Richard G Rawlins
Biographic Data
| ID | 5207312 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Richard G Rawlins |
| GIVEN NAMES | Richard G |
| FAMILY NAME | Rawlins |
| SIGNATURE | RAWLINS R G |
| AFFILIATIONS | Rush University Medical Center |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 19 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 13 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 19 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1975 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2018 |
| H-INDEX | 2 |
In memoriam
A 75‐year pictorial history of the Cayo Santiago rhesus monkey colony
This article presents a pictorial history of the free-ranging colony of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, in commemoration of the 75th anniversary of its establishment by Clarence R. Carpenter in December 1938. It is based on a presentation made by the authors at the symposium, Cayo Santiago: 75 Years of Leadership in Translational Research, held at the 36th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Primatologists in …
Discovery of a secular trend in Cayo Santiago macaque reproduction
Reproductive synchrony and the consequent clustering of births are hypothesized to be regulated by seasonal changes in rainfall and food availability. Such climate-related seasonality is, however, questionable in tropical populations occupying temporally invariant habitats year round. Using the long-term data of the Cayo Santiago rhesus macaques from 1973 to 2013, this study distinguishes synchrony (a greater than chance clustering of births) fro…
In Memoriam
Long‐term effects of castration on the skeleton of male rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta )
While osteopenia (OPE) and osteoporosis (OPO) have been studied in various species of aging nonhuman primates and extensively in ovariectomized rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, there is virtually no information on the effects of castration on the skeleton of male nonhuman primates. Most information on castrated male primates comes from a few studies on the skeletons of eunuchs. This report used a subset of the Caribbean Primate Research Center's (…
Managing the Cayo Santiago rhesus macaque population
Cayo Santiago is the oldest continuously operating free-ranging rhesus monkey colony in the world. Population control of this colony has historically been carried out by periodic live capture and removal of animals. However, the effect of such a strategy on the size, growth rate, age structure, and sex ratio of the population has not been analyzed. This study reviews past removal data and uses a population projection model to simulate the effects…
Genetic studies on the Cayo Santiago rhesus macaques
Genetic studies not only contribute substantially to our current understanding of the natural variation in behavior and health in many species, they also provide the basis of numerous in vivo models of human traits. Despite the many challenges posed by the high level of biological and social complexity, a long lifespan and difficult access in the field, genetic studies of primates are particularly rewarding because of the close evolutionary relat…
Long‐term effects of tetanus toxoid inoculation on the demography and life expectancy of the Cayo Santiago rhesus macaques
Tetanus was a major cause of mortality in the free-ranging population of rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago prior to 1985 when the entire colony was given its first dose of tetanus toxoid. The immediate reduction in mortality that followed tetanus toxoid inoculation (TTI) has been documented, but the long-term demographic effects of eliminating tetanus infections have not. This study uses the Cayo Santiago demographic database to construct comparati…
Demographic variability and density‐dependent dynamics of a free‐ranging rhesus macaque population
Density-dependence is hypothesized as the major mechanism of population regulation. However, the lack of long-term demographic data has hampered the use of density-dependent models in nonhuman primates. In this study, we make use of the long-term demographic data from Cayo Santiago's rhesus macaques to parameterize and analyze both a density-independent and a density-dependent population matrix model, and compare their projections with the observ…
Speak Up! Or forever
Tetanus antibody titers and duration of immunity to clinical tetanus infections in free‐ranging rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta )
Prior to 1985 tetanus was a major cause of mortality in the free‐ranging colony of rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago, accounting for almost a quarter of annual deaths. In 1985 and 1986 all animals (except infants) received primary and booster doses, respectively, of tetanus toxoid. In subsequent years primary immunizations were given to all yearlings, and boosters were administered to all 2‐year‐old animals during the annual capture of the colony. …
Reproduction and development
Effect of tetanus toxoid inoculation on mortality in the Cayo Santiago macaque population
Tetanus was a major cause of mortality in the free‐ranging population of rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ) on Cayo Santiago. From 1977 to 1984 the mean (±1 SD) annual total mortality rate (excluding neonatal deaths within 48 h postpartum, abortions, and stillbirths) was 6.39% ± .94%, and the mean annual tetanus mortality rate was 1.33% ± .45%. Tetanus deaths accounted for 19.5% of the total mortality in the colony. In 1985, all monkeys on the isl…
Secondary sex ratio variation in the Cayo Santiago macaque population
Secondary sex ratios (SSR) were calculated from 1,385 offspring delivered by 372 females in the Cayo Santiago population of free‐ranging rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ) from 1976 through 1984. The SSR for the entire colony ranged from 0.86 to 1.46 males per female (combined total: 1.08), but no significant difference was observed (P > .05). SSR values were compared among the troops for each year. The SSR differed significantly among the six soc…
