A K Goodboy
Biographic Data
| ID | 56077 |
|---|---|
| NAME | A K Goodboy |
| GIVEN NAMES | A K |
| FAMILY NAME | Goodboy |
| SIGNATURE | GOODBOY A K |
| AFFILIATIONS | West Virginia University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-7476-5095 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 44 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 33 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 44 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2005 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Technology and face-to-face integration in daily life: An intensive longitudinal study of communication interdependence
The current study advances the communication interdependence perspective (CIP) using an intensive longitudinal design and recent refinements in the conceptualization of integration (i.e., how various channels are interconnected). U.S. adults in romantic relationships (N = 175) completed a baseline questionnaire, and then, provided daily diary data over 30 days (4,806 total observations), which we analyzed with dynamic structural equation modeling…
Instructor clarity fosters student learning by reducing cognitive load (for some students)
Researchers have demonstrated that clear teaching is causally related to student learning. One theory guiding instructor clarity research is cognitive load theory, which presumes that the effect of clear teaching on student learning is explained by the ability for clear instruction to reduce students’ cognitive burden. This experiment tested this indirect learning process using a video-based lecture while considering the moderating impact of stud…
Relationship uncertainty and person-specific dynamics of partner rumination and relational turbulence in day-to-day life
This daily diary study examined dynamic processes of relational turbulence theory. Dating partners (N = 202) completed measures of pretest relationship uncertainty, followed by 30 days of daily rumination and relational turbulence, and then posttest collaborative planning. Using dynamic structural equation modeling with random effects, we found that for the typical partner: (a) on days when they ruminated more about their relationship than usual,…
Students’ psychological barriers to rhetorical dissent: A random-intercept latent transition analysis
Using a longitudinal person-centered approach, we studied students and their impediments to communicating disagreement with instructors over a semester. First, we used latent profile analysis to uncover types of students characterized by their psychological barriers (i.e., discomfort, punishment, and response inefficacy) toward rhetorical dissent at the beginning, middle, and end of a semester. Second, using a random intercept-latent transition a…
Does maintenance mediate the effect of equity on salient relational outcomes
The originally proposed theoretical model between equity and the use of relational maintenance was that equity would predict maintenance use, which in turn, would predict salient relational characteristics. As of yet, this indirect effect has not been tested. Accordingly, we sought to determine the extent to which the perceived use of relationship maintenance mediates the effect of equity on marital satisfaction and commitment. An online survey w…
Person-specific effects of women's social media use on body image concerns: An Intensive Longitudinal Study of Daily Life
Informed by social media and body image scholarship, the present study examined how women's person-specific daily social media usage is related to person-specific deviations in their body image satisfaction. We conducted a 30-day intensive longitudinal study capturing 90 U.S. women's daily social media use via mobile data donations and body image self-assessments (90 participants × 30 days = 2,700 possible measurement occasions). Using dynamic st…
Testing relational turbulence theory in daily life using dynamic structural equation modeling
Using dynamic structural equation modeling (DSEM; Asparouhov et al., 2018), this study tests how partner disruptions of daily routines create a chaotic relational state through intensified emotions directed at partners, as posited by relational turbulence theory (RTT; Solomon et al., 2016). To test this affective process, individuals in dating relationships (N = 130) completed daily surveys for 30 days (T = 30; 3,478 total observations), measurin…
The indirect effect of relational turbulence on received emotional support through dyadic synchrony
Using a latent variable mediation model, we tested proposition 7 of relational turbulence theory (RTT) predicting that individuals in romantic relationships experiencing more relational turbulence would receive less emotional support from their partner because of a disruption to dyadic synchrony. A sample of 319 dating partners reported on their current relational turbulence, comfort and ease in communicating with their romantic partner, and emot…
Conditional indirect effects of clarity on students’ information processing: Disentangling sources of cognitive load
The effect of instructor clarity on student learning has been explained using cognitive load theory, which stipulates that students have limited mental resources to devote to activities pertaining to learning. To date, the effect of teacher clarity on students’ cognitive burden has been studied in reference to students’ extraneous cognitive load as clear teachers design their instruction to be straightforward and free from distraction. However, f…
Does the human professor or artificial intelligence (AI) offer better explanations to students? Evidence from three within-subject experiments
Three within-subject experiments were conducted by providing students with answers to content questions across different subject matters (a definition, explanation, and example) offered by a human professor (subject-matter expert) versus generative artificial intelligence (ChatGPT). In a randomized order, students read both the expert and ChatGPT’s responses (both were de-identified and declared to be “professors,” so students were not aware one …
