George A Brook
Biographic Data
| ID | 5208034 |
|---|---|
| NAME | George A Brook |
| GIVEN NAMES | George A |
| FAMILY NAME | Brook |
| SIGNATURE | BROOK G A |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Georgia |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1996-6369 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 43 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 270 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 43 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1984 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
La utilización de la tecnología cerámica en Patagonia Central durante el Holoceno tardío
sta investigación presenta información tecnológica, cronológica e isotópica proveniente de un conjunto de fragmentos cerámicos recuperados en la localidad arqueológica 17 de Marzo (17M), localizada al norte del río Chico y en proximidades del extremo sur del macizo del Deseado (Provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina). Los fechados radiocarbónicos obtenidos apoyan la propuesta previa de una adopción reciente de esta tecnología, siendo más tardía que e…
Recientes Datos De Elementos Traza De Una Nueva Fuente Primaria De Obsidiana Negra en El Noreste De La Provincia De Santa Cruz, Patagonia, Argentina
Se informa sobre la presencia de un afloramiento de obsidiana negra previamente desconocido ubicado en el extremo oriental del Macizo del Deseado, en cercanías del Océano Atlántico y de la localidad de Tres Cerros, en Patagonia. La obsidiana constituye un vidrio de riolita subalcalina con contenido medio de potasio. Es de menor calidad que la obsidiana negra de la fuente Pampa del Asador, emplazada en inmediaciones de la cabecera del río Chico, e…
Nueva información referida a la transición Pleistoceno-Holoceno y al Holoceno temprano en el extremo sur del Macizo del Deseado (Patagonia, Argentina)
El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar los nuevos resultados obtenidos en torno a las ocupaciones tempranas en el sitio La Gruta 1, área de La Gruta, extremo sur del Macizo del Deseado, Patagonia argentina. Ã?stos se refieren tanto a la transición Pleistoceno-Holoceno como al Holoceno temprano y abarcan aspectos paleoambientales, nuevos fechados radiocarbónicos, además de la disponibilidad y utilización de materias primas. Se presentan los resu…
Hallazgos cerámicos y su cronología en el área comprendida entre el extremo sur del macizo del deseado y la cuenca del Río Santa Cruz (Patagonia Sur, Argentina)
El objetivo de este trabajo es informar sobre la recuperación de seis tiestos en el área ubicada entre el extremo sur del Macizo del Deseado y el río Santa Cruz. Si bien se trata de un registro arqueológico poco abundante, constituye un aporte significativo al conocimiento sobre el uso de esta tecnología entre grupos cazadores-recolectores en estas latitudes y en espacios intermedios entre la costa y la cordillera. Se presenta la información cron…
Integrating U-Th, 14 C, and 210 Pb methods to produce a chronologically reliable isotope record for the Belize River Valley Maya from a low-uranium stalagmite
Social and environmental changes had great spatiotemporal variability in the Maya Lowlands during the Classic and Postclassic Periods, and stalagmites promise high-resolution paleoclimate data that can refine our understanding of this complex time. Unfortunately, stalagmites in this region are often difficult to date by U-Th methods because of low initial uranium concentrations. Other dating techniques can be used on such stalagmites, and we pres…
Pollen in fossil hyrax dung from Marine Isotope Stages 2 and 3 reveals past environments in Namibia
Pigments, binders, and ages of rock art at Viuda Quenzana, Santa Cruz, Patagonia (Argentina)
Palaeolithic occupation of the Anatolian High Plateau during a cold period
In the Avlamış Valley, 10 km north of Eskişehir (NW Anatolia), an undamaged triangular Levallois flake was encountered in a paleosol, 430 cm beneath the ground surface. The artifact has a minimal dorsal retouch on the right margin, and there is a light beige partial patina on the ventral surface. Based on the technological investigations, this artifact was made using the centripetal recurrent Levallois technique. An observation of the trench wall…
De Marzo (Santa Cruz, Argentina)
Reuse of Burial Sites During the Late Holocene
