Mustafa and the Mikado: A Francophile Egyptian's turn to Meiji Japan. Japanese Studies: Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 269-286
The New Turn to Mecca: Snapshots of Arabic Printing and Sufi Networks in Late 19th Century Java
À partir des écrits de C.Snouck Hurgronje (1857-1936), cet article analyse les transformations des écoles islamiques de Java à la fin du XIXe siècle. Les notes de Snouck Hurgronje montrent une transition volontaire qui se traduit par le déclin des vieux manuscrits locaux et la diffusion d’ouvrages imprimés en arabe. Ce glissement s’est opéré conjointement à la popularité croissante de certaines confréries basées à la Mecque, plus particulièrement…
The tangled roots of Islamist activism in southeast asia
This article provides an overview of the historical relationship between religious and political authority in Southeast Asia with primary reference to Indonesia, although the analysis includes some comparison with Malaysia. Referring to the transnational roots of present-day radicalism, it seeks to point out that the conflict between Sharia and state is largely imagined in the process of asserting an idealised past. Laffan commences by describing…
Raden Aboe Bakar; An introductory note concerning Snouck Hurgronje's informant in Jeddah (1884-1912)
This research note is a preliminary introduction to Raden Aboe Bakar Djajadiningrat, whose relationship with C. Snouck Hurgronje, whilst he was employed by the Dutch consulate in the Hijaz from 1884 to 1912, intersects with aspects of my dissertation, The umma below the winds, currently in progress at the University of Sydney.A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the conference 'Emerging trends in Islamic thought' at the University…
The unification of Sinn Fein in 1917
The Easter rising inaugurated a period of violence in Irish history, but its immediate consequence was to spark off a political rather than a military upheaval. The most important development in the next few years was the emergence of a united and organized separatist party which was capable of winning and holding the loyalties of most Irishmen; between 1916 and 1919 the achievements of the Sinn Fein party outweighed in importance those of the Ir…
From Javanese Court to African Grave: How Noriman Became Tuan Skapie, 1717-1806
This article assembles clues related to the life and impact of an eighteenth century exile to Cape Town known as Oupa or Tuan Skapie (Grandpa/ Lord Sheepy). Remembered as a slave sent from Java in the 1770s who tended herds and dug wells on the slopes of Signal Hill in between periods of meditation, it would appear that this subaltern might well have been more than that. Certainly he was successful at concealing his identity (and abilities) from …
Another Andalusia: Images of Colonial Southeast Asia in Arabic Newspapers
This essay discusses changing images of island Southeast Asia and its Muslim populations in the modern Arabic press during the late colonial period. It commences by surveying the general informational letters sent to the largely pro-Ottoman papers of Beirut and Cairo during the 1890s by increasingly vocal local Arabs who were seeking to redress their situation as second-class colonial citizens. Thereafter, it considers the role played by Malays, …
When Kiais Came to Cairo (29 July-1 August 2003)
Laffan Michael F. When Kiais Came to Cairo (29 July-1 August 2003). In: Archipel, volume 66, 2003. pp. 5-12
Between Batavia and Mecca. Images of Agoes Salim from the Leiden University Library
Né en 1884 à Kota Gedang, Sumatra Ouest, Agoes Salim fit ses études dans une école hollandaise à Tanjung Pinang, Riau, puis au fameux lycée Willem III de Batavia. Ses succès lui valurent le statut d'Européen en 1904. L'année suivante, grâce à l'intervention de Snouck Hurgronje, il fut nommé traducteur auprès du consulat hollandais de Djeddah, en charge des pèlerins en provenance de l'Archipel. Cet article analyse la situation et l'évolution de Ag…
Writing from the colonial margin: The letters of Aboe Bakar Djajadiningrat to Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje
Watan and negeri: Mustafa Kamil's ‘rising sun’ in the Malay world
(1996). Watan and negeri: Mustafa Kamil's ‘rising sun’ in the Malay world. Indonesia Circle. School of Oriental & African Studies. Newsletter: Vol. 24, No. 69, pp. 156-175
The unification of Sinn Fein in 1917
The Easter rising inaugurated a period of violence in Irish history, but its immediate consequence was to spark off a political rather than a military upheaval. The most important development in the next few years was the emergence of a united and organized separatist party which was capable of winning and holding the loyalties of most Irishmen; between 1916 and 1919 the achievements of the Sinn Fein party outweighed in importance those of the Ir…
The Burden of German History 1919-45: Essays for the Goethe Institute
