R Bhopal
Biographic Data
| ID | 5135822 |
|---|---|
| NAME | R Bhopal |
| GIVEN NAMES | R |
| FAMILY NAME | Bhopal |
| SIGNATURE | BHOPAL R |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Edinburgh |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 30 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 87 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 30 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1993 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2014 |
| H-INDEX | 4 |
Culturally adapting the prevention of diabetes and obesity in South Asians (Podosa) trial
Type 2 diabetes is extremely common in South Asians, e.g. in men from Pakistani and Indian populations it is about three times as likely as in the general population in England, despite similarities in body mass index. Lifestyle interventions reduce the incidence of diabetes. Trials in Europe and North America have not, however, reported on the impact on South Asian populations separately or provided the details of their cross-cultural adaptation…
PP54 Ethnic differences in Upper Gastrointestinal Disease in Scotland
Background There is a paucity of data assessing ethnic variations in upper gastrointestinal (GI) disease: we sought to study the incidence of upper GI diseases using adequate measure of ethnicity in Scotland. Methods Using the Scottish health and ethnicity linkage study (SHELS), linking NHS hospital admissions and mortality to the Scottish census 2001, we explored ethnic differences in incidence (2001-2010) of specific upper GI diseases (peptic u…
OP82 Ethnic Differences in Alcohol-Related Diseases in Scotland
Background Alcohol-related harms, most commonly liver disease-related, are a public health priority in Scotland. Previous research has identified variations in liver disease mortality endpoints using country of birth as a proxy for ethnicity in the UK. We report ethnic differences in the incidence of alcohol-related and liver disease using an adequate measure of ethnicity in Scotland. Methods Using the Scottish Health & Ethnicity Linkage Study (S…
OP83 Contribution of Behavioural Risk Factors and Socio-Economic Position to Mortality in British South Asian and European Adults
Background British South Asians experience excess cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Evidence for this is often based on studies using place of birth as a proxy for ethnicity. We examined the contribution of CVD risk factors and socio-economic position (SEP) to mortality in Europeans and South Asians, who provided confirmation of their ethnicity. Methods South Asian and European origin individuals, aged 25–74 years, were recrui…
P2-131 Falling prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance in south Asian populations
Introduction Recently, diabetes prevalence has soared in South Asians making it a global public health priority. However, there are suggestions from the PODOSA trial and elsewhere that pre-diabetes, including impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), may not be increasing. We conducted a systematic review to assess secular trends in pre-diabetes in South Asian populations worldwide. Methods We searched electronic databases from inception to June 2009 for…
P2-3 A cross-national comparative study of diabetes prevalence between English and Dutch South Asian Indian and African origin populations
Background Ethnic minority groups in western European countries tend to have higher levels of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) than the majority populations for reasons that are poorly understood. Investigating differences between countries could enable an investigation of the importance of national context in determining these inequalities. We determined whether the lower prevalence of DM in England vs the Netherlands is also observed in South-Asia…
P2-21 Ethnic inequalities in myocardial infarction incidence, interventions and survival in Scotland
Introduction Ethnic variations in coronary heart disease are large with a 50–70% excess consistently observed in South Asians. It is not clear whether this is attributable to increased incidence, poor survival, or both. We compared incidence and outcome of first acute myocardial infarction (AMI) by ethnic group in Scotland in relation to cardiac intervention uptake, socioeconomic factors and proximity to hospital. Methods We used linkage methods …
O3-2.1 Linkage of data in the study of ethnic inequalities and inequities in health outcomes in Scotland
Background There are striking ethnic variations in health status, outcomes, and health service utilisation. Quantifying and understanding this variation is essential to identify the health needs of ethnically diverse populations and assess the extent to which healthcare is equitable. Incomplete ethnic coding in routine data collection in Scotland undermines these efforts. Methods We examined ethnic variations in cardiovascular, cancer, maternal a…
P1-22 Which measures of socio-economic position perform most consistently across ethnic groups? Retrospective cohort study using census data linkage
