Lionel Standing
Biographic Data
| ID | 5709782 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Lionel Standing |
| GIVEN NAMES | Lionel |
| FAMILY NAME | Standing |
| SIGNATURE | STANDING L |
| AFFILIATIONS | Bishop's University |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 26 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 26 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1971 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2009 |
| H-INDEX | 1 |
Public recognition of major works in psychology: Rise and fall over time
In 2 data sets, citations of the major articles and books in cognitive psychology were found to rise to a peak at 5-8 years following publication. After this period of time, there is a gradual disappearance over the following years. The peaking effect was found to be greater for the more prominent works
Why Johnny Still Can't Add: Predictors of University Students' Performance on an Elementary Arithmetic Test
Undergraduates ( N = 75) at a liberal arts college were given the D'Amore Test (DT; Hume, 1932), a measure of elementary arithmetic skills which uses 10 simple items taken directly from a third-grade curriculum of 1932. Unlimited time and written rough work were allowed. Exactly two-thirds of the subjects failed the DT by achieving a score below 10. On average, 8.71 items were answered correctly (range 5–10), and 63% of subjects scored between 5 …
Can Business and Economics Students Perform Elementary Arithmetic
Business and economics majors ( N = 146) were tested on the D'Amore Test of Elementary Arithmetic, which employs third-grade test items from 1932. Only 40% of the subjects passed the test by answering 10 out of 10 items correctly. Self-predicted scores were a good predictor of actual scores, but performance was not associated with demographic variables, grades in calculus courses, liking for science or computers, or mathematics anxiety. Scores de…
Do Psychology Courses Reduce Belief in Psychological Myths
This study examined the degree to which psychology students accept popular psychology myths that are rejected by mainstream researchers (e.g., “people use only 10% of their brain's capacity”), and the effect of psychology courses on myth acceptance. Using a 20-item, true-false myth belief questionnaire, it examined the levels of gullibility among 94 undergraduates at different stages of their education, and related these to their educational and …
Modeling Effects in Student Drinking and Smoking, Revisited After 24 Years
A systematic replication is reported of a campus survey carried out in 1978. The present data ( N = 100) indicate increased peer modeling effects for drinking, in which a respondent's intake of alcohol and drunkenness are both best predicted from the drinking of his/her friends. Smoking, however, today shows no correlation with the smoking of either friends or parents, unlike the previous survey. Alcohol consumption, measured as drinks per week, …
Does Self-Serving Bias Cancel the Barnum Effect
This study examines whether individuals believe in the reality of positive personality traits more readily than negative traits, when these are falsely ascribed to them in a bogus feedback situation. Twenty-seven participants first filled out a personality test, then a list of traits (positive, negative and neutral) was presented for them to rate how well each one described their own personality. A seven-point scale was used to assess the perceiv…
Students' Reports of Athletic Involvement as Predictors of Drinking: A Pilot Study
Does the Halo Effect Occur in the Elderly
This study examined whether elderly people would show the typical halo effect of attributing more desirable personality traits to those individuals who have attractive faces (Dion, Bercheid & Walster, 1972). It was predicted that age should bring wisdom, leading to the elimination of this judgmental bias in older people. Fifty-two female subjects (aged 65 or above) were required to match photographs of stimulus persons (attractive or unattractive…
Contributions to the History of Psychology: CX. Joseph Addison's Observations on Animal Behavior
Extracts from the eighteenth century writings of Joseph Addison are presented to show his empirical, deductive approach to the study of animal behavior. The topics examined by Addison include the experimental distinction between instinctive and learned behavior, internal and external control of behavior, the survival value of instinct, parental behavior, animal societies, communication, the relationship between behavior patterns and body structur…
Serial and Multiple Homicide: Is There an Epidemic
This paper examines the contemporary problem of serial and multiple homicide. To test whether rates for serial homicide and multiple homicide have increased significantly in the 1980's as compared to the 1950's, a newspaper index search was conducted for these two decades. The data indicate that the numbers of both types of homicide were considerably higher for the 1980's, even when adjusted for population size. However, the serial and multiple h…
