Stephen Nicholas
Biographic Data
| ID | 5244665 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Stephen Nicholas |
| GIVEN NAMES | Stephen |
| FAMILY NAME | Nicholas |
| SIGNATURE | NICHOLAS S |
| AFFILIATIONS | The University of Melbourne |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 53 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 250 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 52 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1982 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
The turnover challenge in centers for disease control and prevention
Introduction As a core pillar in China's public health system, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCs) face significant workforce turnover. Using data from a certain province in China, our study addresses two gaps: the structural relationships and the combined effect on CDC turnover of salary, job satisfaction, and burnout, and, second, the inter-relationship of marital status and these factors. Methods From March to April 2024, a cross…
Hospitalization expenses of coronary heart disease inpatients in China
Aim The increasing morbidity from coronary health disease (CHD) has imposed a significant social and economic burden in China. We analyzed the factors affecting hospitalization expenses of CHD patients. Design From 2012 to 2018, data on 16,726 CHD patients were collected from the hospital information system in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Methods A multiple ordered logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors affecting hospitalizat…
Environmental inequality in eastern China
Regional catastrophic health expenditure and health inequality in China
Background: Catastrophic health expenditures (CHE) can trigger illness-caused poverty and compound poverty-caused illness. Our study is the first regional comparative study to analyze CHE trends and health inequality in eastern, central and western China, exploring the differences and disparities across regions to make targeted health policy recommendations. Methods: Using data from China's Household Panel Study (CFPS), we selected Shanghai, Hena…
Coping with Covid
Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged the health system worldwide. This study aimed to assess how China's hierarchical medical system (HMS) coped with COVID-19 in the short-and medium-term. We mainly measured the number and distribution of hospital visits and healthcare expenditure between primary and high-level hospitals during Beijing's 2020-2021 pandemic relative to the 2017-2019 pre-COVID-19 benchmark period. Methods: Hospital opera…
Student Covid-19 vaccination preferences in China
Objective: This study uses a discrete choice experiment (DCE) questionnaire to investigate student vaccination preferences for both intrinsic and extrinsic attributes. Methods: A two-part DCE questionnaire was distributed to 1,138 students through face-to-face interviews at vaccination centers in Qingdao, China. Conditional logit models were used to understand student preference trade-offs. Mixed logit models (MLM) and sub-group analysis were con…
Preferences for private health insurance in China
Introduction: There is limited evidence on the sustainability and optimal design of China's private health insurance market, especially from the demand-side. With the increasing medical cost burden on both patients and the social security system, policy makers need data on potential clients' demand for private health insurance. Methods: A discrete choice experiment was conducted to explore potential clients' preferences for a type of government-i…
The Economic Burden of Hospital Costs on Families With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Children
Objective This study estimates the economic burden imposed on families by comparing the hospitalization costs of T1DM children with and without medical insurance in Shandong province. Methods Our data comprised 1,348 T1DM inpatient records of patients aged 18 years or younger from the hospitalization information system of 297 general hospitals in 6 urban districts of Shandong Province. Descriptive statistics are presented and regression analyses …
The long arm of childhood
Utilizing data from the nationally representative China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, this study analyzed the effect of intensity and duration of adverse childhood experiences on depression in middle aged and older aged adults in China. The mediating effect of cumulative health risk and personal factors were validated through the Karlson-Holm-Breen method. The results showed a significant dose-response relationship between adverse chi…
Longitudinal Association of Salaries for Medical Staff With Medical Service Utilization and Expenditure in China, 2007–2016
Objectives: To test the hypothesis that higher salary levels of the medical staff are associated with lower medical service utilization and expenditure. Methods: Using longitudinal data from 31 Chinese provinces for the period 2007-2016, we constructed fixed effects models to analyze the association between the salary of medical staff and medical service utilization, medical expenditure, medication expenditure, and medication proportion. Results:…
