Bo Shelby
Biographic Data
| ID | 5589823 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Bo Shelby |
| GIVEN NAMES | Bo |
| FAMILY NAME | Shelby |
| SIGNATURE | SHELBY B |
| AFFILIATIONS | Oregon State University |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 32 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 406 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 32 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1977 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2006 |
| H-INDEX | 13 |
Instream Flows and “Angler Habitat
Instream flow affects biophysical habitat for aquatic species and “angler habitat” or “fishability.” Previous work speculates about flows that provide fishability, but without detailed information or analyses. This article presents anglers' normative flow evaluations for fishability on segments of eight Pacific Northwest rivers. Results show varying evaluations across rivers, with optimal fishing flows ranging from 5 to 118% of mean annual flow, …
Developing Standards for Trail Conditions Using Image Capture Technology
This study compares normative standards for trail impacts measured using three alternatives suggested by the literature. During September and October 2002, data were collected from a survey of 281 day hikers at three trail locations in Mudeung-Mountain Provincial Park, Korea. For the overall photo evaluation method (OPEM), respondents were asked to rate the acceptability of bare soil area for each of a series of photographs. For the specific phot…
Developing Standards for Trail Conditions Using Image Capture Technology
Evaluating Instream Flows for Recreation
Instream flow can affect recreation quality and is a major issue on rivers where humans manage flows through dams and diversions. The structural norm approach offers a theoretical and methodological model for collecting, organizing, and analyzing evaluative information that relates flow and recreation quality. This article reviews work from several flow-recreation studies that have used this approach, extending it beyond social impact contexts an…
Temporal and Spatial Displacement
This study explored the extent of displacement and the types of displacement behaviors used in response to crowding at a popular reservoir in Oregon. Data collected through a mail-back survey of recreational users contacted at the target site (n = 1,069) demonstrated that about half altered their behavior in some way because of crowding. Interviews with users (n = 168) at three other nearby "alternative" sites indicated that about half of those w…
Effect of varied question format on boaters’ norms
Studies on recreationists’ norms from different sites have reported different percentages of recreationists who have norms, leading some to question whether such differences result from different question formats. A random sample of 365 boaters on the Clackamas River in Oregon was used to explore the effects of two formats on the presence of norms for three social impacts (encounters with other boaters, time waiting at launch site, and percentage…
Who cares about encounters? Differences between those with and without norms
The normative approach can be a useful tool for managers in setting standards for acceptable conditions when there is substantial agreement among recreationists. However, recent research has raised questions about whether norms are present universally. The question of the relationship between the presence of norms and other variables has not been investigated in detail. This study uses a sample of hikers and stock users from the Eagle Cap Wildern…
Norms, standards, and natural resources
The normative approach in natural resource management illustrates the progress that has been made in advancing theory and application in outdoor recreation research. This article integrates findings from a number of different studies to highlight the utility of the normative approach and provide an example of how efforts focused on a particular theoretical approach can enhance the quality of scientific research. Findings from both social and ecol…
Product shift in recreation settings
Resource managers often rely on data from recreation users as one of the inputs for long‐term decisions, but product shift (users responding to changing social or environmental conditions by changing their definition of the recreation experience) may confound the reliability of such information. In this study, we used panel data to examine the product shift phenomenon related to social conditions and describe resulting management implications. Th…
Recreation substitutability
Recreation substitutability has proved to be a difficult research topic, yet the concept still holds promise for management of wildland settings. That promise is brought nearer to realization by recent progress in defining the substitutability concept and describing the array of potential substitution strategies. This article proposes a research agenda that (1) builds on recent developments concerning substitutability and several related topics a…
Interest group standards for ecological impacts at wilderness campsites
Little research has focused on the ecological standards of recreation interest groups for campsites in wilderness. Because there are differences in their use of the resource, it is sometimes assumed that groups’ standards for campsite impacts are also different. Using evaluations of bare ground and fire rings from organized interest groups, this study compares impact standards for outdoor activity clubs, environmental organizations, and wildernes…
Using Normative Data to Develop Evaluative Standards for Resource Management
(1991). Using Normative Data to Develop Evaluative Standards for Resource Management: A Comment on Three Recent Papers. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 173-187
Resource and activity substitutes for recreational salmon fishing in New Zealand