Dynamic and Daily Partner-Specific Processes of Relationship Uncertainty and Enacted Relationship Talk
Guided by relational turbulence theory (RTT), this intensive longitudinal study examined how within-person daily fluctuations in relationship uncertainty corresponded with individuals’ decisions to engage in daily enacted relationship talk. Using a person-specific approach, this study also examined how individuals’ attachment insecurity predicted within-person differences in month-long processes predicted by RTT. College-aged dating partners ( N …
Interference from a partner and anger arousal: A meta-analysis
A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to examine proposition 2 of relational turbulence theory, that interference from a partner heightens affective arousal toward the partner. The meta-analysis revealed a positive average correlation between interference from a partner and anger toward that partner (k = 15, N = 6114, r = .419 [95% CI: .376, .459]) with a prediction interval ranging from .264 to .553. Upon uncovering heterogeneity, study m…
Mixture modeling: A person-centered approach to studying communication and learning
A zoom teaching experiment using CTML principles of multimedia design
The purpose of this study was to examine how online synchronous teaching using Zoom might be enhanced by incorporating multimedia principles from the cognitive theory of multimedia learning (CTML). A live lecture teaching experiment was conducted where students were randomly assigned to attend a standard lesson on Zoom (control condition) or the same lesson but with the multimedia principles (signaling, embodiment, and generative activity princip…
Dyadic processes of relational turbulence theory
This study tested dyadic processes of relational turbulence theory (RTT) in heterosexual marriages. We tested propositions 1, 2, and 5 of RTT, which propose that uncertainty about the marriage biases cognitive appraisals, and that interference from a partner heightens negative emotions, both of which culminate in relational turbulence for spouses. Guided by these propositions, husbands' and wives' ( N = 510; 255 marital dyads) dyadic cognitive an…
A longitudinal investigation of relational turbulence during the transition to college
As emerging adults transition to college, they must adapt to new circumstances, both academic and personal. For partners involved in a romantic relationship prior to attending college, this transition has important relational implications, including potential fluctuations in relational uncertainty and interdependence. Guided by relational turbulence theory (RTT), we conducted the present study to model growth trajectories of first-semester studen…
Teacher antagonism: Reducing students’ sustained attention through decreased affect toward instructors and diminished motivation to learn
This study was conducted to model how teacher misbehaviors associate with reductions in students’ sustained attention. Participants (N = 423 college students) responded to measures of their perceptions of teacher antagonism, affect for their instructor, intrinsic motivation to learn, and sustained attention throughout the semester. Results of a path analysis indicated that teacher antagonism did not impact students’ sustained attention directly o…
Affective and interest consequences of lecture misbehaviors for students with mastery goals
Guided by an affective theoretical process, we surveyed college students (N = 397) to examine the effect of college instructors’ lecture misbehaviors on students’ emotional interest directly, and indirectly through affect toward the course content, among students who varied in their desire to master the course material (i.e., first- and second-stage moderated mediation by students’ mastery goal orientation). Results of a conditional process analy…
Profiles of doctoral students’ self-determination: Susceptibilities to burnout and dissent
Using a person-centered approach and guided by four mini-theories within self-determination theory, we investigated students’ motivation for pursuing their doctorate. Specifically, we examined students’ (N = 205) intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to persevere in their doctoral studies to ascertain if differences in the quality of their motivation would influence burnout symptoms and, in turn, tendencies to enact instructional dissent in their do…
Relational turbulence processes among avoidant and anxious spouses
Relational turbulence theory (RTT) articulates processes that explain why spouses evaluate their marriages as chaotic. Specifically, RTT predicts that relational uncertainty biases cognitive appraisals about the marriage and that partner interference with daily routines heightens negative emotions toward the spouse, both of which, culminate in relational turbulence. Our study confirmed these theoretical processes in marriage. However, by integrat…
A mixed methodological examination of older adults’ psychological reactance toward caregiving messages from their adult children
This study extends psychological reactance theory (PRT) to family caregiving by exploring autonomy-threatening messages adult child caregivers use to gain compliance from older adult parents. Results of focus groups and interviews with older adult care recipients (Study One) and caregivers (Study Two) corroborated three types of autonomy-threatening messages, which were used to test PRT (Study Three). Older adults (N = 281) were randomly assigned…
Relational Uncertainty Within Relational Turbulence Theory: The Bifactor Exploratory Structural Equation Model
Relational uncertainty consists of self, partner, and relationship uncertainty, which are core parameters in relational turbulence theory (RTT). Advances in latent variable modeling allow researchers to examine the multidimensional construct as a bifactor model, including a general factor of relational uncertainty and residualized factors of self, partner, and relationship uncertainty. This advance is theoretically consequential because RTT maint…