The first systematic research on the funerary record at the Río Bote 1 (RB1) rockshelter, located next to the Bote River, a tributary of the Santa Cruz River in southern Patagonia, has revealed at least three human burial events dating to the very early Late Holocene and one dating to the middle Late Holocene. The RB1 site appears to have been used for both subsistence and inhumation activities. All of the burials uncovered postdate the depositio…
The Kalahari During MIS 6-2 (190–12 ka)
Changes in lithic technology and environment in southern continental Patagonia
Stalagmite multi-proxy evidence of wet and dry intervals in northeastern Namibia
Multiple proxies using variation in δ 18 O, δ 13 C, mineralogy, and petrography in a newly generated high-resolution record of Stalagmite DP1 from Dante Cave indicate a linkage between changes in hydroclimate in northeastern Namibia and changes in solar activity and changes in global temperatures. The record suggests that during solar minima and globally cooler conditions (ca. 1660–1710 and ca. 1790–1830), wetter periods (reflecting longer summer…
Late Holocene Stalagmite and Tufa Climate Records for Wonderwerk Cave
Evidence of the earliest humans in the Southern Deseado Massif (Patagonia, Argentina), Mylodontidae, and changes in water availability
Year-long terrestrial record of millennial-scale linkage between eastern North American mid-latitude paleovegetation shifts and Greenland ice-core oxygen isotope trends
We document frequent, rapid, strong, millennial-scale paleovegetation shifts throughout the late Pleistocene, within a 100,000+ yr interval (~ 115–15 ka) of terrestrial sediments from the mid-Atlantic Region (MAR) of North America. High-resolution analyses of fossil pollen from one core locality revealed a continuously shifting sequence of thermally dependent forest assemblages, ranging between two endmembers: subtropical oak-tupelo-bald cypress-…
An examination of possible relationships between paleoenvironmental conditions during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition and human occupation of southern Patagonia (Argentina) east of the Andes, betw…
Palaeoenvironment and early human occupation of southernmost South America (South Patagonia, Argentina)
The Antiquity of the Bow and Arrow in the Kalahari Desert
This paper presents new information on the antiquity of the bow and arrow in the Kalahari. Excavations at White Paintings Shelter (WPS) uncovered bone point fragments that appear to have been parts of reversible arrowheads that could have been used with poison. We present a sequence of nine new, internally consistent OSL ages that date specific soil horizons at WPS. These dates/soil horizons are related to the bone point finds. The oldest bone po…
Fossil papio cranium from !Ncumtsa (Koanaka) Hills, western Ngamiland, Botswana
Three fossils, a cranium of Papio , a cercopithecid frontal bone, and a mandible of juvenile Papio , have been recovered from cave deposits in the !Ncumtsa (Koanaka) Hills of western Ngamiland, Botswana. These specimens are significant because well‐preserved crania of Papio are extremely rare in the fossil record outside of South Africa and because this is the first report of fossil primate cranial remains from Botswana. Thermoluminescence dating…
Late Quaternary paleoenvironments and paleoclimatic conditions in the distal Andean piedmont, southern Mendoza, Argentina
The Andean piedmont of Mendoza is a semiarid region covered by extensive and partially vegetated dune fields consisting of mostly inactive aeolian landforms of diverse size and morphology. This paper is focused on the San Rafael plain (SRP) environment, situated in the distal Andean piedmont of Mendoza (34° 30′S), and reports the sedimentology and OSL chronology of two representative exposures of late Quaternary deposits, including their paleoenv…
Reassessment of carbonate ages by dating both carbonate and organic material from an Etosha Pan (Namibia) stromatolite
Radiocarbon ages for coatings on cupules ground in quartzite bedrock at Rhino Cave in the Kalahari Desert of Botswana, and their paleoclimatic significance
Geophysical techniques have been widely employed for the noninvasive location of burial sites in archaeological and forensic investigations. This approach has met with varying degrees of success, depending on factors such as equipment choice, survey methodology, burial type, and geological setting. This paper reports the results of a multitechnique geophysical survey carried out immediately prior to the salvage excavation of two Indigenous burial…