Introduction Ethnic health inequalities are substantial but incompletely understood. Some studies have attributed ethnic inequalities to socio-economic status (SES) and adjusted ethnic comparisons SES measures. In the absence of individual level data, area level deprivation measures are routinely used for this purpose. However it is not clear whether these or other available SES measures perform similarly across ethnic groups. We examined the ass…
P48 Modifying health promotion interventions for ethnic minority groups
Background Some UK ethnic minority groups experience disproportionate levels of morbidity and mortality when compared with the majority White population. For these populations, access to and use of health promotion interventions may be limited. Adaptation of smoking cessation, physical activity and nutrition interventions of proven effectiveness for the majority population could represent an efficient strategy for reducing persistent health inequ…
P49 Modifying health promotion interventions for ethnic minority groups
Background Health promotion interventions have proved to be cost-effective strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with smoking, physical inactivity and poor diet in the general population. Some ethnic minority groups are disproportionately affected by these lifestyle factors, and existing evidence suggests that adapting evidence-based health promotion interventions for these populations may prove to be an effective strategy to ta…
Record linked retrospective cohort study of 4.6 million people exploring ethnic variations in disease
The technique met ethical, professional and legal concerns about the linkage of census and health data and is transferable internationally wherever the census (or population register) contains ethnic group or race data. The outcome is a retrospective cohort study. Our results point to increased incidence rather than increased case fatality in explaining high CHD mortality rate. The findings open up new methods for researchers and health planners
Racism in health and health care in Europe
Racism is a belief that some races are superior to others, justifying actions that create inequality by favouring the supposedly superior groups. In practice, the definition of race is broadened to include ethnic, religious, and other similar groups, so discrimination on such grounds is also termed racism. Some people deny that racism is common in modern, industrialized, multi-ethnic societies. Wherever research is done, however, it shows racism …
Cross-cultural adaptation of a tobacco questionnaire for Punjabi, Cantonese, Urdu and Sylheti speakers
Objective: To develop cross-culturally valid and comparable questionnaires for use in clinical practice, tobacco cessation services and multiethnic surveys on tobacco use. Methods: Key questions in Urdu, Cantonese, Punjabi and Sylheti on tobacco use were compiled from the best existing surveys. Additional items were translated by bilingual coworkers. In one-to-one and group consultations, lay members of the Pakistani, Chinese, Indian Sikh and Ban…
Glossary of terms relating to ethnicity and race
This glossary focuses on the concepts and terminology used in the study of the health of minority ethnic and racial groups. It is hoped that it will stimulate debate on this subject so that an internationally applicable glossary may emerge
Newcastle Heart Project
In our recently published analysis of Newcastle Heart Project data we concluded that in South Asians diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance was associated with an increased likelihood of reporting sibling but not parental diabetes.1 By contrast, in Europeans diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance were associated with both sibling and parental diabetes. In response to feedback, we re-analysed our data to assess whether awareness of a diagnosis of …
Mismatch between perceived and actual overweight in diabetic and non-diabetic populations
Diabetes is more common in South Asian (defined here as Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi origin) populations compared with Europeans. This may be related to their greater abdominal obesity. 1 Weight loss and maintenance are crucial in the prevention of noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus and motivation to loose weight is likely to be greater in those who perceive themselves as being overweight. We compared self perception of body weight using…
Heterogeneity of coronary heart disease risk factors in Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and European origin populations
OBJECTIVE: To compare coronary risk factors and disease prevalence among Indians, Pakistanis, and Bangladeshis, and in all South Asians (these three groups together) with Europeans. DESIGN: Cross sectional survey. SETTING: Newcastle upon Tyne. PARTICIPANTS: 259 Indian, 305 Pakistani, 120 Bangladeshi, and 825 European men and women aged 25-74 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Social and economic circumstances, lifestyle, self reported symptoms and dis…
The covert influence of the tobacco industry on research and publication