This article develops a typology of substitution alternatives to clarify the relationship between resource and activity substitutes. The present study examines anglers’ perceptions of resource and activity substitutes for salmon angling on the Rakaia and Waimakariri Rivers. Both rivers are noted for good quality fishing and are close enough for day trips from Christchurch, the major population center on New Zealand's South Island. For resource su…
A hierarchy of campsite attributes in dispersed recreation settings
Knowledge about preferences for campsite attributes is needed so that management strategies can be guided by users' preferences for settings and experiences. However results of campsite choice studies have shown great variability across settings. Reexamination of this research shows a hierarchical typology of attributes: most important are necessity attributes, which supply basic camping needs, followed by experience attributes, which enhance pre…
Comparing two approaches for identifying recreation activity substitutes
Previous research has utilized at least two distinct methodological approaches to identify substitutable recreation activities: (1) the activity type method, which constructs typologies of substitutable activities based on similarities in reported participation rates or preference patterns and (2) the direct‐question method of asking individuals to specify their substitutes for a particular activity. The present study compares the theoretical ass…
Comparative analysis of crowding in multiple locations
Crowding is one of the most frequently studied phenomena in the outdoor recreation literature, but almost all the research focuses on single populations or settings and individual‐level analysis. The present study uses comparative analysis of aggregate data to explore questions that single studies cannot answer. Data come from more than 17,000 individuals in 35 studies of 59 different settings or activities located throughout the northeast, midwe…
Allocation currencies and perceived ability to obtain permits
In an effort to understand how permit allocation systems affect different user groups, Stankey and Baden (1977) developed an evaluation scheme based on the idea of allocation currencies. Each allocation alternative is associated with a currency that pays the costs imposed by that system. This paper hypothesizes that those who have more of the relevant currency perceive that they have a greater likelihood of successfully obtaining a permit. This r…
Idealism versus pragmatism in user evaluations of allocation systems
Permit allocation systems in recreation settings attempt to distribute permits in a manner which is “socially just.”; “Distributive justice,”; however, is an ideal that can be defined in terms of several competing social goals, and practical allocation alternatives may not explicitly address any of them. In addition, individuals may not evaluate systems based upon such ideals, but rather upon a pragmatic assessment about whether a system is likel…
Types of Norms for Recreation Impacts
Evaluative information about appropriate use conditions is a necessary component of managing impacts in recreation settings. Social norm theory, which suggests there may be group agreement about appropriate conditions, can be applied to help establish standards. Information was collected regarding boaters' standards for a variety of social and ecological impacts on the Deschutes River in Oregon. Results suggest norms can be identified and appear …
Displacement and Product Shift
Satisfaction has frequently been suggested as a goal for recreation management, but empirical research has not supported the simple bivariate density-satisfaction model. Explanations for these findings have included displacement (those dissatisfied with crowding or resource impacts move to more remote sites) and product shift (users respond to increasing densities by changing their definitions of recreation experiences). This paper explores these…
User Standards for Ecological Impacts at Wilderness Campsites
Managing impacts resulting from recreationists in wilderness settings requires evaluative information. This paper extends earlier work on social impacts by providing a conceptual and methodological framework for analyzing norms for ecological impacts. Three normative characteristics, range of tolerable conditions, norm intensity and norm crystallization, are identified and measured quantitatively, using data from the Mt. Jefferson Wilderness. Res…
Backcountry Encounter Norms
Efforts to understand the impacts resulting from visitors in backcountry settings have increasingly turned to normative explanations. This paper builds on earlier review articles by providing a conceptual framework for analyzing the structural characteristics of norms. Three normative characteristics—range of tolerable contacts, norms. intensity and norm crystallization—are identified and measured quantitatively using data from the Brule River to…
Comparing Methods for Determining Visitor Evaluations of Ecological Impacts
This study applies and extends work on landscape assessment by comparing three methods for gathering evaluative data from users of wilderness campsites. On the basis of previous studies, it was hypothesized that evaluations based on photographs and written descriptions would not differ significantly from those based on actual site visits. Thirty respondents were assigned to each measurement method at each of five locations in the Mt. Jefferson Wi…
A conceptual framework for carrying capacity determination
Establishing a carrying capacity involves both descriptive and evaluative components. The descriptive component includes management parameters, the factors that managers can manipulate, and impact parameters, which describe the consequences of different management regimes. Different types of capacities (ecological, social, physical, or facility) focus on different types of impact. The evaluative component involves value judgments regarding the ty…