Late Pleistocene eolian features in southeastern Maryland and Chesapeake Bay region indicate strong WNW–NW winds accompanied growth of the Laurentide Ice Sheet
Inactive parabolic dunes are present in southeastern Maryland, USA, along the east bank of the Potomac River. More elongate and finer-grained eolian deposits and paha-like ridges characterize the Potomac River–Patuxent River upland and the west side of Chesapeake Bay. These ridges are streamlined erosional features, veneered with eolian sediment and interspersed with dunes in the low-relief headwaters of Potomac- and Patuxent-river tributaries. A…
The Ancient Maya Drought Cult
Caves were used as ritual venues by the ancient Maya from the Early Preclassic to the Postclassic period. These sites have been intensively investigated, but little research has been devoted to changes in cave use over time. Work at Chechem Ha Cave in western Belize investigates transformations in ritual practice occurring between the Early and Late Classic periods using an explanatory framework that incorporates high-definition archaeological re…
Archaeology, Palaeoenvironment, and Chronology of the Tsodilo Hills White Paintings Rock Shelter, Northwest Kalahari Desert, Botswana
The Ancient Maya Drought Cult
Caves were used as ritual venues by the ancient Maya from the Early Preclassic to the Postclassic period. These sites have been intensively investigated, but little research has been devoted to changes in cave use over time. Work at Chechem Ha Cave in western Belize investigates transformations in ritual practice occurring between the Early and Late Classic periods using an explanatory framework that incorporates high-definition archaeological re…
The Advent of Herding in Southern Africa
Evidence of the earliest humans in the Southern Deseado Massif (Patagonia, Argentina), Mylodontidae, and changes in water availability
Archaeological and Paleoenvironmental Research in Northern Somalia
The Antiquity of the Bow and Arrow in the Kalahari Desert
This paper presents new information on the antiquity of the bow and arrow in the Kalahari. Excavations at White Paintings Shelter (WPS) uncovered bone point fragments that appear to have been parts of reversible arrowheads that could have been used with poison. We present a sequence of nine new, internally consistent OSL ages that date specific soil horizons at WPS. These dates/soil horizons are related to the bone point finds. The oldest bone po…
News and Short Contributions
Recent archaeological research at Toteng, Botswana
This paper presents the first combined use of OSL and AMS dating to address the problem of the advent of livestock in southern Africa. Excavations at Toteng, at the eastern end of the Lake Ngami basin, have revealed bones of wetland and domesticated animals dating to around 2 ka. There is also Bambata pottery and microliths. Between 2.1–1.5 ka the lake level increased to ca 934 m asl but declined rapidly to less than 930 m asl by 1.2 ka. People l…
A high-resolution proxy record of rainfall and Enso since AD 1550 from layering in stalagmites from Anjohibe Cave, Madagascar
Two stalagmites from Anjohibe Cave have annual layers made up of inclusion-rich calcite over inclusion-free calcite or of darker aragonite over clear aragonite. Geochemical evidence indicates that the basal units are deposited slowly in the wet season and the upper units more rapidly in the dry season. For the period with rainfall and temperature data (ad 1951–1992), layer thickness correlates well with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), as we…
De Marzo (Santa Cruz, Argentina)
Reuse of Burial Sites During the Late Holocene
The first systematic research on the funerary record at the Río Bote 1 (RB1) rockshelter, located next to the Bote River, a tributary of the Santa Cruz River in southern Patagonia, has revealed at least three human burial events dating to the very early Late Holocene and one dating to the middle Late Holocene. The RB1 site appears to have been used for both subsistence and inhumation activities. All of the burials uncovered postdate the depositio…
Paleoenvironment and Archaeology of Drotsky’s Cave
Pigments, binders, and ages of rock art at Viuda Quenzana, Santa Cruz, Patagonia (Argentina)
Fossil papio cranium from !Ncumtsa (Koanaka) Hills, western Ngamiland, Botswana