Paradigms in epidemiology textbooks
This article attempts to contribute to the debate on the future of epidemiology by combining Thomas Kuhn's ideas on scientific paradigms with the author's observations on some epidemiology textbooks. The author's interpretations were based on his readings of Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, epidemiology textbooks, and papers on the future of epidemiology. Thomas Kuhn's view is that sciences mostly work with a single paradigm driven…
Religious circumcision on the NHS
Pakistanis represent the third largest ethnic minority group in the UK and their major religion--Islam--advocates male circumcision. Interviews with 63 men and 63 women of Pakistani origin, living in Middlesbrough, England, in 1991, explored attitudes toward religious circumcision provided through the National Health Service (NHS). In Middlesbrough, the local health authority does not purchase services for nonmedical circumcision. Overall, 53 res…
White, European, Western, Caucasian, or what? Inappropriate labeling in research on race, ethnicity, and health
The request for scientifically appropriate terminology in research on race, ethnicity, and health has largely bypassed the term White. This and other words, such as Caucasian, are embedded in clinical and epidemiological discourse, yet they are rarely defined. This commentary analyzes the issue from the perspective of the epidemiology of the health of minority ethnic and racial groups in Europe and the United States. Minority groups are usually c…
Which book? A comparative review of 25 introductory epidemiology textbooks
Raj BhopalWe are witnessing an epidemic of epidemiol- ogy.One outcome is a greater demand for books to meet the needs of an increasingly diverse student body.A widening range of pro- fessionals and researchers are discovering the power and fascination of the subject, and their heterogeneity of specialist knowledge and interest poses special challenge.Revisions of classics and many new texts mean difficult choices for teachers and students.The ris…
Body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, and glucose intolerance in Chinese and Europid adults in Newcastle, UK
OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of glucose intolerance (impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes), and its relationship to body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio in Chinese and Europid adults. DESIGN: This was a cross sectional study. SETTING: Newcastle upon Tyne. SUBJECTS: These comprised Chinese and Europid men and women, aged 25-64 years, and resident in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Two hour post load plasma glucose c…
Low levels of cardiovascular risk factors and coronary heart disease in a UK Chinese population
OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and coronary heart disease in Chinese and Europid adults. DESIGN: Population based, cross sectional survey. SETTING: Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, 1991-93. SUBJECTS: Altogether 380 Chinese and 625 Europid adults, aged 25-64 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Fasting lipid levels, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), the proportions who smoked, and the prevalence of coronary heart disease…
Glossary of terms relating to ethnicity and race
This glossary focuses on the concepts and terminology used in the study of the health of minority ethnic and racial groups. It is hoped that it will stimulate debate on this subject so that an internationally applicable glossary may emerge
White, European, Western, Caucasian, or what? Inappropriate labeling in research on race, ethnicity, and health
The request for scientifically appropriate terminology in research on race, ethnicity, and health has largely bypassed the term White. This and other words, such as Caucasian, are embedded in clinical and epidemiological discourse, yet they are rarely defined. This commentary analyzes the issue from the perspective of the epidemiology of the health of minority ethnic and racial groups in Europe and the United States. Minority groups are usually c…
Racism in health and health care in Europe
Racism is a belief that some races are superior to others, justifying actions that create inequality by favouring the supposedly superior groups. In practice, the definition of race is broadened to include ethnic, religious, and other similar groups, so discrimination on such grounds is also termed racism. Some people deny that racism is common in modern, industrialized, multi-ethnic societies. Wherever research is done, however, it shows racism …
Health of a Punjabi ethnic minority in Glasgow
OBJECTIVE--To compare common health experiences of a South Asian (predominantly Punjabi) population with that of the general population, according to sex, and to related patterns of health in the fourth decade of life to the pattern of hospital admission and mortality documented in the published reports. DESIGN AND SETTING--A cross sectional survey with interviews and physical measures was undertaken in a two stage stratified random cluster sampl…