Disease causing poverty
The Chinese health version of the Onyx-Bullen general social capital scale showed an adequate reliability and validity in a rural disease-causing poverty subpopulation in Shandong province, providing the first general, robust, consistent and reliable measure of social capital in China. The Chinese Onyx-Bullen general social capital scale provides a scale for testing social capital in China or for modification along the lines of the Chinese Onyx-B…
The biggest reform to China's health system”
The zero-markup drug policy (ZMDP) was heralded as the biggest reform to China’s modern health system. However, there have been a very limited number of investigations of the ZMDP at county hospital level, and those limited county hospital studies have several limitations in terms of sample representativeness and study design. We investigated the overall and dynamic effects of ZMDP at traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) county hospitals. We obtain…
HIV infection and prevention of mother-to-child transmission in childbearing women
HIV prevalence among LR parturients was higher than the estimated prevalence in the Dominican Republic (0.8%-1.0%) and, in contrast to past studies, predominantly affected urban Dominicans. HIV prevalence among LR Haitian parturients was higher than among Dominican counterparts and prenatal clinic attendees in Haiti (who had a rate of 3.1%). Consistently implemented, targeted pMTCT interventions are needed
The Impact of Goal Structure in Team Knowledge Creation
This study explores the role of goal structure in team knowledge creation, and the extent to which the impact of goal cooperativeness is consequent to the associated emergence of a constructive group norm and collaborative behaviours. To investigate this theory, we assess whether openmindedness norms and decision-comprehensiveness operate as mediating variables between goal cooperativeness and knowledge creation. The results support our hypothese…
Weight and Welfare of Australians, 1890–1940
Views differ on whether living standards in Australia improved between 1890 and 1940. The pessimists, relying principally on product and incomes measures, argue that living standards stagnated; the optimists, using augmented measures of well‐being, argue that living standards may have improved. This paper contributes to this debate between the pessimists and optimists by using alternative measures of living standards, namely the height and body m…
Japanese tourism investment in Australia
The Future of Economic History in Australia
The Future of Economic History in Australia
Theory and history
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Living Standards of Women in England and Wales, 1785-1815
Stephen Nicholas, Deborah Oxley, Living Standards of Women in England and Wales, 1785-1815: New Evidence from Newgate Prison Records, The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 49, No. 3 (Aug., 1996), pp. 591-599
Male and Female Living Standards in England and Wales, 1812-1857
Paul Johnson, Stephen Nicholas, Male and Female Living Standards in England and Wales, 1812-1857: Evidence From Criminal Height Records, The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 48, No. 3 (Aug., 1995), pp. 470-481
Male and female living standards in England and Wales, 1812-1867
Male and female living standards in England and Wales, 1812-1867
The living standards of women during the industrial revolution, 1795-1820
Understanding Convict Workers
Convict Workers
State and private employers in New South Wales recognised the convicts' previous occupations, and employed a large proportion of them in the same occupations they had held at home. The women convicts - often classified as prostitutes - in fact brought a range of occupational skills equally as important for the economic development of Australia as those of the male convicts. Once settled in Australia, the convicts consumed a diet, and experienced …
The living standards of women during the industrial revolution, 1795-1820
Giants of an Earlier Capitalism”
Much has been written about late-nineteenth-century multinationals and their relationship to the transnational firms of the present, but both historians and economists have largely discounted the relevance of the earlier chartered trading companies to this discussion. In an article emphasizing transaction cost analysis and the theory of the firm, Professors Carlos and Nicholas argue that the trading companies did meet the criteria of the modern M…
Heights and Living Standards of English Workers During the Early Years of Industrializations, 1770–1815
We employed data on the heights of English and Irish male convicts transported to Australia to assess the living standards of workers between 1770 and 1815. Falling heights of urban-and rural-born males after 1780 and a delayed growth spurt for 13- to 23-year-old boys revealed declining living standards among English workers during the Industrial Revolution. This conclusion was supported by the fall in English workers' heights relative to that of…
Agency Problems in Early Chartered Companies