Three fossils, a cranium of Papio , a cercopithecid frontal bone, and a mandible of juvenile Papio , have been recovered from cave deposits in the !Ncumtsa (Koanaka) Hills of western Ngamiland, Botswana. These specimens are significant because well‐preserved crania of Papio are extremely rare in the fossil record outside of South Africa and because this is the first report of fossil primate cranial remains from Botswana. Thermoluminescence dating…
Radiocarbon ages for coatings on cupules ground in quartzite bedrock at Rhino Cave in the Kalahari Desert of Botswana, and their paleoclimatic significance
Geophysical techniques have been widely employed for the noninvasive location of burial sites in archaeological and forensic investigations. This approach has met with varying degrees of success, depending on factors such as equipment choice, survey methodology, burial type, and geological setting. This paper reports the results of a multitechnique geophysical survey carried out immediately prior to the salvage excavation of two Indigenous burial…
A Holocene pollen record for the Kalahari Desert of Botswana from a U-series dated speleothem
A 61 cm core through a speleothem column in Drotsky's Cave, Botswana, has yielded a U-series dated pollen record of Holocene vegetation changes in the Kalahari Desert. Between c.10000-7000BP, the site was surrounded by an arid grassland with dry-adapted trees and shrubs such as Acacia and Commiphora. An increase in pollen of Combretaceae and Cyperaceae, and the appearance of pollen of such mesic savanna plants as Grewia between c. 7000—6000 BP, m…
Integrating U-Th, 14 C, and 210 Pb methods to produce a chronologically reliable isotope record for the Belize River Valley Maya from a low-uranium stalagmite
Social and environmental changes had great spatiotemporal variability in the Maya Lowlands during the Classic and Postclassic Periods, and stalagmites promise high-resolution paleoclimate data that can refine our understanding of this complex time. Unfortunately, stalagmites in this region are often difficult to date by U-Th methods because of low initial uranium concentrations. Other dating techniques can be used on such stalagmites, and we pres…
Palaeolithic occupation of the Anatolian High Plateau during a cold period
In the Avlamış Valley, 10 km north of Eskişehir (NW Anatolia), an undamaged triangular Levallois flake was encountered in a paleosol, 430 cm beneath the ground surface. The artifact has a minimal dorsal retouch on the right margin, and there is a light beige partial patina on the ventral surface. Based on the technological investigations, this artifact was made using the centripetal recurrent Levallois technique. An observation of the trench wall…
Recientes Datos De Elementos Traza De Una Nueva Fuente Primaria De Obsidiana Negra en El Noreste De La Provincia De Santa Cruz, Patagonia, Argentina
Se informa sobre la presencia de un afloramiento de obsidiana negra previamente desconocido ubicado en el extremo oriental del Macizo del Deseado, en cercanías del Océano Atlántico y de la localidad de Tres Cerros, en Patagonia. La obsidiana constituye un vidrio de riolita subalcalina con contenido medio de potasio. Es de menor calidad que la obsidiana negra de la fuente Pampa del Asador, emplazada en inmediaciones de la cabecera del río Chico, e…
Stalagmite multi-proxy evidence of wet and dry intervals in northeastern Namibia
Multiple proxies using variation in δ 18 O, δ 13 C, mineralogy, and petrography in a newly generated high-resolution record of Stalagmite DP1 from Dante Cave indicate a linkage between changes in hydroclimate in northeastern Namibia and changes in solar activity and changes in global temperatures. The record suggests that during solar minima and globally cooler conditions (ca. 1660–1710 and ca. 1790–1830), wetter periods (reflecting longer summer…
Late Holocene Stalagmite and Tufa Climate Records for Wonderwerk Cave
Middle-to late-Holocene moisture changes in the desert of northwest Namibia derived from fossil hyrax dung pollen
New pollen results and radiocarbon dating from fossil hyrax middens derived from the edge of the northern Namib Desert address the shortage of continental palaeobotanical evidence in arid Namibia by providing evidence for the environmental conditions during the mid to late Holocene in the region. The results obtained reflect long-term stability in the area throughout most of the sequence. Higher than modern moisture availability is suggested betw…
Test Excavations and Reconnaissance Palaeoenvironmental Work at Toteng, Botswana