Watan and negeri: Mustafa Kamil's ‘rising sun’ in the Malay world
(1996). Watan and negeri: Mustafa Kamil's ‘rising sun’ in the Malay world. Indonesia Circle. School of Oriental & African Studies. Newsletter: Vol. 24, No. 69, pp. 156-175
The Resurrection of Ireland: The Sinn Féin Party, 1916–1923
Between 1916 and 1923 Ireland experienced a political, as well as a military revolution. This book examines how, after the Easter Rising of 1916, radical revolutionaries formed a precarious coalition with (relatively) moderate politicians, and offers a sustained analysis of the political organisation of Irish republicanism during a crucial period. The new Sinn Féin party routed its enemies, co-operated uneasily with the underground Irish governme…
Mustafa and the Mikado: A Francophile Egyptian's turn to Meiji Japan
(1999). Mustafa and the Mikado: A Francophile Egyptian's turn to Meiji Japan. Japanese Studies: Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 269-286
Raden Aboe Bakar; An introductory note concerning Snouck Hurgronje's informant in Jeddah (1884-1912)
This research note is a preliminary introduction to Raden Aboe Bakar Djajadiningrat, whose relationship with C. Snouck Hurgronje, whilst he was employed by the Dutch consulate in the Hijaz from 1884 to 1912, intersects with aspects of my dissertation, The umma below the winds, currently in progress at the University of Sydney.A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the conference 'Emerging trends in Islamic thought' at the University…
Islamic Nationhood and Colonial Indonesia: The Umma Below the Winds
Introduction 1. An Ecumene in the 'The Lands Below the Winds' 2. Arab Priests and Pliant Pilgrims 3. The Hijazi Experience and Direct Colonial Visions of the heart of the Ecumene 4. Colonizing Islam and the Western-Oriented Project of Indies Nationhood 5. Reorientation among the Jawa of Mecca 6. The Jawa and Cairo 7. Islamic Voices from Singapore, Java, and Sumatra 8. Towards an Indigenous and Islamic Indonesia 9. Indonesia Visualised as a Fractu…
"A Watchful Eye" ; The Meccan Plot of 1881 and Changing Dutch Perceptions of Islam in Indonesia
Michael Laffan, HAS Les rapports officiels hollandais (mailrapporten) envoyés de Batavia à La Haye à la fin du siècle dernier montrent comment la désinformation conduisit en 1881 à une véritable panique et un resserrement de la surveillance des musulmans des Indes. Les fonctionnaires néerlandais, aux Indes comme en Arabie, voyaient dans les musulmans des Indes des sujets passifs de la propagande pan-islamiste «des Arabes et des Turcs». Après l'éc…
Islamic Nationhood and Colonial Indonesia
Drawing on previously unavailable archival material, this book argues that Indonesian nationalism rested on Islamic ecumenism heightened by colonial rule and the pilgrimage. The award winning author Laffan contrasts the latter experience with life in Cairo, where some Southeast Asians were drawn to both reformism and nationalism. After demonstrating the close linkage between Cairene ideology and Indonesian nationalism, Laffan shows how developmen…
The tangled roots of Islamist activism in southeast asia
This article provides an overview of the historical relationship between religious and political authority in Southeast Asia with primary reference to Indonesia, although the analysis includes some comparison with Malaysia. Referring to the transnational roots of present-day radicalism, it seeks to point out that the conflict between Sharia and state is largely imagined in the process of asserting an idealised past. Laffan commences by describing…
When Kiais Came to Cairo (29 July-1 August 2003)
Laffan Michael F. When Kiais Came to Cairo (29 July-1 August 2003). In: Archipel, volume 66, 2003. pp. 5-12
Between Batavia and Mecca. Images of Agoes Salim from the Leiden University Library
Né en 1884 à Kota Gedang, Sumatra Ouest, Agoes Salim fit ses études dans une école hollandaise à Tanjung Pinang, Riau, puis au fameux lycée Willem III de Batavia. Ses succès lui valurent le statut d'Européen en 1904. L'année suivante, grâce à l'intervention de Snouck Hurgronje, il fut nommé traducteur auprès du consulat hollandais de Djeddah, en charge des pèlerins en provenance de l'Archipel. Cet article analyse la situation et l'évolution de Ag…
Writing from the colonial margin: The letters of Aboe Bakar Djajadiningrat to Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje
New charts for the Arabic ocean; Dictionaries as indicators of changing times
The Fatwā Debated? Shūrā in one Indonesian Context
In July 2002 I attended a series of consultative iftā sessions, known as Bahsul Masail, held at a general meeting convened by Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), an Islamic organisation that represents traditionalist fiqh in Indonesia. Based upon close observation of the sessions, I show how consultation with the lay membership of NU impacted upon four fatwās drafted by the executive. These fatwās discuss NU's guiding principle, its definition of the Ahl al-Su…