The problem of controlling overseas managers confronts all multilocational firms. Historians have argued that because of the extreme time lags in communication, chartered companies were unable to control managerial behavior. We argue that not only did the Hudson’s Bay Company understand the agency problem but also put into operation strategies designed to attenuate opportunistic behavior. The company used employment contracts and control systems …
Theory and history
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Male and female living standards in England and Wales, 1812-1867
Internal migration in England, 1818–1839
Locational Choice, Performance and the Growth of British Multinational Firms
(1989). Locational Choice, Performance and the Growth of British Multinational Firms. Business History: Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 122-141
The long arm of childhood
Utilizing data from the nationally representative China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, this study analyzed the effect of intensity and duration of adverse childhood experiences on depression in middle aged and older aged adults in China. The mediating effect of cumulative health risk and personal factors were validated through the Karlson-Holm-Breen method. The results showed a significant dose-response relationship between adverse chi…
Living Standards of Women in England and Wales, 1785-1815
Stephen Nicholas, Deborah Oxley, Living Standards of Women in England and Wales, 1785-1815: New Evidence from Newgate Prison Records, The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 49, No. 3 (Aug., 1996), pp. 591-599
Male and Female Living Standards in England and Wales, 1812-1857
Paul Johnson, Stephen Nicholas, Male and Female Living Standards in England and Wales, 1812-1857: Evidence From Criminal Height Records, The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 48, No. 3 (Aug., 1995), pp. 470-481
Japanese tourism investment in Australia
Human capital and the pre-Famine Irish emigration to England
Total Factor Productivity Growth and the Revision of Post-1870 British Economic History
Total Factor Productivity Growth and the Revision of Post-1870 British Economic History
T uring the past decade new work on pOst-I870 British economic 1.growth has led to a revision of the period from one of lost opportunities to one of growth as fast as factor endowments allowed. The old view emphasized productivity failure as a major cause of the declining rate of lateVictorian growth. The most popular, although not unanimous version, argued that British third generation industrialists failed as innovators of new technology and me…
Agency Contracts, Institutional Modes, and the Transition to Foreign Direct Investment by British Manufacturing Multinationals Before 1939
This paper analyzes the transition from agents to branch selling as alternative institutional modes for transacting abroad by pre-1939 British manufacturing multinationals. A model to explain the shift between alternative modes is specified in terms of transaction costs. Agent opportunism and contract monitoring costs are the major transaction costs. Besides transaction costs, the frequency of transactions and the accumulation of market-specific …
British Economic Performance and Total Factor Productivity Growth, 1870–1940
British Economic Performance and Total Factor Productivity Growth, 1870-1940
Internal migration in England, 1818–1839
Human capital and the pre-Famine Irish emigration to England
Modelling the Growth Strategies of British Firms
(1987). Modelling the Growth Strategies of British Firms. Business History: Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 46-64
Giants of an Earlier Capitalism”
Much has been written about late-nineteenth-century multinationals and their relationship to the transnational firms of the present, but both historians and economists have largely discounted the relevance of the earlier chartered trading companies to this discussion. In an article emphasizing transaction cost analysis and the theory of the firm, Professors Carlos and Nicholas argue that the trading companies did meet the criteria of the modern M…
A New Past
How did Australian historians get it so wrong? In place of a cross section of the British and Irish working classes they saw a criminal class; rather than an inflow of literate and fit young men and women with useful skills they emphasised an uneducated, viceridden mass of unskilled labourers; instead of an efficient labour market they identified the allocation of convict labour as a ‘giant lottery’. This traditional interpretation of the convict…
The Organisation of Public Work
Introduction Men working together, not the labour of individuals working separately, accounted for much of the early economic growth and development of Australia. Gangs of men and women cut stone, worked in metal, made clothing and shoes, repaired roads, constructed bridges, carried water, unloaded ships, ploughed the fields, gathered the harvest and laboured in the commissariat store. Small scale tasks, like making nails, hinges or locks, and la…
Unshackling the Past