Climate and seasonal reproduction in the Cayo Santiago macaques
This paper reports the results of an eight‐year study of seasonal reproduction in the free‐ranging colony of rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. There was a significant correlation between the start of the annual spring rainy season and the estimated median conception date (r = .94, p
The hemogram, serum biochemistry, and electrolyte profile of the free‐ranging Cayo Santiago rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta )
Sixty‐four male and 33 female free‐ranging rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ) from one of six social groups on the island of Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, were surveyed to establish normal values for the hemogram and serum biochemical and electrolytes for the colony. Mean values (± 1 SD) are reported by sex for each of three age groups (2–3, 4–9 and ≥ 10 years). All adult females (≥ 4 years) were pregnant. There were significant differences for a nu…
Aging in the musculoskeletal system of rhesus monkeys
In order to describe ontogenetic change in the musculoskeletal system of rhesus monkeys, 126 Macaca mulatta from Cayo Santiago, ranging in age from 7 months to 21 years, were examined under anesthesia. Passive joint excursions were measured at the wrist, elbow, shoulder, hip, and knee. Mean ranges of excursion at these joints differed significantly between age groups and by sex. The potential for most movements appeared to decrease approximately …
A five‐year study of tetanus in the Cayo Santiago rhesus monkey colony
Tetanus is a major cause of death in the free‐ranging rhesus moonkey colony on the island of Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. During the five‐year period of observation (July 1, 1976 through June 30, 1981), the mean annual tetanus mortality rate (± 1 SD) was 1.74% (±0.15). The mean annual total mortality rate was 6.77% (±0.78). The tetanus mortality rate varied sigificantly (P Clostridium tetani toxin, thus confirming that tetanus is a nonimmunizing d…
Age changes in the pubic symphysis of Macaca mulatta
Age changes in the pubic symphyses of 142 Cayo Santiago rhesus monkeys (known age, sex and maternal genealogy) are described. Symphyseal development is sexually dimorphic. Males generate a ridge and furrow system which is gradually replaced by a solid ankylosis at the mid‐sagittal plane. Female development parallels that of the male until puberty. With pregnancy and delivery, relaxation and reaggregation of pelvic ligaments binding the symphysis …
Age changes in the pubic symphysis of Macaca mulatta
Age changes in the pubic symphyses of 142 Cayo Santiago rhesus monkeys (known age, sex and maternal genealogy) are described. Symphyseal development is sexually dimorphic. Males generate a ridge and furrow system which is gradually replaced by a solid ankylosis at the mid‐sagittal plane. Female development parallels that of the male until puberty. With pregnancy and delivery, relaxation and reaggregation of pelvic ligaments binding the symphysis …
Aging in the musculoskeletal system of rhesus monkeys
In order to describe ontogenetic change in the musculoskeletal system of rhesus monkeys, 126 Macaca mulatta from Cayo Santiago, ranging in age from 7 months to 21 years, were examined under anesthesia. Passive joint excursions were measured at the wrist, elbow, shoulder, hip, and knee. Mean ranges of excursion at these joints differed significantly between age groups and by sex. The potential for most movements appeared to decrease approximately …
Age changes in the pubic symphysis of Macaca mulatta
Age changes in the pubic symphyses of 142 Cayo Santiago rhesus monkeys (known age, sex and maternal genealogy) are described. Symphyseal development is sexually dimorphic. Males generate a ridge and furrow system which is gradually replaced by a solid ankylosis at the mid‐sagittal plane. Female development parallels that of the male until puberty. With pregnancy and delivery, relaxation and reaggregation of pelvic ligaments binding the symphysis …
A five‐year study of tetanus in the Cayo Santiago rhesus monkey colony
Tetanus is a major cause of death in the free‐ranging rhesus moonkey colony on the island of Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. During the five‐year period of observation (July 1, 1976 through June 30, 1981), the mean annual tetanus mortality rate (± 1 SD) was 1.74% (±0.15). The mean annual total mortality rate was 6.77% (±0.78). The tetanus mortality rate varied sigificantly (P Clostridium tetani toxin, thus confirming that tetanus is a nonimmunizing d…
The hemogram, serum biochemistry, and electrolyte profile of the free‐ranging Cayo Santiago rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta )
Sixty‐four male and 33 female free‐ranging rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ) from one of six social groups on the island of Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, were surveyed to establish normal values for the hemogram and serum biochemical and electrolytes for the colony. Mean values (± 1 SD) are reported by sex for each of three age groups (2–3, 4–9 and ≥ 10 years). All adult females (≥ 4 years) were pregnant. There were significant differences for a nu…
Aging in the musculoskeletal system of rhesus monkeys
In order to describe ontogenetic change in the musculoskeletal system of rhesus monkeys, 126 Macaca mulatta from Cayo Santiago, ranging in age from 7 months to 21 years, were examined under anesthesia. Passive joint excursions were measured at the wrist, elbow, shoulder, hip, and knee. Mean ranges of excursion at these joints differed significantly between age groups and by sex. The potential for most movements appeared to decrease approximately …
Climate and seasonal reproduction in the Cayo Santiago macaques