The Decision to Abort: No Sex-Role Bias, and Little Enthusiasm
The hypothetical decision to abort a genetically defective fetus was studied as a function of the subject's gender, the gender of the fetus, and the nature of the fetal impairment (physical versus mental defect). A questionnaire technique was employed, with a sample of students (N = 181) who were asked to imagine that they faced this decision themselves. No evidence was found for sex-role bias with regard to the gender of the fetus, or its intera…
Contributions to the History of Psychology: Lxxviii. Citation Overlap Between Histories of Animal Behavior Studies
Contributions to the History of Psychology: LXXVIII. Citation Overlap between Histories of Animal Behavior Studies
40 histories of animal behavior studies were examined for their consensus concerning the founders of this discipline. In all, 214 different investigators were mentioned in 895 citations. Darwin and Lloyd Morgan were reliably cited (followed by Romanes, Watson, Loeb, and Thorndike), but the over-all citation overlap among different sources was generally low. The results were numerically similar to those found in bibliometric studies of Lotka's law
Empirical Statistics: IV. Illustrating Meehl's Sixth Law of Soft Psychology: Everything Correlates with Everything
A 135 × 135 matrix of correlations was computed, using educational/biographical data on 2,058 subjects, to find the background level of statistically significant correlations, or Meehl's ‘crud factor.’ Every one of the 135 variables, save ID number, displayed more statistically significant correlations with the other variables than could be predicted from chance. With alpha set at .05 (two-tailed), a given variable correlated significantly on ave…
Empirical Statistics: Iv. Illustrating Meehl's Sixth Law of Soft Psychology: Everything Correlates With Everything
Asch Fails Again
The social conformity paradigm of Asch (1956) was modified to make the test stimuli more ambiguous, and thus to increase the likelihood of obtaining conformity. With the same aim, both anonymous and individuated conditions were used. As with a previous attempt to replicate Asch (Perrin & Spencer, 1981), no conformity was observed. The Asch effect appears to be an unpredictable phenomenon rather than a stable tendency of human behavior
Attitudes Towards Rape Victims: Effects of Victim Status, Sex of Victim, and Sex of Rater
Attitudes towards rape victims were investigated as a function of the rater's sex, the rated individual's sex, and victim versus non-victim status. Student subjects (72 male, 72 female) were given a disguised questionnaire, and required to rate a profiled person (John' or `Carol on 12 evaluative traits (both positive and negative) using a 7-point scale, under male profile/female profile and victim/non-victim conditions. The subjects also rated th…
Communicator Credibility: Trustworthiness Defeats Expertness
The credibility of a highly trustworthy communicator was compared with that of an expert. The subjects (36 nuns) heard the same persuasive message concerning AIDS, presented under the guise of either a trustworthy source (a priest), an expert (a doctor), or a neutral source. The results showed that the trustworthy communicator was regarded as significantly more believable than the expert
Models for Student Drinking and Smoking: Parents or Peers
The drinking and smoking patterns of 259 college and university students were surveyed by means of a self-report questionnaire. This questionnaire also required the respondent to give information concerning the drinking and smoking habits of his/her parents and friends. Analysis of partial correlations indicated that the respondents' level of drinking corresponded to the behavior of their parents for the first two years on campus, and then shifte…
Subvocalization Rate versus other Predictors of the Memory Span
Two experiments were performed to determine how accurately the immediate memory span may be predicted from the subject's subvocalization rate, as compared with other subject and stimulus variables. In the first, span and free-recall measures were obtained for 24 subjects, each tested with four types of spoken material (nonsense syllables, random words, fourth-order approximations to English, and normal prose). Silent subvocalization rate, whisper…
Validity of an Intuitive Personality Scale: Personal Responsibility as a Predictor of Academic Achievement