Negotiating in Distributive Bargaining Scenarios: The Effect of Sharing One’s Alternative
This study examined negotiation outcomes following a distributive bargaining task where individuals communicated in dyads for the purchase of a hypothetical product. We used an experimental manipulation to examine the impact of sharing one’s alternative on bargainers’ final negotiated price both directly and indirectly through their partners’ one-sided negotiation tactics. After negotiating, participants in 92 dyads reported their results and pro…
A curricular view of communication course offerings of National Communication Association department members
The purpose of this study was to continue the trend of identifying the course offerings of National Communication Association (NCA) department members started by Wardrope (1999). A curricular profile of U.S. communication departments. Communication Education, 48(3), 256–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634529909379173 and followed by Bertelsen and Goodboy (2009). Curriculum planning: Trends in communication studies, workplace competencies, and curr…
What matters most? A prioritization of medical students’ preferences for effective teaching
Guided by rhetorical and relational goals theory, this study explores medical students' preferences for effective teaching using a "build-a-professor" design. Using a budget methodology, medical students (N = 177) created their ideal clinical or nonclinical medical school educator by prioritizing 10 teaching behaviors and characteristics from instructional communication literature. Overall, medical students prioritized clarity, relevance, and com…
Relational turbulence from the Covid-19 pandemic: Within-subjects mediation by romantic partner interdependence
Relational turbulence theory posits that external changes to the relational environment compel romantic partners to navigate transitions by establishing new daily routines as interdependent couples. The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented transition fraught with difficult changes that have the potential to be especially disruptive to romantic partners' daily routines as couples alter their patterns of interdependence and adapt their everyday li…
A mixture modeling perspective of relational turbulence theory in marriage
This study tested propositions of relational turbulence theory (RTT) from a latent variable mixture modeling perspective. A national sample of married individuals (N = 503) completed a questionnaire measuring RTT relationship parameters, experiences, and outcomes. A latent profile analysis provided support for RTT as (a) marriages were well-separated by relational uncertainty and interdependence parameters, (b) spouses belonging to marriages char…
Omega over alpha for reliability estimation of unidimensional communication measures
Cronbach’s alpha (coefficient α) is the conventional statistic communication scholars use to estimate the reliability of multi-item measurement instruments. For many, if not most communication measures, α should not be calculated for reliability estimation. Instead, coefficient omega (ω) should be reported as it aligns with the definition of reliability itself. In this primer, we review α and ω, and explain why ω should be the new ‘gold standard’…
Evolving considerations and empirical approaches to construct validity in communication science
For social sciences such as communication studies, in which key variables are often indirectly measured using myriad operationalizations, issues of construct validity are critical to the veracity of claims made from empirical data. This manuscript considers the ways we can improve how we demonstrate construct validity when using survey items. Some of these improvements are associated with our discussions of the sources of construct validity, and …
Person-specific effects of women's social media use on body image concerns: An Intensive Longitudinal Study of Daily Life
Informed by social media and body image scholarship, the present study examined how women's person-specific daily social media usage is related to person-specific deviations in their body image satisfaction. We conducted a 30-day intensive longitudinal study capturing 90 U.S. women's daily social media use via mobile data donations and body image self-assessments (90 participants × 30 days = 2,700 possible measurement occasions). Using dynamic st…
Flirtation Rejection Strategies: Toward an Understanding of Communicative Disinterest in Flirting
Single adults often seek successful flirtatious encounters; yet these encounters can sometimes be considered failures. However, little research has identified flirtation rejection strategies enacted by those not interested in reciprocal flirting. The purpose of this study was to examine behavioral and verbal flirtation rejection strategies among college students. Stemming from a grounded theory methodology and a focus group method, 21 college stu…
A Study of Grouphate in a Course on Small Group Communication
This study explored the relationship between grouphate and cohesion, consensus, relational satisfaction, affective learning, and cognitive learning. Participants were 83 undergraduate students enrolled in an introductory course on small group communication. Participants completed the Grouphate scale, the Classroom Cohesion scale, the Consensus scale, the Relational Satisfaction scale, three subscales of the Instructional Affect Assessment Instrum…
Affective Orientation and Eating Behavior: Two Studies of Emotional, Restrained, and External Eating Decisions
Recent work on how emotions guide decisions stimulated two studies on relationships among emotional, restrained, and external antecedents of eating behavior and Affective Orientation. In Study 1 were 195 undergraduate students who completed the Affective Orientation-15 scale (Booth-Butterfield & Booth-Butterfield, 1996) and the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Higher scores of trait Affective Orientation were associated with more emotional an…