Hiker behavior and the outcome of interactions with grizzly bears
Confrontations between hikers and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) have led to management strategies intended to allow people and grizzlies to coexist in national park settings. Although several attitude studies suggest that people support the continued presence of bears in parks, the success of management programs also requires knowledge of human and bear behavior in potential conflict situations. This study was based on hiker reports of encounters …
Backcountry Encounter Norms
Efforts to understand the impacts resulting from visitors in backcountry settings have increasingly turned to normative explanations. This paper builds on earlier review articles by providing a conceptual framework for analyzing the structural characteristics of norms. Three normative characteristics—range of tolerable contacts, norms. intensity and norm crystallization—are identified and measured quantitatively using data from the Brule River to…
Encounter Norms in Backcountry Settings
Differences in Reported Satisfaction Ratings by Consumptive and Nonconsumptive Recreationists
This paper theorizes that participants in consumptive and nonconsumptive activities differ in terms of the specificity and clarity of their recreation goals and their control in achieving these goals. Such differences were predicted to influence the recreationists' reported overall satisfaction. Comparisons between consumptive and nonconsumptive recreationists were based on data collected in 12 separate studies across the United States. The 17 ac…
Using Normative Data to Develop Evaluative Standards for Resource Management
(1991). Using Normative Data to Develop Evaluative Standards for Resource Management: A Comment on Three Recent Papers. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 173-187
Comparative analysis of crowding in multiple locations
Crowding is one of the most frequently studied phenomena in the outdoor recreation literature, but almost all the research focuses on single populations or settings and individual‐level analysis. The present study uses comparative analysis of aggregate data to explore questions that single studies cannot answer. Data come from more than 17,000 individuals in 35 studies of 59 different settings or activities located throughout the northeast, midwe…
Displacement and Product Shift
Satisfaction has frequently been suggested as a goal for recreation management, but empirical research has not supported the simple bivariate density-satisfaction model. Explanations for these findings have included displacement (those dissatisfied with crowding or resource impacts move to more remote sites) and product shift (users respond to increasing densities by changing their definitions of recreation experiences). This paper explores these…
Types of Norms for Recreation Impacts
Evaluative information about appropriate use conditions is a necessary component of managing impacts in recreation settings. Social norm theory, which suggests there may be group agreement about appropriate conditions, can be applied to help establish standards. Information was collected regarding boaters' standards for a variety of social and ecological impacts on the Deschutes River in Oregon. Results suggest norms can be identified and appear …
User Standards for Ecological Impacts at Wilderness Campsites
Managing impacts resulting from recreationists in wilderness settings requires evaluative information. This paper extends earlier work on social impacts by providing a conceptual and methodological framework for analyzing norms for ecological impacts. Three normative characteristics, range of tolerable conditions, norm intensity and norm crystallization, are identified and measured quantitatively, using data from the Mt. Jefferson Wilderness. Res…
Expectations, preferences, and feeling crowded in recreation activities∗
Efforts to reduce crowding often assume that increased density or encounter levels cause increased crowding. However, the social psychology literature argues that crowding involves an evaluative dimension and is thus susceptible to subjective factors. This paper explores the individual and combined effects of encounters, expectations, and preferences on perceived crowding, using six data sets representing over 3,000 people engaged in three differ…
Norms, standards, and natural resources
The normative approach in natural resource management illustrates the progress that has been made in advancing theory and application in outdoor recreation research. This article integrates findings from a number of different studies to highlight the utility of the normative approach and provide an example of how efforts focused on a particular theoretical approach can enhance the quality of scientific research. Findings from both social and ecol…
Recreation substitutability
Recreation substitutability has proved to be a difficult research topic, yet the concept still holds promise for management of wildland settings. That promise is brought nearer to realization by recent progress in defining the substitutability concept and describing the array of potential substitution strategies. This article proposes a research agenda that (1) builds on recent developments concerning substitutability and several related topics a…
Resource and activity substitutes for recreational salmon fishing in New Zealand
This article develops a typology of substitution alternatives to clarify the relationship between resource and activity substitutes. The present study examines anglers’ perceptions of resource and activity substitutes for salmon angling on the Rakaia and Waimakariri Rivers. Both rivers are noted for good quality fishing and are close enough for day trips from Christchurch, the major population center on New Zealand's South Island. For resource su…
