W E Cro
Biographic Data
| ID | 51808 |
|---|---|
| NAME | W E Cro |
| GIVEN NAMES | W E |
| FAMILY NAME | Cro |
| SIGNATURE | CRO W E |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Denver |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-9691-4995 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 39 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1137 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 39 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1978 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 12 |
A Psychological, Historical Analysis of Post-Slavery Trauma and Post-Slavery Growth: Are They Viable Constructs
Around the turn of the 20th century, two sociologists, W. E. B. Du Bois, and E. Franklin Frazier, produced separate narratives depicting the legacy of slavery. Du Bois documented both the apparent negative consequences as well the way many ex-slaves achieved "uplift" within a short period of time, following Emancipation. Frazier claimed that exiting slavery the ex-slaves were a broken and damaged community in dire need of assimilation. In the 193…
Black Psychology and Black Criminality: Myths and Reality on the Origins of Black Street Life
This work interrogates the long-held assumption that captive Africans exited slavery exhibiting psychological damage that blocked their progress as free men, women and families. As a counter narrative to the deficit perspective on Black life, the literature on extreme poverty and fluctuating unemployment patterns are summarized to show how the importance of social class has too often been underestimated, and the assumed negative, psychological ef…
Black Lives Matter and Nigrescence Theory: When Police Violence Triggers an Encounter
Black Lives Matter (BLM) is a social movement. The video recording of the death of George Floyd represented a collective Encounter that spread across the United States and the globe via various social media platforms with startling immediacy. In this manuscript, the authors apply Nigrescence theory to the BLM protests of 2020. We argue that Nigrescence theory provides a framework to understand catalysts to individual and collective activism and t…
Psychometric Properties of Cross Ethnic-Racial Identity Scale-Adult (Ceris-A) Scores: A Replication Study
In this paper, we examined the internal consistency and structural validity of Cross Ethnic-Racial Identity Scale-Adult (CERIS-A) scores. The CERIS-A, developed to assess ethnic-racial identity attitudes in diverse ethnic and racial groups, has seven 4-item subscales: Assimilation, Miseducation, Self-Hatred, Anti-Dominant, Ethnocentricity, Multiculturalist Inclusive, and Ethnic-Racial Salience. Participants consisted of 250 young adults aged 18 t…
Uncovering Alternate Ethnic Identity Trajectories: A Cluster Analysis of the Meim and Psychological Well-Being
Incorporating a Race Salience Subscale Into the Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS)
In this study, we examined the internal consistency and structural validity of scores on an expanded version of the Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS) consisting of the original six subscales-Assimilation, Miseducation, Self-Hatred, Anti-White, Afrocentricity, and Multiculturalist Inclusive-and a seventh subscale called Race Salience. Participants consisted of two samples of African Americans. Sample 1 had 324 participants, most of whom were stud…
C lark, K enneth and M amie
Kenneth Clark (1914–2005) and Mamie Clark (1917–1983) provided the crucial social scientific evidence that helped the US Supreme Court reach its historic 1954 Brown v. Board of Education school desegregation decision. Mamie Clark went on to an illustrious career in community mental health, and directed one of the few mental‐health centers serving the community of Harlem, New York. Kenneth Clark became a tenured professor of psychology at the City…
Identity Work: Enactment of Racial-Ethnic Identity in Everyday Life
In this theoretical analysis, we discuss the attributional and enactment approaches to identity and present a new Ethnic-Racial Identity Enactment Model derived from extant theory and research. We highlight modes of identity work that provide 1) self-concept and self-esteem protection; 2) achievement and success during everyday encounters; 3) a sense of belonging and attachment to one’s ascriptive group; and 4) the relation between internalized o…
Whiteness and Serendipity
The current focus on Whiteness is timely, as the papers included in the Major Contribution extend the discourse first presented by The Counseling Psychologist in 1993. The articles explore the evolution of White allies in a naturalistic and phenomenological way, as there is heavy reliance on current allies telling the story of their sojourn toward becoming relevant. Although mentoring played a critical factor in the evolution of many allies, sere…
Ecological Factors in Human Development