Introduction During the first quarter of a century of white settlement in Australia, the economy and society was the creation of convict workers transported from Britain and Ireland. No other period of Australian history evokes such strong images in the popular mind than the convict years. Collectively, Australians perceive their past in terms of a fatal shore, the convict stain and the shame of Botany Bay: the sombre shadows of Australia's histo…
Convicts as Migrants
Introduction The convict settlers were Australia's first migrants. Surprisingly, few Australian historians have recognised that the transported convicts were not just criminals deported to a penal colony. One exception is Geoffrey Blainey whose analysis of the impact of ‘the tyranny of distance’ has done so much to focus attention on the importance to Australian economic growth of importing labour from overseas. By 1830 Australia's population, ex…
Convicts as Workers
Introduction Most historians acknowledge that many of those convicts who rose to pre-eminence in New South Wales society did so on the basis of occupational skills acquired prior to their transportation: Francis Greenway, the west country architect sentenced for ‘counterfeiting’ (concealing assets in bankruptcy) made his mark as colonial architect; William Redfern, the naval assistant surgeon recognised by Macquarie as the most skillful medical m…
The Convict Labour Market
Introduction: free, slave, or capitalist society? Colonial New South Wales has been characterised as a slave society and convictism as a slave labour system. While inexorably bound together, the two concepts of convictism and slavery are not identical, a point which has escaped both contemporary observers and historians. Contemporaries asserted that assignment was slavery. Governors Arthur, Darling, Gipps and Fitzroy believed that assigned convic…
Transportation as Global Migration
Introduction Analyses of immigration in the nineteenth century, at least after the end of Britain's slave trade in 1807, have been written within the context of freedom. European migration has been presented in terms of individual response to push and pull forces, and to free choice. The movement of millions from Europe to lands of recent white settlement may have been accompanied by the traumas of uprooting but the pain suffered was born of free…
A Labour Aristocracy in Chains
The identification of the convicts with the criminal class has denied the transported workers membership of the ordinary working class. Not surprisingly, few Australian historians have asked if elite workers, members of a skilled upper stratum of labour aristocrats, were transported to New South Wales. True, Lelia Thomas, in 1919, identified among the convicts a 'labour aristocracy [which] was exceedingly independent and often insolent, creating …
The Care and Feeding of Convicts
Questions concerning the care of convicts, except for the detailed recounting of corporal punishment, have been largely neglected by Australian historians. John Hirst's The Convict System and Its Enemies is a notable exception, but even Hirst fails to consider the quality of housing, the nutritional content of the standard ration and the access to medical care provided for convict workers. At best, there are only scattered references in the histo…
Convict Workers
State and private employers in New South Wales recognised the convicts' previous occupations, and employed a large proportion of them in the same occupations they had held at home. The women convicts - often classified as prostitutes - in fact brought a range of occupational skills equally as important for the economic development of Australia as those of the male convicts. Once settled in Australia, the convicts consumed a diet, and experienced …
Locational Choice, Performance and the Growth of British Multinational Firms
(1989). Locational Choice, Performance and the Growth of British Multinational Firms. Business History: Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 122-141
Reinterpreting the convict labour market
The convicts transported to NSW between 1817 and 1840 were young, fit, highly literate and brought occupational skills which were broadly representative of the British and Irish working classes. In the colonial labour market where convicts were coerced, more labour was forthcoming and at a lower wage than in a free labour market. The assignment of convict labour in the colony was efficient; skilled urban and construction tradesmen were employed i…
Australia
Australia
Irish Intercounty Mobility before 1840
Agency Problems in Early Chartered Companies
The problem of controlling overseas managers confronts all multilocational firms. Historians have argued that because of the extreme time lags in communication, chartered companies were unable to control managerial behavior. We argue that not only did the Hudson’s Bay Company understand the agency problem but also put into operation strategies designed to attenuate opportunistic behavior. The company used employment contracts and control systems …
Economics (27 works) · Political science (22 works) · Sociology (20 works) · Historical Economic and Social Studies (18 works) · Law (18 works) · Australian History and Society (16 works) · History (16 works) · Geography (14 works) · Business (12 works) · Medicine (12 works)