Lawrence H. Robbins, Michael L. Murphy, Alec C. Campbell, George A. Brook, Dawn M. Reid, Kurt A. Haberyan, William S. Downey, Test Excavations and Reconnaissance Palaeoenvironmental Work at Toteng, Botswana, The South African Archaeological Bulletin, Vol. 53, No. 168 (Dec., 1998), pp. 125-132
The Kalahari Environment
Archaeological and Paleoenvironmental Research in Northern Somalia
Social Studies for Somali Nomads
The Kalahari Environment
A Holocene pollen record for the Kalahari Desert of Botswana from a U-series dated speleothem
A 61 cm core through a speleothem column in Drotsky's Cave, Botswana, has yielded a U-series dated pollen record of Holocene vegetation changes in the Kalahari Desert. Between c.10000-7000BP, the site was surrounded by an arid grassland with dry-adapted trees and shrubs such as Acacia and Commiphora. An increase in pollen of Combretaceae and Cyperaceae, and the appearance of pollen of such mesic savanna plants as Grewia between c. 7000—6000 BP, m…
News and Short Contributions
Paleoenvironment and Archaeology of Drotsky’s Cave
Intensive Mining of Specular Hematite in the Kalahari Ca. A.D. 800–1000
Test Excavations and Reconnaissance Palaeoenvironmental Work at Toteng, Botswana
Lawrence H. Robbins, Michael L. Murphy, Alec C. Campbell, George A. Brook, Dawn M. Reid, Kurt A. Haberyan, William S. Downey, Test Excavations and Reconnaissance Palaeoenvironmental Work at Toteng, Botswana, The South African Archaeological Bulletin, Vol. 53, No. 168 (Dec., 1998), pp. 125-132
A high-resolution proxy record of rainfall and Enso since AD 1550 from layering in stalagmites from Anjohibe Cave, Madagascar
Two stalagmites from Anjohibe Cave have annual layers made up of inclusion-rich calcite over inclusion-free calcite or of darker aragonite over clear aragonite. Geochemical evidence indicates that the basal units are deposited slowly in the wet season and the upper units more rapidly in the dry season. For the period with rainfall and temperature data (ad 1951–1992), layer thickness correlates well with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), as we…
Archaeology, Palaeoenvironment, and Chronology of the Tsodilo Hills White Paintings Rock Shelter, Northwest Kalahari Desert, Botswana
Late Pleistocene wetting and drying in the NW Kalahari
Evidence From Satellite Images of Human-Related Environmental Change in Guizhou Province, China 1991–1998
Karst area accounts for about 15% of the total land area in the world, where over I billion people live. There are many environmental problems caused by human's activities in the karst area. These environmental problems are serious, unique, and need to be dealt with urgently. Although much research has been done on land use (LU) and land cover (LC) change detection using satellite images and GIS, little has focused on the karst area. This paper t…
The Advent of Herding in Southern Africa
Depositional environment and OSL chronology of the Homeb silt deposits, Kuiseb River, Namibia
Previous studies suggest that the Homeb silts of the Kuiseb valley, Namibia (i) accumulated in a dune-dammed lake, (ii) are end-point deposits, (iii) represent an aggrading river bed, and (iv) are slackwater deposits. Thus, they have been used alternatively as evidence of past drier conditions or past wetter conditions. Lithostratigraphic analysis of two sediment sequences at Homeb indicates sedimentation by aggradation of the Kuiseb River trigge…
Middle-to late-Holocene moisture changes in the desert of northwest Namibia derived from fossil hyrax dung pollen
New pollen results and radiocarbon dating from fossil hyrax middens derived from the edge of the northern Namib Desert address the shortage of continental palaeobotanical evidence in arid Namibia by providing evidence for the environmental conditions during the mid to late Holocene in the region. The results obtained reflect long-term stability in the area throughout most of the sequence. Higher than modern moisture availability is suggested betw…
Timing of lake-level changes in Etosha Pan, Namibia, since the middle Holocene from OSL ages of relict shorelines in the Okondeka region
Optically stimulated luminescence age controls on late Pleistocene and Holocene coastal lithosomes, North Carolina, USA
Luminescence ages from a variety of coastal features on the North Carolina Coastal Plain provide age control for shoreline formation and relative sea-level position during the late Pleistocene. A series of paleoshoreline ridges, dating to Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5a and MIS 3 have been defined. The Kitty Hawk beach ridges, on the modern Outer Banks, yield ages of 3 to 2 ka. Oxygen-isotope data are used to place these deposits in the context of …