Urie Bronfenbrenner (1992) helped developmental psychologists comprehend and define "context" as a rich, thick multidimensional construct. His ecological systems theory consists of five layers, and within each layer are developmental processes unique to each layer. The four articles in this section limit the exploration of context to the three innermost systems: the individual plus micro- and macrolayers. Rather than examine both the physical fea…
Racial awakening: Epiphanies and encounters in Black racial identity
Findings extend our understanding of the process in which people develop a sense of racial consciousness. Insights may help inform future researchers in terms of identifying racial awakening prototypic stories and counselors in terms of providing opportunities to assist individuals in the meaning-making process. (PsycINFO Database Record
Ethnic and Racial Identity During Adolescence and Into Young Adulthood: An Integrated Conceptualization
Although ethnic and racial identity (ERI) are central to the normative development of youth of color, there have been few efforts to bring scholars together to discuss the theoretical complexities of these constructs and provide a synthesis of existing work. The Ethnic and Racial Identity in the 21st Century Study Group was assembled for this purpose. This article provides an overview of the interface of ERI with developmental and contextual issu…
Predicaments, Coping, and Resistance: Social and Personal Identities among African Americans
Contemporary Black Identities and Personalities
Given the variety of acknowledged and unacknowledged social identities found among black people, it is daunting to capture, even in summary fashion, the scope of the discourse on black identity. There are so many possible points of entry. Whether the focus is personality or identity, the variability one encounters in black people almost defies analysis. There is no single way to be black nor is there a prototypic “black” personality. This article…
(Re)Examining Racial Identity Attitude Differences Across Gender, Community Type, and Socioeconomic Status Among African American College Students
The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between (a) racial identity attitudes and (b) individual and contextual variables. The authors used the Cross Racial Identity Scale, which is based on the expanded nigrescence model, to assess racial identity attitudes in a sample of African American college students attending a predominantly White university in the northeastern region of the United States. One-way multivariate analyses of var…
Race-Related Stress, Racial Identity Attitudes, and Mental Health Among Black Women
This study examined whether racial identity attitudes moderate the relationship between racist stress events, racist stress appraisal, and mental health. One hundred eighteen African American and 144 self-identified Caribbean women completed the Cross Racial Identity Scale, the Schedule of Racist Events, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that multi…
Race, Ethnicity, and Culture in Child Development: Contemporary Research and Future Directions
The editors of this special issue reflect on the current status and future directions of research on race, ethnicity, and culture in child development. Research in the special issue disentangles race, ethnicity, culture, and immigrant status, and identifies mediators of sociocultural variables on developmental outcomes. The special issue includes important research on normal development in context for ethnic and racial minority children, addresse…
A Multicultural Critique of Identity Status Theory and Research: A Call for Integration
Although identity status theory has inspired over 500 theoretical and empirical publications, it is unclear to what extent this tradition has incorporated non-White ethnic groups and theories of racial and ethnic identity development. We reviewed 57 empirical articles published between 1993 and 2003 in 6 leading outlets for identity status research and found that (a) 35% failed to report the ethnic composition of the sample, and (b) 74% of the sa…
Generalizing Nigrescence Profiles: Cluster Analyses of Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS) Scores in Three Independent Samples
The two studies in this article examine the interpretability and generalizability of nigrescence profiles based on Cross Racial Identity Scale scores across different educational contexts. Study 1 participants ( N = 333) came from a predominantly White institution (PWI) and were grouped into six clusters labeled Afrocentric, multiculturalist, assimilated, immersion, low race salience, and miseducated variant. The two samples in Study 2 consisted …
Effects of social stressors on cardiovascular reactivity in black and white women
These findings suggest that perceived racism in social interactions may contribute to increased physiological stress for Black women