Fifty undergraduate students (27 female, 23 male) completed measures of verbal intelligence and locus of control, together with the Responsibility scale of the California Psychological Inventory and a student-written scale of Personal Responsibility. On the basis of correlational and multiple-regression analyses, it was found that Intelligence and Personal Responsibility were jointly the most efficient predictors of a subject's mean course grade,…
Do the Barnum Effect and Paranormal Belief Involve a General Gullibility Factor
A questionnaire survey indicated that paranormal belief among 60 college students is positively correlated with over-all levels of belief in a variety of everyday statements ( r = .56), whereas the Barnum effect shows no such indication of a general gullibility factor. Also, the Barnum effect is not associated with paranormal belief
Computer Assessment of Personality: A Demonstration of Gullibility
Subjects (N= 64) were shown a list of 66 personality traits, and indicated whether or not they possessed each one. Three weeks later, they were shown their trait list, another subject's trait list, a computerized personality profile derived from their traits, or a profile derived from another subject's traits. In each case they rated how well their personality was described by the trait list or profile, on three seven point scales. It was found t…
The Effects of Environmental Noise on Anxiety Level
Forty-five male and female undergraduates were exposed to low (43 dB), medium (61 dB), or high (75 dB) levels of ambient white noise for 30 minutes. Subsequent testing with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory revealed that mean situational (or state) anxiety was significantly elevated for the 75 dB group, while the variability of these scores increased for both the 61 and 75 dB groups. Habitual (or trait) anxiety measures, however, were not affecte…
Is the immediate memory span determined by subvocalization rate
The immediate memory span for eight types of material was measured, using 24 subjects, and various possible predictor variables were recorded. Span size for individual subjects was most highly correlated ( r = —0–75) with their time‐scores on a subvocalization task; it appeared essentially unrelated to subject variables such as age, IQ, echoic memory and longer‐term memory. Span sizes for the different materials were also highly correlated with t…
Is the immediate memory span determined by subvocalization rate
The immediate memory span for eight types of material was measured, using 24 subjects, and various possible predictor variables were recorded. Span size for individual subjects was most highly correlated ( r = —0–75) with their time‐scores on a subvocalization task; it appeared essentially unrelated to subject variables such as age, IQ, echoic memory and longer‐term memory. Span sizes for the different materials were also highly correlated with t…
On the Evaluation of Short-Term Memory Data
A short-term memory experiment is reported in which S attempted to recall trigrams after a retention interval of 3 to 18 sec.; a subtraction task was performed by S during this interval. As with the similar study of Peterson and Peterson (1959), evidence was found that the probability of correct response declines during the retention interval (though to a lesser extent than previously reported). However, it is shown that the shape of the retentio…
The Effects of Environmental Noise on Anxiety Level
Forty-five male and female undergraduates were exposed to low (43 dB), medium (61 dB), or high (75 dB) levels of ambient white noise for 30 minutes. Subsequent testing with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory revealed that mean situational (or state) anxiety was significantly elevated for the 75 dB group, while the variability of these scores increased for both the 61 and 75 dB groups. Habitual (or trait) anxiety measures, however, were not affecte…
Is the immediate memory span determined by subvocalization rate
The immediate memory span for eight types of material was measured, using 24 subjects, and various possible predictor variables were recorded. Span size for individual subjects was most highly correlated ( r = —0–75) with their time‐scores on a subvocalization task; it appeared essentially unrelated to subject variables such as age, IQ, echoic memory and longer‐term memory. Span sizes for the different materials were also highly correlated with t…
Computer Assessment of Personality: A Demonstration of Gullibility
Subjects (N= 64) were shown a list of 66 personality traits, and indicated whether or not they possessed each one. Three weeks later, they were shown their trait list, another subject's trait list, a computerized personality profile derived from their traits, or a profile derived from another subject's traits. In each case they rated how well their personality was described by the trait list or profile, on three seven point scales. It was found t…
Validity of an Intuitive Personality Scale: Personal Responsibility as a Predictor of Academic Achievement