This paper reports the results of an eight‐year study of seasonal reproduction in the free‐ranging colony of rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. There was a significant correlation between the start of the annual spring rainy season and the estimated median conception date (r = .94, p
Secondary sex ratio variation in the Cayo Santiago macaque population
Secondary sex ratios (SSR) were calculated from 1,385 offspring delivered by 372 females in the Cayo Santiago population of free‐ranging rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ) from 1976 through 1984. The SSR for the entire colony ranged from 0.86 to 1.46 males per female (combined total: 1.08), but no significant difference was observed (P > .05). SSR values were compared among the troops for each year. The SSR differed significantly among the six soc…
Effect of tetanus toxoid inoculation on mortality in the Cayo Santiago macaque population
Tetanus was a major cause of mortality in the free‐ranging population of rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ) on Cayo Santiago. From 1977 to 1984 the mean (±1 SD) annual total mortality rate (excluding neonatal deaths within 48 h postpartum, abortions, and stillbirths) was 6.39% ± .94%, and the mean annual tetanus mortality rate was 1.33% ± .45%. Tetanus deaths accounted for 19.5% of the total mortality in the colony. In 1985, all monkeys on the isl…
Reproduction and development
Tetanus antibody titers and duration of immunity to clinical tetanus infections in free‐ranging rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta )
Prior to 1985 tetanus was a major cause of mortality in the free‐ranging colony of rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago, accounting for almost a quarter of annual deaths. In 1985 and 1986 all animals (except infants) received primary and booster doses, respectively, of tetanus toxoid. In subsequent years primary immunizations were given to all yearlings, and boosters were administered to all 2‐year‐old animals during the annual capture of the colony. …
Speak Up! Or forever
Demographic variability and density‐dependent dynamics of a free‐ranging rhesus macaque population
Density-dependence is hypothesized as the major mechanism of population regulation. However, the lack of long-term demographic data has hampered the use of density-dependent models in nonhuman primates. In this study, we make use of the long-term demographic data from Cayo Santiago's rhesus macaques to parameterize and analyze both a density-independent and a density-dependent population matrix model, and compare their projections with the observ…
Long‐term effects of tetanus toxoid inoculation on the demography and life expectancy of the Cayo Santiago rhesus macaques
Tetanus was a major cause of mortality in the free-ranging population of rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago prior to 1985 when the entire colony was given its first dose of tetanus toxoid. The immediate reduction in mortality that followed tetanus toxoid inoculation (TTI) has been documented, but the long-term demographic effects of eliminating tetanus infections have not. This study uses the Cayo Santiago demographic database to construct comparati…
A 75‐year pictorial history of the Cayo Santiago rhesus monkey colony
This article presents a pictorial history of the free-ranging colony of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, in commemoration of the 75th anniversary of its establishment by Clarence R. Carpenter in December 1938. It is based on a presentation made by the authors at the symposium, Cayo Santiago: 75 Years of Leadership in Translational Research, held at the 36th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Primatologists in …
Discovery of a secular trend in Cayo Santiago macaque reproduction
Reproductive synchrony and the consequent clustering of births are hypothesized to be regulated by seasonal changes in rainfall and food availability. Such climate-related seasonality is, however, questionable in tropical populations occupying temporally invariant habitats year round. Using the long-term data of the Cayo Santiago rhesus macaques from 1973 to 2013, this study distinguishes synchrony (a greater than chance clustering of births) fro…
In Memoriam
Long‐term effects of castration on the skeleton of male rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta )
While osteopenia (OPE) and osteoporosis (OPO) have been studied in various species of aging nonhuman primates and extensively in ovariectomized rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, there is virtually no information on the effects of castration on the skeleton of male nonhuman primates. Most information on castrated male primates comes from a few studies on the skeletons of eunuchs. This report used a subset of the Caribbean Primate Research Center's (…
Managing the Cayo Santiago rhesus macaque population
Cayo Santiago is the oldest continuously operating free-ranging rhesus monkey colony in the world. Population control of this colony has historically been carried out by periodic live capture and removal of animals. However, the effect of such a strategy on the size, growth rate, age structure, and sex ratio of the population has not been analyzed. This study reviews past removal data and uses a population projection model to simulate the effects…
Genetic studies on the Cayo Santiago rhesus macaques
Genetic studies not only contribute substantially to our current understanding of the natural variation in behavior and health in many species, they also provide the basis of numerous in vivo models of human traits. Despite the many challenges posed by the high level of biological and social complexity, a long lifespan and difficult access in the field, genetic studies of primates are particularly rewarding because of the close evolutionary relat…
In memoriam
Biology (14 works) · Primate Behavior and Ecology (13 works) · Demography (11 works) · Population (11 works) · Medicine (8 works) · Animal Behavior and Reproduction (7 works) · Ecology (5 works) · Amphibian and Reptile Biology (4 works) · Immunology (4 works) · Tetanus (4 works)