A Daily Diary Study of Mental Health and Community Involvement Outcomes for Three Chinese American Social Identities
Approximately 100 American youths of Chinese descent participated in a 14-day diary study, completing daily reports on ethnic feelings, American feelings, ethnic community involvement, and psychological well-being. Participants were divided into 4 identity orientations (Chinese, American, bicultural, or other) and then assessed for differential patterns of mental health and community involvement. Chinese-centered identities were characterized by …
The Reliability and Validity of Big Five Inventory Scores With African American College Students
The reliability and validity of scores on the Big Five Inventory (BFI; O. P. John, E. M. Donahue, & R. L. Kentle, 1991) were examined in a sample of 336 African American college students. Results indicated moderate reliability and structural validity for BFI scores. Additionally, BFI subscales had few meaningful correlations with self-esteem and social desirability.La fiabilidad y la validez de los resultados del Inventario "Big Five" (BFI; O. P.…
Reliability and Structural Validity of Cross Racial Identity Scale Scores in a Sample of African American Adults
In this article, the authors examine the internal consistency and structural validity of scores on the Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS; Vandiver et al., 2000; Worrell, Vandiver, & Cross, 2000) in a sample of 105 adults. Exploratory factor analyses provided support for the six-factor structure of the CRIS. Reliability estimates for the scores were in the high to moderate range, and subscale inter-correlations were low. The authors conclude that …
Tracing the Historical Origins of Youth Delinquency & Violence: Myths & Realities About Black Culture
The negative effects of slavery have been theoretically linked to contemporary problems faced by African Americans, such as family instability, low achievement motivation, and high rates of juvenile delinquency and youth violence. Combining historical, sociological, and psychological materials, the current analysis argues that Blacks exited slavery with the necessary social capital, inclusive of proactive family attitudes and patterns as well as …
Validating the Cross Racial Identity Scale
Validation work on the Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS; B. J. Vandiver et al., 2000) is described in 2 studies using African American college students. In Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis supported the presence of 6 CRIS subscales. In Study 2, confirmatory factor analysis provided support for a 2-factor higher order model of the 6 CRIS subscales and the nigrescence model. Correlational analyses between the CRIS and the Multidimensional I…
Ethnic and Racial Identity During Adolescence and Into Young Adulthood: An Integrated Conceptualization
Although ethnic and racial identity (ERI) are central to the normative development of youth of color, there have been few efforts to bring scholars together to discuss the theoretical complexities of these constructs and provide a synthesis of existing work. The Ethnic and Racial Identity in the 21st Century Study Group was assembled for this purpose. This article provides an overview of the interface of ERI with developmental and contextual issu…
The Thomas and Cross Models of Psychological Nigrescence: A Review
Adult Black identity change that took place within the context of the recent Black sociopolitical movement is the focus of a literature review. The review summarizes two models that depict the various stages that might be associated with the psychological metamorphosis of Black Americans and examines the empirical studies that have been conducted to test the models. Although the models seem to predict major changes in both the self- concept and r…
Validating the Cross Racial Identity Scale
Validation work on the Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS; B. J. Vandiver et al., 2000) is described in 2 studies using African American college students. In Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis supported the presence of 6 CRIS subscales. In Study 2, confirmatory factor analysis provided support for a 2-factor higher order model of the 6 CRIS subscales and the nigrescence model. Correlational analyses between the CRIS and the Multidimensional I…
Cross's Nigrescence Model: From Theory to Scale to Theory
This article describes the theoretical and empirical evolution of the revised Cross nigrescence identity model (W. E. Cross, 1991) in the context of developing a new multidimensional measure, the Cross Racial Identity Scale (Vandiver et al., 2000). The research resulted in an expanded nigrescence model (W. E. Cross & B. J. Vandiver, 2001), and preliminary factor analytic strategies support the existence of 6 subscales.Este artículo describe la ev…
Race-Related Stress, Racial Identity Attitudes, and Mental Health Among Black Women