Affective Orientation and Eating Behavior: Two Studies of Emotional, Restrained, and External Eating Decisions
Love Styles and Desire for Closeness in Romantic Relationships
This study investigated differences in love styles (i.e., eros, ludus, storge, pragma, agape, mania) associated with the romantic desire for closeness. Participants were 197 undergraduate students (M age = 19.8 yr., SD = 1.9; 92 men, 104 women) currently in a romantic relationship who completed a survey assessing their love styles and current desire for closeness with their partner (i.e., desired less closeness, the same level of closeness, or mo…
Cultural Differences Between United States and Chinese Students’ Use of Behavioral Alteration Techniques and Affinity-Seeking Strategies with Instructors
The purpose of this study was to investigate cultural differences in college students' use of behavioral alteration techniques and affinity-seeking strategies with instructors in the United States and China. Participants were 265 U.S. students and 180 Chinese students who reported on their communication behavior with an instructor. Results indicated that Chinese students self-reported using 13 BATs more frequently than U.S. students (i.e. honesty…
Sex Differences in Instructional Dissent
This study examined sex differences in students' expression of instructional dissent and the role that an instructor's sex plays in spurring this dissent. Participants were 446 undergraduate students (M age = 20.1 yr., SD = 2.8; 148 men, 290 women, 8 unreported) who completed the Instructional Dissent Scale (IDS) and provided demographic information. Results indicated small effects for student sex and instructor sex on IDS scores. Female students…
Revisiting the Relationship between Teacher Confirmation and Learning Outcomes: Examining Cultural Differences in Turkish, Chinese, and American Classrooms
This study investigates the relationship between teacher confirmation behaviors (i.e., responding to questions, demonstrating interest, interactive teaching style) and student learning outcomes (i.e., affective learning, student motivation) across three cultures: Turkey, China, and the United States. Results indicates the confirmation-learning relationship was significantly stronger in the United States and China than it was in Turkey. The findin…
Flirtation Rejection Strategies: Toward an Understanding of Communicative Disinterest in Flirting
Single adults often seek successful flirtatious encounters; yet these encounters can sometimes be considered failures. However, little research has identified flirtation rejection strategies enacted by those not interested in reciprocal flirting. The purpose of this study was to examine behavioral and verbal flirtation rejection strategies among college students. Stemming from a grounded theory methodology and a focus group method, 21 college stu…
Bullying as an Expression of Intolerant Schemas
Spousal interference and relational turbulence during the Covid-19 pandemic
Relational Turbulence Theory proposes that when romantic partners interrupt everyday routines in response to transitions, affective arousal will be heightened in the form of more intense emotions. The goal of this study was to test this theoretical logic in a married sample of 165 spouses during the initial peak of the COVID-19 pandemic (April, 2020). Participants completed an online survey measuring how often their spouse interfered with their d…
A conditional process model of academic demands and student learning
This study modeled the strain that academic demands (i.e., taking courses with demanding workloads) place on college students’ academic performance by exploring how sources of student academic support and stress might explain this association. Student participants (N = 302) completed a survey about their most demanding class of the semester and reported on how demanding the class was, how much stress they experienced related to the class, and how…
The Relational Turbulence Model: A Meta-Analytic Review
A series of 27 meta-analyses was conducted to synthesize theoretical predictions, to date, of the relational turbulence model (RTM), which has informed relational turbulence theory (RTT). In line with theorized predictions, 12 random-effects meta-analyses (k = 9–15; n = 1,395–5,493) confirmed that RTM variables (i.e., self uncertainty, partner uncertainty, relationship uncertainty, and partner interference), on average, correlated with topic avoi…
Omega over alpha for reliability estimation of unidimensional communication measures
Cronbach’s alpha (coefficient α) is the conventional statistic communication scholars use to estimate the reliability of multi-item measurement instruments. For many, if not most communication measures, α should not be calculated for reliability estimation. Instead, coefficient omega (ω) should be reported as it aligns with the definition of reliability itself. In this primer, we review α and ω, and explain why ω should be the new ‘gold standard’…
Evolving considerations and empirical approaches to construct validity in communication science
For social sciences such as communication studies, in which key variables are often indirectly measured using myriad operationalizations, issues of construct validity are critical to the veracity of claims made from empirical data. This manuscript considers the ways we can improve how we demonstrate construct validity when using survey items. Some of these improvements are associated with our discussions of the sources of construct validity, and …
Relational Uncertainty Within Relational Turbulence Theory: The Bifactor Exploratory Structural Equation Model
Relational uncertainty consists of self, partner, and relationship uncertainty, which are core parameters in relational turbulence theory (RTT). Advances in latent variable modeling allow researchers to examine the multidimensional construct as a bifactor model, including a general factor of relational uncertainty and residualized factors of self, partner, and relationship uncertainty. This advance is theoretically consequential because RTT maint…