Sufi Scents Across the Indian Ocean: Yemeni Hagiography and the Earliest History of Southeast Asian Islam
al-Jawi. Partant de son patronyme et de références éparses dans le Mir'at al-jinan de al-Yafi' i, les auteurs suggèrent sa possible relation à un commerce des épices en plein essor dans l'océan Indien, avant d'examiner sa place dans les réseaux sufi yéménites en tant que maître de al-Yafi'i, dont les ouvrages sur les miracles de 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani sont connus pour être d'une importance primordiale dans l'histoire de l'islam en Asie du Sud-Es…
From alternative medicine to national cure. Another voice for the Sûfî orders in the Indonesian media
L'article discute la façon dont une revue dédiée au Soufisme a récemment expliqué que l'inculcation d'une piété mystique adéquate au peuple indonésien sauverait la nation de ses nombreux problèmes actuels. Elle le fait en présentant la modernité comme une réalité inévitable et suggère que si les gens peuvent tirer profit d'une approche historique et contextualisée de l'histoire du Soufisme, il n'en reste pas moins que les écoles islamiques tradit…
Another Andalusia: Images of Colonial Southeast Asia in Arabic Newspapers
This essay discusses changing images of island Southeast Asia and its Muslim populations in the modern Arabic press during the late colonial period. It commences by surveying the general informational letters sent to the largely pro-Ottoman papers of Beirut and Cairo during the 1890s by increasingly vocal local Arabs who were seeking to redress their situation as second-class colonial citizens. Thereafter, it considers the role played by Malays, …
The New Turn to Mecca: Snapshots of Arabic Printing and Sufi Networks in Late 19th Century Java
À partir des écrits de C.Snouck Hurgronje (1857-1936), cet article analyse les transformations des écoles islamiques de Java à la fin du XIXe siècle. Les notes de Snouck Hurgronje montrent une transition volontaire qui se traduit par le déclin des vieux manuscrits locaux et la diffusion d’ouvrages imprimés en arabe. Ce glissement s’est opéré conjointement à la popularité croissante de certaines confréries basées à la Mecque, plus particulièrement…
Islamic Narrative and Authority in Southeast Asia
Colonialism, Violence and Muslims in Southeast Asia * By Syed Muhd KHAIRUDIN Aljunied
On 2 December 1950, and as a direct result of a ruling by the High Court of Singapore, a distraught European adolescent known as Nadra was forcibly removed from the arms of her adoptive Malay mother Che Aminah. Pending an appeal Nadra was placed in the care of the Convent of the Good Shepherd. This attracted widespread outcry in the local Muslim press, culminating in the formation of an action committee and protests on the steps of the High Court…
The Makings of Indonesian Islam: Orientalism and the Narration of a Sufi Past
Indonesian Islam is often portrayed as being intrinsically moderate by virtue of the role that mystical Sufism played in shaping its traditions. According to Western observers—from Dutch colonial administrators and orientalist scholars to modern anthropologists such as the late Clifford Geertz—Indonesia's peaceful interpretation of Islam has been perpetually under threat from outside by more violent, intolerant Islamic traditions that were origin…
The Makings of Indonesian Islam: Orientalism and the Narration of a Sufi Past
Indonesian Islam is often portrayed as being intrinsically moderate by virtue of the role that mystical Sufism played in shaping its traditions. According to Western observers—from Dutch colonial administrators and orientalist scholars to modern anthropologists such as the late Clifford Geertz—Indonesia's peaceful interpretation of Islam has been perpetually under threat from outside by more violent, intolerant Islamic traditions that were origin…
Facing Fear: The History of an Emotion in Global Perspective
Fear is ubiquitous but slippery. It has been defined as a purely biological reality, derided as an excuse for cowardice, attacked as a force for social control, and even denigrated as an unnatural condition that has no place in the disenchanted world of enlightened modernity. In these times of institutionalized insecurity and global terror, this book sheds light on the meaning, diversity, and dynamism of fear in multiple world-historical contexts…
Facing Fear: The History of an Emotion in Global Perspective
"Enrique is a U.S. citizen-but the rest of his family isn't. When he hears a rumor of a police raid, Enrique must face the possibility of being separated from his parents and sister"
History (32 works) · Asian Studies and History (26 works) · Political science (23 works) · History (17 works) · Archaeology (16 works) · Islam (16 works) · Law (16 works) · Philosophy (16 works) · Sociology (16 works) · Ancient history (15 works)