This study examined whether racial identity attitudes moderate the relationship between racist stress events, racist stress appraisal, and mental health. One hundred eighteen African American and 144 self-identified Caribbean women completed the Cross Racial Identity Scale, the Schedule of Racist Events, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that multi…
Nigrescence Theory: Current Status and Challenges for the Future
This article raises a number of critical questions for scale development and theorizing in the field of Black racial identity. In particular, the authors suggest that research on Black racial identity would benefit from longitudinal studies and the examination of the existence of overarching racial identity constructs.Este artículo plantea varias preguntas críticas sobre el desarrollo de escalas y teorías en el campo de la Identidad Racial Negra.…
Generalizing Nigrescence Profiles: Cluster Analyses of Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS) Scores in Three Independent Samples
The two studies in this article examine the interpretability and generalizability of nigrescence profiles based on Cross Racial Identity Scale scores across different educational contexts. Study 1 participants ( N = 333) came from a predominantly White institution (PWI) and were grouped into six clusters labeled Afrocentric, multiculturalist, assimilated, immersion, low race salience, and miseducated variant. The two samples in Study 2 consisted …
Reliability and Structural Validity of Cross Racial Identity Scale Scores in a Sample of African American Adults
In this article, the authors examine the internal consistency and structural validity of scores on the Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS; Vandiver et al., 2000; Worrell, Vandiver, & Cross, 2000) in a sample of 105 adults. Exploratory factor analyses provided support for the six-factor structure of the CRIS. Reliability estimates for the scores were in the high to moderate range, and subscale inter-correlations were low. The authors conclude that …
Effects of social stressors on cardiovascular reactivity in black and white women
These findings suggest that perceived racism in social interactions may contribute to increased physiological stress for Black women
A Daily Diary Study of Mental Health and Community Involvement Outcomes for Three Chinese American Social Identities
Approximately 100 American youths of Chinese descent participated in a 14-day diary study, completing daily reports on ethnic feelings, American feelings, ethnic community involvement, and psychological well-being. Participants were divided into 4 identity orientations (Chinese, American, bicultural, or other) and then assessed for differential patterns of mental health and community involvement. Chinese-centered identities were characterized by …
Racial awakening: Epiphanies and encounters in Black racial identity
Findings extend our understanding of the process in which people develop a sense of racial consciousness. Insights may help inform future researchers in terms of identifying racial awakening prototypic stories and counselors in terms of providing opportunities to assist individuals in the meaning-making process. (PsycINFO Database Record
Tracing the Historical Origins of Youth Delinquency & Violence: Myths & Realities About Black Culture
The negative effects of slavery have been theoretically linked to contemporary problems faced by African Americans, such as family instability, low achievement motivation, and high rates of juvenile delinquency and youth violence. Combining historical, sociological, and psychological materials, the current analysis argues that Blacks exited slavery with the necessary social capital, inclusive of proactive family attitudes and patterns as well as …
The Reliability and Validity of Big Five Inventory Scores With African American College Students
The reliability and validity of scores on the Big Five Inventory (BFI; O. P. John, E. M. Donahue, & R. L. Kentle, 1991) were examined in a sample of 336 African American college students. Results indicated moderate reliability and structural validity for BFI scores. Additionally, BFI subscales had few meaningful correlations with self-esteem and social desirability.La fiabilidad y la validez de los resultados del Inventario "Big Five" (BFI; O. P.…
Nigrescence: A Nondiaphanous Phenomenon
Black Families and Black Identity Development: Rediscovering the Distinction Between Self-esteem and Reference Group Orientation
The sociological and socio-historical literature on the evolution of the Black American family, covering slavery through the present period, is interfaced with the trend of empirical studies of Black identity development for studies conducted between 1939 to the present. The former defines the structural aspects (one parent, two parent kin network) of Black house-holds, while evidence of high or low selfesteem in Black children, contained in the …
A Psychological, Historical Analysis of Post-Slavery Trauma and Post-Slavery Growth: Are They Viable Constructs