Paradigms in epidemiology textbooks
This article attempts to contribute to the debate on the future of epidemiology by combining Thomas Kuhn's ideas on scientific paradigms with the author's observations on some epidemiology textbooks. The author's interpretations were based on his readings of Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, epidemiology textbooks, and papers on the future of epidemiology. Thomas Kuhn's view is that sciences mostly work with a single paradigm driven…
Body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, and glucose intolerance in Chinese and Europid adults in Newcastle, UK
OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of glucose intolerance (impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes), and its relationship to body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio in Chinese and Europid adults. DESIGN: This was a cross sectional study. SETTING: Newcastle upon Tyne. SUBJECTS: These comprised Chinese and Europid men and women, aged 25-64 years, and resident in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Two hour post load plasma glucose c…
Public health medicine and primary health care
Environmental, social, organisational, and legislative interventions are of dominant importance (b) Professional attitudes Health requires or organised effects of society * Prevention is better than cure
Cross-cultural adaptation of a tobacco questionnaire for Punjabi, Cantonese, Urdu and Sylheti speakers
Objective: To develop cross-culturally valid and comparable questionnaires for use in clinical practice, tobacco cessation services and multiethnic surveys on tobacco use. Methods: Key questions in Urdu, Cantonese, Punjabi and Sylheti on tobacco use were compiled from the best existing surveys. Additional items were translated by bilingual coworkers. In one-to-one and group consultations, lay members of the Pakistani, Chinese, Indian Sikh and Ban…
Pattern of ophthalmological accidents and emergencies presenting to hospitals
STUDY OBJECTIVE--To investigate the numbers and characteristics of patients with ophthalmological accidents and emergencies presenting to hospitals. DESIGN--Prospective survey over eight weeks. SETTING--Two general and one ophthalmic accident and emergency departments, two general outpatient departments, and an eye hospital ward consulting room (all in two teaching hospitals) in Newcastle upon Tyne. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS--Consultation num…
Health of a Punjabi ethnic minority in Glasgow
OBJECTIVE--To compare common health experiences of a South Asian (predominantly Punjabi) population with that of the general population, according to sex, and to related patterns of health in the fourth decade of life to the pattern of hospital admission and mortality documented in the published reports. DESIGN AND SETTING--A cross sectional survey with interviews and physical measures was undertaken in a two stage stratified random cluster sampl…
Pattern of ophthalmological accidents and emergencies presenting to hospitals
STUDY OBJECTIVE--To investigate the numbers and characteristics of patients with ophthalmological accidents and emergencies presenting to hospitals. DESIGN--Prospective survey over eight weeks. SETTING--Two general and one ophthalmic accident and emergency departments, two general outpatient departments, and an eye hospital ward consulting room (all in two teaching hospitals) in Newcastle upon Tyne. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS--Consultation num…
Ethnicity as a variable in epidemiological research
Ethnicity is used increasingly as a key variable to describe health data, and ethnic monitoring in the NHS will further stimulate this trend. We identify four fundamental problems with ethnicity in this type of research: the difficulties of measurement, the heterogeneity of the populations being studied, lack of clarity about the research purpose of the research, and ethnocentricity affecting the interpretation and use of data. Ethnicity needs to…
Clinical audit
Primary care * Unstructured and semi-structured interviews Is audit the most effective means of achieving quality improvement? * Secondary care * Participant and non-participant observation How much does audit cost? Audit as a national activity Cross sectional surveys Is audit cost-effective? Cohort and case control studies Is another quality mechanism likely to be more cost-effective Intervention trials Economic analysis: * Costs * Cost effectiv…
Public health medicine and primary health care
Environmental, social, organisational, and legislative interventions are of dominant importance (b) Professional attitudes Health requires or organised effects of society * Prevention is better than cure
Which book? A comparative review of 25 introductory epidemiology textbooks
Raj BhopalWe are witnessing an epidemic of epidemiol- ogy.One outcome is a greater demand for books to meet the needs of an increasingly diverse student body.A widening range of pro- fessionals and researchers are discovering the power and fascination of the subject, and their heterogeneity of specialist knowledge and interest poses special challenge.Revisions of classics and many new texts mean difficult choices for teachers and students.The ris…