Comparing Methods for Determining Visitor Evaluations of Ecological Impacts
This study applies and extends work on landscape assessment by comparing three methods for gathering evaluative data from users of wilderness campsites. On the basis of previous studies, it was hypothesized that evaluations based on photographs and written descriptions would not differ significantly from those based on actual site visits. Thirty respondents were assigned to each measurement method at each of five locations in the Mt. Jefferson Wi…
Carrying Capacity, Values, and the Satisfaction Model
David Greist contends that ratio measures of satisfaction are necessary in order to establish carrying capacity on the basis of a model which aims to maximize aggregate satisfaction. While this measurement problem may lead to invalid estimates of carrying capacity in the context of the satisfaction model, it does not in the study criticized because satisfaction does not vary with use level. While satisfaction scores should not be treated as ratio…
A conceptual framework for carrying capacity determination
Establishing a carrying capacity involves both descriptive and evaluative components. The descriptive component includes management parameters, the factors that managers can manipulate, and impact parameters, which describe the consequences of different management regimes. Different types of capacities (ecological, social, physical, or facility) focus on different types of impact. The evaluative component involves value judgments regarding the ty…
Encounter Measures in Carrying Capacity Research
Carrying capacity determinations require accurate information about the effects of management parameters (such as use level) on impact parameters (such as encounters with other parties). Measuring
Temporal and Spatial Displacement
This study explored the extent of displacement and the types of displacement behaviors used in response to crowding at a popular reservoir in Oregon. Data collected through a mail-back survey of recreational users contacted at the target site (n = 1,069) demonstrated that about half altered their behavior in some way because of crowding. Interviews with users (n = 168) at three other nearby "alternative" sites indicated that about half of those w…
Interest group standards for ecological impacts at wilderness campsites
Little research has focused on the ecological standards of recreation interest groups for campsites in wilderness. Because there are differences in their use of the resource, it is sometimes assumed that groups’ standards for campsite impacts are also different. Using evaluations of bare ground and fire rings from organized interest groups, this study compares impact standards for outdoor activity clubs, environmental organizations, and wildernes…
Sociological Carrying Capacity and the Last Settler Syndrome
Evaluating Instream Flows for Recreation
Instream flow can affect recreation quality and is a major issue on rivers where humans manage flows through dams and diversions. The structural norm approach offers a theoretical and methodological model for collecting, organizing, and analyzing evaluative information that relates flow and recreation quality. This article reviews work from several flow-recreation studies that have used this approach, extending it beyond social impact contexts an…
Product shift in recreation settings
Resource managers often rely on data from recreation users as one of the inputs for long‐term decisions, but product shift (users responding to changing social or environmental conditions by changing their definition of the recreation experience) may confound the reliability of such information. In this study, we used panel data to examine the product shift phenomenon related to social conditions and describe resulting management implications. Th…
Effect of varied question format on boaters’ norms
Studies on recreationists’ norms from different sites have reported different percentages of recreationists who have norms, leading some to question whether such differences result from different question formats. A random sample of 365 boaters on the Clackamas River in Oregon was used to explore the effects of two formats on the presence of norms for three social impacts (encounters with other boaters, time waiting at launch site, and percentage…
Comparing two approaches for identifying recreation activity substitutes
Previous research has utilized at least two distinct methodological approaches to identify substitutable recreation activities: (1) the activity type method, which constructs typologies of substitutable activities based on similarities in reported participation rates or preference patterns and (2) the direct‐question method of asking individuals to specify their substitutes for a particular activity. The present study compares the theoretical ass…
A hierarchy of campsite attributes in dispersed recreation settings
Knowledge about preferences for campsite attributes is needed so that management strategies can be guided by users' preferences for settings and experiences. However results of campsite choice studies have shown great variability across settings. Reexamination of this research shows a hierarchical typology of attributes: most important are necessity attributes, which supply basic camping needs, followed by experience attributes, which enhance pre…
Who cares about encounters? Differences between those with and without norms
The normative approach can be a useful tool for managers in setting standards for acceptable conditions when there is substantial agreement among recreationists. However, recent research has raised questions about whether norms are present universally. The question of the relationship between the presence of norms and other variables has not been investigated in detail. This study uses a sample of hikers and stock users from the Eagle Cap Wildern…