Around the turn of the 20th century, two sociologists, W. E. B. Du Bois, and E. Franklin Frazier, produced separate narratives depicting the legacy of slavery. Du Bois documented both the apparent negative consequences as well the way many ex-slaves achieved "uplift" within a short period of time, following Emancipation. Frazier claimed that exiting slavery the ex-slaves were a broken and damaged community in dire need of assimilation. In the 193…
Incorporating a Race Salience Subscale Into the Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS)
In this study, we examined the internal consistency and structural validity of scores on an expanded version of the Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS) consisting of the original six subscales-Assimilation, Miseducation, Self-Hatred, Anti-White, Afrocentricity, and Multiculturalist Inclusive-and a seventh subscale called Race Salience. Participants consisted of two samples of African Americans. Sample 1 had 324 participants, most of whom were stud…
Whiteness and Serendipity
The current focus on Whiteness is timely, as the papers included in the Major Contribution extend the discourse first presented by The Counseling Psychologist in 1993. The articles explore the evolution of White allies in a naturalistic and phenomenological way, as there is heavy reliance on current allies telling the story of their sojourn toward becoming relevant. Although mentoring played a critical factor in the evolution of many allies, sere…
College in Black and White: African American Students in Predominantly White and in Historically Black Public Universities
Ecological Factors in Human Development
Urie Bronfenbrenner (1992) helped developmental psychologists comprehend and define "context" as a rich, thick multidimensional construct. His ecological systems theory consists of five layers, and within each layer are developmental processes unique to each layer. The four articles in this section limit the exploration of context to the three innermost systems: the individual plus micro- and macrolayers. Rather than examine both the physical fea…
The Thomas and Cross Models of Psychological Nigrescence: A Review
Adult Black identity change that took place within the context of the recent Black sociopolitical movement is the focus of a literature review. The review summarizes two models that depict the various stages that might be associated with the psychological metamorphosis of Black Americans and examines the empirical studies that have been conducted to test the models. Although the models seem to predict major changes in both the self- concept and r…
Black Families and Black Identity Development: Rediscovering the Distinction Between Self-esteem and Reference Group Orientation
The sociological and socio-historical literature on the evolution of the Black American family, covering slavery through the present period, is interfaced with the trend of empirical studies of Black identity development for studies conducted between 1939 to the present. The former defines the structural aspects (one parent, two parent kin network) of Black house-holds, while evidence of high or low selfesteem in Black children, contained in the …
Trophic Relationships at High Arctic Ice Edges
At ice edges in the Canadian High Arctic, seabirds and marine mammals eat arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) and to a lesser extent, zooplankton (calanoid copepods and Parathemisto) and ice-associated amphipods. Cod eat ice-associated amphipods, other ice-associated taxa (harpacticoid and cyclopoid copepods), and zooplankton. Calanoid copepods, Parathemisto, and the ice-associated amphipods studied (Onisimus glacialis, Apherusa glacialis, Gammarus wil…
Under-ice Biota at the Pond Inlet Ice Edge and in Adjacent Fast Ice Areas during Spring
Distributions of nutrients, flora and fauna on the bottom of the ice in Pond Inlet during May-July 1979 were examined with respect to distance from the landfast ice edge, but temporal variability and local spatial variability confounded interpretation. Timing of the ice algal bloom was most delayed under fast ice where snow depth was thickest and was negatively correlated with chlorophyll a content in bottom ice. The bloom occurred first at the i…
The Biological Setting of the Bios Site at Cape Hatt, N.W.T., Including the Sampling Design, Methodology and Baseline Results for Macrobenthos
The Baffin Island Oil Spill (BIOS) Project was carried out in nearshore shallow waters at Cape Hatt, northern Baffin Island. Observations and limited data on phytoplankton, zooplankton, fishes, birds and mammals at Cape Hatt and more detailed information on microheterotrophs indicate that the BIOS site is typical of the majority of eastern and central High Arctic coastal areas. Detailed baseline information on nearshore macrobenthos (infauna, epi…
Effects of Experimental Releases of Oil and Dispersed Oil on Arctic Nearshore Macrobenthos. III. Macroalgae