Body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, and glucose intolerance in Chinese and Europid adults in Newcastle, UK
OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of glucose intolerance (impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes), and its relationship to body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio in Chinese and Europid adults. DESIGN: This was a cross sectional study. SETTING: Newcastle upon Tyne. SUBJECTS: These comprised Chinese and Europid men and women, aged 25-64 years, and resident in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Two hour post load plasma glucose c…
Low levels of cardiovascular risk factors and coronary heart disease in a UK Chinese population
OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and coronary heart disease in Chinese and Europid adults. DESIGN: Population based, cross sectional survey. SETTING: Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, 1991-93. SUBJECTS: Altogether 380 Chinese and 625 Europid adults, aged 25-64 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Fasting lipid levels, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), the proportions who smoked, and the prevalence of coronary heart disease…
Religious circumcision on the NHS
Pakistanis represent the third largest ethnic minority group in the UK and their major religion--Islam--advocates male circumcision. Interviews with 63 men and 63 women of Pakistani origin, living in Middlesbrough, England, in 1991, explored attitudes toward religious circumcision provided through the National Health Service (NHS). In Middlesbrough, the local health authority does not purchase services for nonmedical circumcision. Overall, 53 res…
White, European, Western, Caucasian, or what? Inappropriate labeling in research on race, ethnicity, and health
The request for scientifically appropriate terminology in research on race, ethnicity, and health has largely bypassed the term White. This and other words, such as Caucasian, are embedded in clinical and epidemiological discourse, yet they are rarely defined. This commentary analyzes the issue from the perspective of the epidemiology of the health of minority ethnic and racial groups in Europe and the United States. Minority groups are usually c…
Heterogeneity of coronary heart disease risk factors in Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and European origin populations
OBJECTIVE: To compare coronary risk factors and disease prevalence among Indians, Pakistanis, and Bangladeshis, and in all South Asians (these three groups together) with Europeans. DESIGN: Cross sectional survey. SETTING: Newcastle upon Tyne. PARTICIPANTS: 259 Indian, 305 Pakistani, 120 Bangladeshi, and 825 European men and women aged 25-74 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Social and economic circumstances, lifestyle, self reported symptoms and dis…
The covert influence of the tobacco industry on research and publication
Paradigms in epidemiology textbooks
This article attempts to contribute to the debate on the future of epidemiology by combining Thomas Kuhn's ideas on scientific paradigms with the author's observations on some epidemiology textbooks. The author's interpretations were based on his readings of Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, epidemiology textbooks, and papers on the future of epidemiology. Thomas Kuhn's view is that sciences mostly work with a single paradigm driven…
Mismatch between perceived and actual overweight in diabetic and non-diabetic populations
Diabetes is more common in South Asian (defined here as Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi origin) populations compared with Europeans. This may be related to their greater abdominal obesity. 1 Weight loss and maintenance are crucial in the prevention of noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus and motivation to loose weight is likely to be greater in those who perceive themselves as being overweight. We compared self perception of body weight using…
Newcastle Heart Project
In our recently published analysis of Newcastle Heart Project data we concluded that in South Asians diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance was associated with an increased likelihood of reporting sibling but not parental diabetes.1 By contrast, in Europeans diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance were associated with both sibling and parental diabetes. In response to feedback, we re-analysed our data to assess whether awareness of a diagnosis of …
Glossary of terms relating to ethnicity and race
This glossary focuses on the concepts and terminology used in the study of the health of minority ethnic and racial groups. It is hoped that it will stimulate debate on this subject so that an internationally applicable glossary may emerge
Cross-cultural adaptation of a tobacco questionnaire for Punjabi, Cantonese, Urdu and Sylheti speakers