Fifty undergraduate students (27 female, 23 male) completed measures of verbal intelligence and locus of control, together with the Responsibility scale of the California Psychological Inventory and a student-written scale of Personal Responsibility. On the basis of correlational and multiple-regression analyses, it was found that Intelligence and Personal Responsibility were jointly the most efficient predictors of a subject's mean course grade,…
Do the Barnum Effect and Paranormal Belief Involve a General Gullibility Factor
A questionnaire survey indicated that paranormal belief among 60 college students is positively correlated with over-all levels of belief in a variety of everyday statements ( r = .56), whereas the Barnum effect shows no such indication of a general gullibility factor. Also, the Barnum effect is not associated with paranormal belief
Attitudes Towards Rape Victims: Effects of Victim Status, Sex of Victim, and Sex of Rater
Attitudes towards rape victims were investigated as a function of the rater's sex, the rated individual's sex, and victim versus non-victim status. Student subjects (72 male, 72 female) were given a disguised questionnaire, and required to rate a profiled person (John' or `Carol on 12 evaluative traits (both positive and negative) using a 7-point scale, under male profile/female profile and victim/non-victim conditions. The subjects also rated th…
Communicator Credibility: Trustworthiness Defeats Expertness
The credibility of a highly trustworthy communicator was compared with that of an expert. The subjects (36 nuns) heard the same persuasive message concerning AIDS, presented under the guise of either a trustworthy source (a priest), an expert (a doctor), or a neutral source. The results showed that the trustworthy communicator was regarded as significantly more believable than the expert
Models for Student Drinking and Smoking: Parents or Peers
The drinking and smoking patterns of 259 college and university students were surveyed by means of a self-report questionnaire. This questionnaire also required the respondent to give information concerning the drinking and smoking habits of his/her parents and friends. Analysis of partial correlations indicated that the respondents' level of drinking corresponded to the behavior of their parents for the first two years on campus, and then shifte…
Subvocalization Rate versus other Predictors of the Memory Span
Two experiments were performed to determine how accurately the immediate memory span may be predicted from the subject's subvocalization rate, as compared with other subject and stimulus variables. In the first, span and free-recall measures were obtained for 24 subjects, each tested with four types of spoken material (nonsense syllables, random words, fourth-order approximations to English, and normal prose). Silent subvocalization rate, whisper…
Asch Fails Again
The social conformity paradigm of Asch (1956) was modified to make the test stimuli more ambiguous, and thus to increase the likelihood of obtaining conformity. With the same aim, both anonymous and individuated conditions were used. As with a previous attempt to replicate Asch (Perrin & Spencer, 1981), no conformity was observed. The Asch effect appears to be an unpredictable phenomenon rather than a stable tendency of human behavior
Contributions to the History of Psychology: Lxxviii. Citation Overlap Between Histories of Animal Behavior Studies
Contributions to the History of Psychology: LXXVIII. Citation Overlap between Histories of Animal Behavior Studies
40 histories of animal behavior studies were examined for their consensus concerning the founders of this discipline. In all, 214 different investigators were mentioned in 895 citations. Darwin and Lloyd Morgan were reliably cited (followed by Romanes, Watson, Loeb, and Thorndike), but the over-all citation overlap among different sources was generally low. The results were numerically similar to those found in bibliometric studies of Lotka's law
Empirical Statistics: IV. Illustrating Meehl's Sixth Law of Soft Psychology: Everything Correlates with Everything
A 135 × 135 matrix of correlations was computed, using educational/biographical data on 2,058 subjects, to find the background level of statistically significant correlations, or Meehl's ‘crud factor.’ Every one of the 135 variables, save ID number, displayed more statistically significant correlations with the other variables than could be predicted from chance. With alpha set at .05 (two-tailed), a given variable correlated significantly on ave…
Empirical Statistics: Iv. Illustrating Meehl's Sixth Law of Soft Psychology: Everything Correlates With Everything
The Decision to Abort: No Sex-Role Bias, and Little Enthusiasm