An experimental subsurface release of chemically dispersed oil at Cape Hatt, northern Baffin Island, resulted in short-term relatively high oil concentrations in the water of two adjacent bays. Untreated oil released onto the surface of the third bay could not be detected in the water below a depth of 1 m. Both releases, however, resulted in measurable contamination of sediments in shallow water. Macroalgae at 3 m depth were sampled by a diver-op…
Effects of Oil and Chemically Treated Oil on Nearshore Under-Ice Meiofauna Studied in Situ
Meiofauna collected during May 1982 in the soft bottom layer of nearshore landfast ice at Cape Hatt, northern Baffin Island, were dominated by cyclopoid copepods, harpacticoid copepods, nematodes and polychaete larvae (73.5, 15.4, 6.3 and 3.5% of total numbers respectively). Also included were rotifers, gastropod veligers and calanoid copepod nauplii; calanoid nauplii were probably present in the near-ice water and not on or in the ice. Average a…
Effects of Experimental Releases of Oil and Dispersed Oil on Arctic Nearshore Macrobenthos. II. Epibenthos
An experimental subsurface release of chemically dispersed oil at Cape Hatt, northern Baffin Island, resulted in short-term relatively high oil concentrations in the waters of two adjacent bays, whereas untreated oil released onto the surface of a third bay could not be detected in the water below a depth of 1 m. The only immediate response in epibenthos observed by divers was narcosis in urchins and starfish following the dispersed oil release. …
Effects of Experimental Releases of Oil and Dispersed Oil on Arctic Nearshore Macrobenthos. I. Infauna
An experimental subsurface release of chemically dispersed oil at Cape Hatt, northern Baffin Island, resulted in short-term, relatively high oil concentrations in the waters of two adjacent bays, whereas untreated oil released onto the surface of a third bay could not be detected in the water below a depth of 1 m. Diver observations revealed no apparent short-term effects of untreated oil on shallow water infauna, whereas marked acute effects on …
Effects of Oil and Chemically Treated Oil on Primary Productivity of High Arctic Ice Algae Studied in Situ
Control data on the ice algal bloom at Cape Hatt, northern Baffin Island, during 18 May-2 June 1982 were typical of those at other arctic locations. Ice algae were dominated by pennate diatoms (80% of total cells), particularly Nitzschia grunowii (55%) and N. frigida (15%). In various locations and sampling periods, cell densities ranged from 1.7-384.7 x 100,000,000 cells/sq m, and chlorophyll a concentrations ranged from 3.4-16.7 mg/sq m, both i…
Nigrescence: A Nondiaphanous Phenomenon
College in Black and White: African American Students in Predominantly White and in Historically Black Public Universities
Nigrescence Theory: Current Status and Challenges for the Future
This article raises a number of critical questions for scale development and theorizing in the field of Black racial identity. In particular, the authors suggest that research on Black racial identity would benefit from longitudinal studies and the examination of the existence of overarching racial identity constructs.Este artículo plantea varias preguntas críticas sobre el desarrollo de escalas y teorías en el campo de la Identidad Racial Negra.…
Cross's Nigrescence Model: From Theory to Scale to Theory
This article describes the theoretical and empirical evolution of the revised Cross nigrescence identity model (W. E. Cross, 1991) in the context of developing a new multidimensional measure, the Cross Racial Identity Scale (Vandiver et al., 2000). The research resulted in an expanded nigrescence model (W. E. Cross & B. J. Vandiver, 2001), and preliminary factor analytic strategies support the existence of 6 subscales.Este artículo describe la ev…
Validating the Cross Racial Identity Scale
Validation work on the Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS; B. J. Vandiver et al., 2000) is described in 2 studies using African American college students. In Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis supported the presence of 6 CRIS subscales. In Study 2, confirmatory factor analysis provided support for a 2-factor higher order model of the 6 CRIS subscales and the nigrescence model. Correlational analyses between the CRIS and the Multidimensional I…
Tracing the Historical Origins of Youth Delinquency & Violence: Myths & Realities About Black Culture
The negative effects of slavery have been theoretically linked to contemporary problems faced by African Americans, such as family instability, low achievement motivation, and high rates of juvenile delinquency and youth violence. Combining historical, sociological, and psychological materials, the current analysis argues that Blacks exited slavery with the necessary social capital, inclusive of proactive family attitudes and patterns as well as …