Objective: To develop cross-culturally valid and comparable questionnaires for use in clinical practice, tobacco cessation services and multiethnic surveys on tobacco use. Methods: Key questions in Urdu, Cantonese, Punjabi and Sylheti on tobacco use were compiled from the best existing surveys. Additional items were translated by bilingual coworkers. In one-to-one and group consultations, lay members of the Pakistani, Chinese, Indian Sikh and Ban…
Record linked retrospective cohort study of 4.6 million people exploring ethnic variations in disease
The technique met ethical, professional and legal concerns about the linkage of census and health data and is transferable internationally wherever the census (or population register) contains ethnic group or race data. The outcome is a retrospective cohort study. Our results point to increased incidence rather than increased case fatality in explaining high CHD mortality rate. The findings open up new methods for researchers and health planners
Racism in health and health care in Europe
Racism is a belief that some races are superior to others, justifying actions that create inequality by favouring the supposedly superior groups. In practice, the definition of race is broadened to include ethnic, religious, and other similar groups, so discrimination on such grounds is also termed racism. Some people deny that racism is common in modern, industrialized, multi-ethnic societies. Wherever research is done, however, it shows racism …
P48 Modifying health promotion interventions for ethnic minority groups
Background Some UK ethnic minority groups experience disproportionate levels of morbidity and mortality when compared with the majority White population. For these populations, access to and use of health promotion interventions may be limited. Adaptation of smoking cessation, physical activity and nutrition interventions of proven effectiveness for the majority population could represent an efficient strategy for reducing persistent health inequ…
P49 Modifying health promotion interventions for ethnic minority groups
Background Health promotion interventions have proved to be cost-effective strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with smoking, physical inactivity and poor diet in the general population. Some ethnic minority groups are disproportionately affected by these lifestyle factors, and existing evidence suggests that adapting evidence-based health promotion interventions for these populations may prove to be an effective strategy to ta…
P2-131 Falling prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance in south Asian populations
Introduction Recently, diabetes prevalence has soared in South Asians making it a global public health priority. However, there are suggestions from the PODOSA trial and elsewhere that pre-diabetes, including impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), may not be increasing. We conducted a systematic review to assess secular trends in pre-diabetes in South Asian populations worldwide. Methods We searched electronic databases from inception to June 2009 for…
P2-3 A cross-national comparative study of diabetes prevalence between English and Dutch South Asian Indian and African origin populations
Background Ethnic minority groups in western European countries tend to have higher levels of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) than the majority populations for reasons that are poorly understood. Investigating differences between countries could enable an investigation of the importance of national context in determining these inequalities. We determined whether the lower prevalence of DM in England vs the Netherlands is also observed in South-Asia…
P2-21 Ethnic inequalities in myocardial infarction incidence, interventions and survival in Scotland
Introduction Ethnic variations in coronary heart disease are large with a 50–70% excess consistently observed in South Asians. It is not clear whether this is attributable to increased incidence, poor survival, or both. We compared incidence and outcome of first acute myocardial infarction (AMI) by ethnic group in Scotland in relation to cardiac intervention uptake, socioeconomic factors and proximity to hospital. Methods We used linkage methods …
O3-2.1 Linkage of data in the study of ethnic inequalities and inequities in health outcomes in Scotland
Background There are striking ethnic variations in health status, outcomes, and health service utilisation. Quantifying and understanding this variation is essential to identify the health needs of ethnically diverse populations and assess the extent to which healthcare is equitable. Incomplete ethnic coding in routine data collection in Scotland undermines these efforts. Methods We examined ethnic variations in cardiovascular, cancer, maternal a…
Medicine (29 works) · Environmental health (19 works) · Population (18 works) · Demography (17 works) · Ethnic group (16 works) · Pathology (13 works) · Gerontology (11 works) · Gerontology (11 works) · Epidemiology (8 works) · Epidemiology (8 works)