The hypothetical decision to abort a genetically defective fetus was studied as a function of the subject's gender, the gender of the fetus, and the nature of the fetal impairment (physical versus mental defect). A questionnaire technique was employed, with a sample of students (N = 181) who were asked to imagine that they faced this decision themselves. No evidence was found for sex-role bias with regard to the gender of the fetus, or its intera…
Serial and Multiple Homicide: Is There an Epidemic
This paper examines the contemporary problem of serial and multiple homicide. To test whether rates for serial homicide and multiple homicide have increased significantly in the 1980's as compared to the 1950's, a newspaper index search was conducted for these two decades. The data indicate that the numbers of both types of homicide were considerably higher for the 1980's, even when adjusted for population size. However, the serial and multiple h…
Does the Halo Effect Occur in the Elderly
This study examined whether elderly people would show the typical halo effect of attributing more desirable personality traits to those individuals who have attractive faces (Dion, Bercheid & Walster, 1972). It was predicted that age should bring wisdom, leading to the elimination of this judgmental bias in older people. Fifty-two female subjects (aged 65 or above) were required to match photographs of stimulus persons (attractive or unattractive…
Contributions to the History of Psychology: CX. Joseph Addison's Observations on Animal Behavior
Extracts from the eighteenth century writings of Joseph Addison are presented to show his empirical, deductive approach to the study of animal behavior. The topics examined by Addison include the experimental distinction between instinctive and learned behavior, internal and external control of behavior, the survival value of instinct, parental behavior, animal societies, communication, the relationship between behavior patterns and body structur…
Students' Reports of Athletic Involvement as Predictors of Drinking: A Pilot Study
Modeling Effects in Student Drinking and Smoking, Revisited After 24 Years
A systematic replication is reported of a campus survey carried out in 1978. The present data ( N = 100) indicate increased peer modeling effects for drinking, in which a respondent's intake of alcohol and drunkenness are both best predicted from the drinking of his/her friends. Smoking, however, today shows no correlation with the smoking of either friends or parents, unlike the previous survey. Alcohol consumption, measured as drinks per week, …
Does Self-Serving Bias Cancel the Barnum Effect
This study examines whether individuals believe in the reality of positive personality traits more readily than negative traits, when these are falsely ascribed to them in a bogus feedback situation. Twenty-seven participants first filled out a personality test, then a list of traits (positive, negative and neutral) was presented for them to rate how well each one described their own personality. A seven-point scale was used to assess the perceiv…
Do Psychology Courses Reduce Belief in Psychological Myths
This study examined the degree to which psychology students accept popular psychology myths that are rejected by mainstream researchers (e.g., “people use only 10% of their brain's capacity”), and the effect of psychology courses on myth acceptance. Using a 20-item, true-false myth belief questionnaire, it examined the levels of gullibility among 94 undergraduates at different stages of their education, and related these to their educational and …
Why Johnny Still Can't Add: Predictors of University Students' Performance on an Elementary Arithmetic Test
Undergraduates ( N = 75) at a liberal arts college were given the D'Amore Test (DT; Hume, 1932), a measure of elementary arithmetic skills which uses 10 simple items taken directly from a third-grade curriculum of 1932. Unlimited time and written rough work were allowed. Exactly two-thirds of the subjects failed the DT by achieving a score below 10. On average, 8.71 items were answered correctly (range 5–10), and 63% of subjects scored between 5 …
Can Business and Economics Students Perform Elementary Arithmetic
Business and economics majors ( N = 146) were tested on the D'Amore Test of Elementary Arithmetic, which employs third-grade test items from 1932. Only 40% of the subjects passed the test by answering 10 out of 10 items correctly. Self-predicted scores were a good predictor of actual scores, but performance was not associated with demographic variables, grades in calculus courses, liking for science or computers, or mathematics anxiety. Scores de…
Psychology (26 works) · Social Psychology (12 works) · Social Psychology (11 works) · Developmental psychology (7 works) · Computer Science (6 works) · Mathematics (6 works) · Statistics (6 works) · Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology (5 works) · Clinical Psychology (5 works) · Clinical Psychology (5 works)