Carrying Capacity, Values, and the Satisfaction Model
David Greist contends that ratio measures of satisfaction are necessary in order to establish carrying capacity on the basis of a model which aims to maximize aggregate satisfaction. While this measurement problem may lead to invalid estimates of carrying capacity in the context of the satisfaction model, it does not in the study criticized because satisfaction does not vary with use level. While satisfaction scores should not be treated as ratio…
Sociological Carrying Capacity and the Last Settler Syndrome
Research, politics, and resource management decisions
The literature on research utilization and policy making suggests that decision processes involve both rational, intellectual analysis and social or political interaction. Several writers suggest that this relationship also exists in the recreation and resource management fields, but few studies treat the issue explicitly. This paper presents a case study of river research in Grand Canyon National Park. It illustrates the role of research in the …
Encounter Norms in Backcountry Settings
Encounter Measures in Carrying Capacity Research
Carrying capacity determinations require accurate information about the effects of management parameters (such as use level) on impact parameters (such as encounters with other parties). Measuring
Differences in Reported Satisfaction Ratings by Consumptive and Nonconsumptive Recreationists
This paper theorizes that participants in consumptive and nonconsumptive activities differ in terms of the specificity and clarity of their recreation goals and their control in achieving these goals. Such differences were predicted to influence the recreationists' reported overall satisfaction. Comparisons between consumptive and nonconsumptive recreationists were based on data collected in 12 separate studies across the United States. The 17 ac…
Expectations, preferences, and feeling crowded in recreation activities∗
Efforts to reduce crowding often assume that increased density or encounter levels cause increased crowding. However, the social psychology literature argues that crowding involves an evaluative dimension and is thus susceptible to subjective factors. This paper explores the individual and combined effects of encounters, expectations, and preferences on perceived crowding, using six data sets representing over 3,000 people engaged in three differ…
A conceptual framework for carrying capacity determination
Establishing a carrying capacity involves both descriptive and evaluative components. The descriptive component includes management parameters, the factors that managers can manipulate, and impact parameters, which describe the consequences of different management regimes. Different types of capacities (ecological, social, physical, or facility) focus on different types of impact. The evaluative component involves value judgments regarding the ty…
Hiker behavior and the outcome of interactions with grizzly bears
Confrontations between hikers and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) have led to management strategies intended to allow people and grizzlies to coexist in national park settings. Although several attitude studies suggest that people support the continued presence of bears in parks, the success of management programs also requires knowledge of human and bear behavior in potential conflict situations. This study was based on hiker reports of encounters …
Comparing Methods for Determining Visitor Evaluations of Ecological Impacts
This study applies and extends work on landscape assessment by comparing three methods for gathering evaluative data from users of wilderness campsites. On the basis of previous studies, it was hypothesized that evaluations based on photographs and written descriptions would not differ significantly from those based on actual site visits. Thirty respondents were assigned to each measurement method at each of five locations in the Mt. Jefferson Wi…
Backcountry Encounter Norms
Efforts to understand the impacts resulting from visitors in backcountry settings have increasingly turned to normative explanations. This paper builds on earlier review articles by providing a conceptual framework for analyzing the structural characteristics of norms. Three normative characteristics—range of tolerable contacts, norms. intensity and norm crystallization—are identified and measured quantitatively using data from the Brule River to…
Types of Norms for Recreation Impacts
Evaluative information about appropriate use conditions is a necessary component of managing impacts in recreation settings. Social norm theory, which suggests there may be group agreement about appropriate conditions, can be applied to help establish standards. Information was collected regarding boaters' standards for a variety of social and ecological impacts on the Deschutes River in Oregon. Results suggest norms can be identified and appear …
Displacement and Product Shift
Satisfaction has frequently been suggested as a goal for recreation management, but empirical research has not supported the simple bivariate density-satisfaction model. Explanations for these findings have included displacement (those dissatisfied with crowding or resource impacts move to more remote sites) and product shift (users respond to increasing densities by changing their definitions of recreation experiences). This paper explores these…
User Standards for Ecological Impacts at Wilderness Campsites
Managing impacts resulting from recreationists in wilderness settings requires evaluative information. This paper extends earlier work on social impacts by providing a conceptual and methodological framework for analyzing norms for ecological impacts. Three normative characteristics, range of tolerable conditions, norm intensity and norm crystallization, are identified and measured quantitatively, using data from the Mt. Jefferson Wilderness. Res…