A Daily Diary Study of Mental Health and Community Involvement Outcomes for Three Chinese American Social Identities
Approximately 100 American youths of Chinese descent participated in a 14-day diary study, completing daily reports on ethnic feelings, American feelings, ethnic community involvement, and psychological well-being. Participants were divided into 4 identity orientations (Chinese, American, bicultural, or other) and then assessed for differential patterns of mental health and community involvement. Chinese-centered identities were characterized by …
The Reliability and Validity of Big Five Inventory Scores With African American College Students
The reliability and validity of scores on the Big Five Inventory (BFI; O. P. John, E. M. Donahue, & R. L. Kentle, 1991) were examined in a sample of 336 African American college students. Results indicated moderate reliability and structural validity for BFI scores. Additionally, BFI subscales had few meaningful correlations with self-esteem and social desirability.La fiabilidad y la validez de los resultados del Inventario "Big Five" (BFI; O. P.…
Reliability and Structural Validity of Cross Racial Identity Scale Scores in a Sample of African American Adults
In this article, the authors examine the internal consistency and structural validity of scores on the Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS; Vandiver et al., 2000; Worrell, Vandiver, & Cross, 2000) in a sample of 105 adults. Exploratory factor analyses provided support for the six-factor structure of the CRIS. Reliability estimates for the scores were in the high to moderate range, and subscale inter-correlations were low. The authors conclude that …
Race, Ethnicity, and Culture in Child Development: Contemporary Research and Future Directions
The editors of this special issue reflect on the current status and future directions of research on race, ethnicity, and culture in child development. Research in the special issue disentangles race, ethnicity, culture, and immigrant status, and identifies mediators of sociocultural variables on developmental outcomes. The special issue includes important research on normal development in context for ethnic and racial minority children, addresse…
A Multicultural Critique of Identity Status Theory and Research: A Call for Integration
Although identity status theory has inspired over 500 theoretical and empirical publications, it is unclear to what extent this tradition has incorporated non-White ethnic groups and theories of racial and ethnic identity development. We reviewed 57 empirical articles published between 1993 and 2003 in 6 leading outlets for identity status research and found that (a) 35% failed to report the ethnic composition of the sample, and (b) 74% of the sa…
Generalizing Nigrescence Profiles: Cluster Analyses of Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS) Scores in Three Independent Samples
The two studies in this article examine the interpretability and generalizability of nigrescence profiles based on Cross Racial Identity Scale scores across different educational contexts. Study 1 participants ( N = 333) came from a predominantly White institution (PWI) and were grouped into six clusters labeled Afrocentric, multiculturalist, assimilated, immersion, low race salience, and miseducated variant. The two samples in Study 2 consisted …
Effects of social stressors on cardiovascular reactivity in black and white women
These findings suggest that perceived racism in social interactions may contribute to increased physiological stress for Black women
Race-Related Stress, Racial Identity Attitudes, and Mental Health Among Black Women
This study examined whether racial identity attitudes moderate the relationship between racist stress events, racist stress appraisal, and mental health. One hundred eighteen African American and 144 self-identified Caribbean women completed the Cross Racial Identity Scale, the Schedule of Racist Events, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that multi…
(Re)Examining Racial Identity Attitude Differences Across Gender, Community Type, and Socioeconomic Status Among African American College Students
The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between (a) racial identity attitudes and (b) individual and contextual variables. The authors used the Cross Racial Identity Scale, which is based on the expanded nigrescence model, to assess racial identity attitudes in a sample of African American college students attending a predominantly White university in the northeastern region of the United States. One-way multivariate analyses of var…
Psychology (28 works) · Social Psychology (21 works) · Sociology (20 works) · Racial and Ethnic Identity Research (18 works) · Social Psychology (16 works) · Gender Studies (13 works) · Identity (music (10 works) · Critical Race Theory in Education (9 works) · Clinical Psychology (8 works) · Developmental psychology (8 works)