Recent archaeological research at Toteng, Botswana
This paper presents the first combined use of OSL and AMS dating to address the problem of the advent of livestock in southern Africa. Excavations at Toteng, at the eastern end of the Lake Ngami basin, have revealed bones of wetland and domesticated animals dating to around 2 ka. There is also Bambata pottery and microliths. Between 2.1–1.5 ka the lake level increased to ca 934 m asl but declined rapidly to less than 930 m asl by 1.2 ka. People l…
Late Pleistocene eolian features in southeastern Maryland and Chesapeake Bay region indicate strong WNW–NW winds accompanied growth of the Laurentide Ice Sheet
Inactive parabolic dunes are present in southeastern Maryland, USA, along the east bank of the Potomac River. More elongate and finer-grained eolian deposits and paha-like ridges characterize the Potomac River–Patuxent River upland and the west side of Chesapeake Bay. These ridges are streamlined erosional features, veneered with eolian sediment and interspersed with dunes in the low-relief headwaters of Potomac- and Patuxent-river tributaries. A…
The Ancient Maya Drought Cult
Caves were used as ritual venues by the ancient Maya from the Early Preclassic to the Postclassic period. These sites have been intensively investigated, but little research has been devoted to changes in cave use over time. Work at Chechem Ha Cave in western Belize investigates transformations in ritual practice occurring between the Early and Late Classic periods using an explanatory framework that incorporates high-definition archaeological re…
Radiocarbon ages for coatings on cupules ground in quartzite bedrock at Rhino Cave in the Kalahari Desert of Botswana, and their paleoclimatic significance
Geophysical techniques have been widely employed for the noninvasive location of burial sites in archaeological and forensic investigations. This approach has met with varying degrees of success, depending on factors such as equipment choice, survey methodology, burial type, and geological setting. This paper reports the results of a multitechnique geophysical survey carried out immediately prior to the salvage excavation of two Indigenous burial…
Late Quaternary paleoenvironments and paleoclimatic conditions in the distal Andean piedmont, southern Mendoza, Argentina
The Andean piedmont of Mendoza is a semiarid region covered by extensive and partially vegetated dune fields consisting of mostly inactive aeolian landforms of diverse size and morphology. This paper is focused on the San Rafael plain (SRP) environment, situated in the distal Andean piedmont of Mendoza (34° 30′S), and reports the sedimentology and OSL chronology of two representative exposures of late Quaternary deposits, including their paleoenv…
Reassessment of carbonate ages by dating both carbonate and organic material from an Etosha Pan (Namibia) stromatolite
The Antiquity of the Bow and Arrow in the Kalahari Desert
This paper presents new information on the antiquity of the bow and arrow in the Kalahari. Excavations at White Paintings Shelter (WPS) uncovered bone point fragments that appear to have been parts of reversible arrowheads that could have been used with poison. We present a sequence of nine new, internally consistent OSL ages that date specific soil horizons at WPS. These dates/soil horizons are related to the bone point finds. The oldest bone po…
Fossil papio cranium from !Ncumtsa (Koanaka) Hills, western Ngamiland, Botswana
Three fossils, a cranium of Papio , a cercopithecid frontal bone, and a mandible of juvenile Papio , have been recovered from cave deposits in the !Ncumtsa (Koanaka) Hills of western Ngamiland, Botswana. These specimens are significant because well‐preserved crania of Papio are extremely rare in the fossil record outside of South Africa and because this is the first report of fossil primate cranial remains from Botswana. Thermoluminescence dating…
Geography (37 works) · Geology (27 works) · Archaeology (26 works) · Geology and Paleoclimatology Research (26 works) · Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology (25 works) · Paleontology (23 works) · Physical geography (16 works) · Holocene (15 works) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (13 works) · Cave (13 works)