Comparative analysis of crowding in multiple locations
Crowding is one of the most frequently studied phenomena in the outdoor recreation literature, but almost all the research focuses on single populations or settings and individual‐level analysis. The present study uses comparative analysis of aggregate data to explore questions that single studies cannot answer. Data come from more than 17,000 individuals in 35 studies of 59 different settings or activities located throughout the northeast, midwe…
Allocation currencies and perceived ability to obtain permits
In an effort to understand how permit allocation systems affect different user groups, Stankey and Baden (1977) developed an evaluation scheme based on the idea of allocation currencies. Each allocation alternative is associated with a currency that pays the costs imposed by that system. This paper hypothesizes that those who have more of the relevant currency perceive that they have a greater likelihood of successfully obtaining a permit. This r…
Idealism versus pragmatism in user evaluations of allocation systems
Permit allocation systems in recreation settings attempt to distribute permits in a manner which is “socially just.”; “Distributive justice,”; however, is an ideal that can be defined in terms of several competing social goals, and practical allocation alternatives may not explicitly address any of them. In addition, individuals may not evaluate systems based upon such ideals, but rather upon a pragmatic assessment about whether a system is likel…
A hierarchy of campsite attributes in dispersed recreation settings
Knowledge about preferences for campsite attributes is needed so that management strategies can be guided by users' preferences for settings and experiences. However results of campsite choice studies have shown great variability across settings. Reexamination of this research shows a hierarchical typology of attributes: most important are necessity attributes, which supply basic camping needs, followed by experience attributes, which enhance pre…
Comparing two approaches for identifying recreation activity substitutes
Previous research has utilized at least two distinct methodological approaches to identify substitutable recreation activities: (1) the activity type method, which constructs typologies of substitutable activities based on similarities in reported participation rates or preference patterns and (2) the direct‐question method of asking individuals to specify their substitutes for a particular activity. The present study compares the theoretical ass…
Using Normative Data to Develop Evaluative Standards for Resource Management
(1991). Using Normative Data to Develop Evaluative Standards for Resource Management: A Comment on Three Recent Papers. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 173-187
Resource and activity substitutes for recreational salmon fishing in New Zealand
This article develops a typology of substitution alternatives to clarify the relationship between resource and activity substitutes. The present study examines anglers’ perceptions of resource and activity substitutes for salmon angling on the Rakaia and Waimakariri Rivers. Both rivers are noted for good quality fishing and are close enough for day trips from Christchurch, the major population center on New Zealand's South Island. For resource su…
Interest group standards for ecological impacts at wilderness campsites
Little research has focused on the ecological standards of recreation interest groups for campsites in wilderness. Because there are differences in their use of the resource, it is sometimes assumed that groups’ standards for campsite impacts are also different. Using evaluations of bare ground and fire rings from organized interest groups, this study compares impact standards for outdoor activity clubs, environmental organizations, and wildernes…
Recreation substitutability
Recreation substitutability has proved to be a difficult research topic, yet the concept still holds promise for management of wildland settings. That promise is brought nearer to realization by recent progress in defining the substitutability concept and describing the array of potential substitution strategies. This article proposes a research agenda that (1) builds on recent developments concerning substitutability and several related topics a…
Product shift in recreation settings
Resource managers often rely on data from recreation users as one of the inputs for long‐term decisions, but product shift (users responding to changing social or environmental conditions by changing their definition of the recreation experience) may confound the reliability of such information. In this study, we used panel data to examine the product shift phenomenon related to social conditions and describe resulting management implications. Th…
Effect of varied question format on boaters’ norms
Studies on recreationists’ norms from different sites have reported different percentages of recreationists who have norms, leading some to question whether such differences result from different question formats. A random sample of 365 boaters on the Clackamas River in Oregon was used to explore the effects of two formats on the presence of norms for three social impacts (encounters with other boaters, time waiting at launch site, and percentage…
Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management (21 works) · Psychology (20 works) · Computer Science (18 works) · Recreation (17 works) · Ecology (16 works) · Ecology (15 works) · Geography (14 works) · Social Psychology (14 works) · Social Psychology (14 works) · Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research (12 works)