Negotiating in Distributive Bargaining Scenarios: The Effect of Sharing One’s Alternative
This study examined negotiation outcomes following a distributive bargaining task where individuals communicated in dyads for the purchase of a hypothetical product. We used an experimental manipulation to examine the impact of sharing one’s alternative on bargainers’ final negotiated price both directly and indirectly through their partners’ one-sided negotiation tactics. After negotiating, participants in 92 dyads reported their results and pro…
A curricular view of communication course offerings of National Communication Association department members
The purpose of this study was to continue the trend of identifying the course offerings of National Communication Association (NCA) department members started by Wardrope (1999). A curricular profile of U.S. communication departments. Communication Education, 48(3), 256–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634529909379173 and followed by Bertelsen and Goodboy (2009). Curriculum planning: Trends in communication studies, workplace competencies, and curr…
What matters most? A prioritization of medical students’ preferences for effective teaching
Guided by rhetorical and relational goals theory, this study explores medical students' preferences for effective teaching using a "build-a-professor" design. Using a budget methodology, medical students (N = 177) created their ideal clinical or nonclinical medical school educator by prioritizing 10 teaching behaviors and characteristics from instructional communication literature. Overall, medical students prioritized clarity, relevance, and com…
The effects of relevant instructor self-disclosure on student affect and cognitive learning: A live lecture experiment
The purpose of this teaching experiment was to examine the causal effect of relevant (compared to irrelevant) instructor self-disclosure on student affect and cognitive learning. Undergraduate students (N = 288) were randomly assigned to a 19-minute classroom lecture with an instructor who taught the same lesson but self-disclosed either relevant or irrelevant information while teaching. Results indicated that relevant instructor self-disclosure …
Instructional dissent over the course of the semester
The purpose of this longitudinal study was to model student trajectories of instructional dissent over the course of a semester. Participants were 312 undergraduate students who completed panel surveys on their worst course of the semester at three time points: during the beginning, middle, and end of a college course. Latent growth curve modeling revealed that, on average, expressive dissent slightly decreased, rhetorical dissent remained unchan…
Making content relevant: A teaching and learning experiment with replication
Two experiments examined the effect of teaching with content relevance strategies on student learning outcomes. In both experiments, college students were randomly assigned to one of three teaching conditions in which the instructor (a) made no effort to teach the lesson content as relevant (control), (b) taught the same lesson content in a relevant manner (treatment 1), or (c) taught the same lesson content in an irrelevant manner (treatment 2).…
A mixture modeling perspective of relational turbulence theory in marriage
This study tested propositions of relational turbulence theory (RTT) from a latent variable mixture modeling perspective. A national sample of married individuals (N = 503) completed a questionnaire measuring RTT relationship parameters, experiences, and outcomes. A latent profile analysis provided support for RTT as (a) marriages were well-separated by relational uncertainty and interdependence parameters, (b) spouses belonging to marriages char…
Relational turbulence from the Covid-19 pandemic: Within-subjects mediation by romantic partner interdependence
Relational turbulence theory posits that external changes to the relational environment compel romantic partners to navigate transitions by establishing new daily routines as interdependent couples. The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented transition fraught with difficult changes that have the potential to be especially disruptive to romantic partners' daily routines as couples alter their patterns of interdependence and adapt their everyday li…
A longitudinal investigation of relational turbulence during the transition to college
As emerging adults transition to college, they must adapt to new circumstances, both academic and personal. For partners involved in a romantic relationship prior to attending college, this transition has important relational implications, including potential fluctuations in relational uncertainty and interdependence. Guided by relational turbulence theory (RTT), we conducted the present study to model growth trajectories of first-semester studen…
Teacher antagonism: Reducing students’ sustained attention through decreased affect toward instructors and diminished motivation to learn
This study was conducted to model how teacher misbehaviors associate with reductions in students’ sustained attention. Participants (N = 423 college students) responded to measures of their perceptions of teacher antagonism, affect for their instructor, intrinsic motivation to learn, and sustained attention throughout the semester. Results of a path analysis indicated that teacher antagonism did not impact students’ sustained attention directly o…
Psychology (38 works) · Social Psychology (31 works) · Attachment and Relationship Dynamics (17 works) · Communication in Education and Healthcare (15 works) · Developmental psychology (13 works) · Online and Blended Learning (10 works) · Social Psychology (10 works) · Computer Science (9 works) · Mathematics education (9 works) · Political science (9 works)