Malwina Szpitalak
Biographic Data
| ID | 5710261 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Malwina Szpitalak |
| GIVEN NAMES | Malwina |
| FAMILY NAME | Szpitalak |
| SIGNATURE | SZPITALAK M |
| AFFILIATIONS | Jagiellonian University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4928-5556 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 12 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 0 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 12 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2010 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 0 |
Are Refugees Perceived as Criminals? Reducing the Memory Misinformation Effect in the Context of Stereotypes About Refugees
The memory misinformation effect in the context of stereotypes about refugees from Syria and Ukraine was explored. After watching a film clip, participants were exposed to postevent material implying that the crime was committed by Ukrainians, Syrians, or an unspecified perpetrator. This material also included misleading details about the film clip. In Experiment 1, activating a stereotype of a distant culture (Syrians) resulted in higher vulnera…
Interrogative Suggestibility Revisited: An Analysis of Its Mechanisms, Correlates, and Methods of Reduction
Three experiments investigated the mechanisms, correlates, and methods of immunization against interrogative suggestibility (IS). IS involves reliance in memory reports on suggestions contained in misleading questions (Yield) and the tendency to change answers under negative feedback about the quality of previous testimony (Shift). All three studies found that the milder version of the tool used in the studies (GSS) resulted in lower Yield and Sh…
Protecting against misinformation: Evaluating the effectiveness of three techniques to reduce memory conformity
The memory conformity effect occurs when people witness a given incident (e.g. a crime) then talk to each other about it, and the statement of one person affects the memory account of the other person with respect to this incident. The aim of this article is to improve the quality of witness testimony by verifying the effectiveness of three methods that aim to reduce memory conformity effect: (1) an extended warning against misinformation; (2) a …
Anxious and distrustful – How do state anxiety and memory distrust influence the misinformation effect
The misinformation effect is influenced by many mnestic and non-mnestic factors. This article concerns the role of two of them: 1) state anxiety, defined as a situational experience of anxiety; 2) memory distrust, understood as a constant tendency to negatively evaluate one's memory. Both factors are relevant in the situation of being a witness and are believed to have a negative effect on the magnitude of the misinformation effect. In the presen…
Sensory processing sensitivity and its relation to susceptibility to misinformation
Sensory processing sensitivity is a relatively new theoretical construct. Its main components include deeper processing of stimuli as well as a stronger response to environmental impacts, both positive and negative. The effect of misinformation, which involves the inclusion of misinformation in the witness's memory reports, can be modified by varied factors, including personality characteristics. To the knowledge of the authors, no such research …
Observation inflation and interrogative suggestibility: Different but related memory errors
The observation inflation effect consists in the fact that observing an action being performed can create false memories that this action has actually been performed by the observer. The present study examined the relationship between this effect and interrogative suggestibility. A procedure based on the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale was used to assess two kinds of suggestibility: the tendency to yield to suggestive questions (Yield) and the te…
Can placebo administered in the guise of caffeine reduce the misinformation effect
Research suggests that placebo can reduce the misinformation effect. We aimed to examine for the first time whether placebo administered in the guise of caffeine can reduce the misinformation effect. One hundred and twenty -three healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to four groups in a 2 Placebo (Present, Not Present) × 2 Narrative (Misleading, Correct) study design. Participants from placebo groups drank 100 ml of placebo solution. They wer…
Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale – Polish adaptation of the method
This paper presents the results of a study on the Polish version of the Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale (GCBS), which was designed to measure individual differences in conspiracist thinking (Brotherton, French, & Pickering; 2013). The Polish version of the scale had excellent internal consistency as measured by Cronbach alpha: .93. The Polish version also had excellent test-retest stability. To check the validity of the questionnaire, various …
Psychometric properties and correlates of the Polish version of the Contingent Self-Esteem Scale (CSES)
In general, it is ben eficial and adaptive to have high self-esteem; however, contingent self-esteem depending on approval is not so advantageous. This article presents research on a Polish version of the Contingent Self-Esteem Scale (CSES), which measures contingent self-esteem. The CSES was administered on a total of 1,199 participants; a range of other instruments were also used to establish the validity of the CSES. The CSES proved to have ac…
The influence of social, para‐social, and nonsocial misleading post‐event sources on memory performance
Misinformation encountered after witnessing an event is known to influence subsequent memory reports about this event. In most research, misleading information was introduced impersonally, for example, by means of a written description, but it is now well established that delivering it in a social interaction is effective as well. Less is known about the relative effectiveness of impersonal post‐event misinformation compared with a socially prese…
Promoting eyewitness testimony quality: Warning vs. reinforced self-affirmation as methods of reduction of the misinformation effect
In a typical experiment on the misinformation effect, subjects first watch some event, afterwards read a description of it which in the experimental group includes some incorrect details, and answer questions relating to the original event. Typically, subjects in the misled experimental group report more false details than those from the control group. The main purpose of the presented study was to compare two methods of reducing the misinformati…
Warning against warnings: Alerted subjects may perform worse. Misinformation, involvement and warning as determinants of witness testimony
Warning against warnings: Alerted subjects may perform worse. Misinformation, involvement and warning as determinants of witness testimony The article presents experiments exploring the memory misinformation effect. Subjects heard a recording and afterwards read a description of it, which included, in the misled group, some details inconsistent with the recording; finally thay answered questions about the recording. The aim of the research was to…
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Warning against warnings: Alerted subjects may perform worse. Misinformation, involvement and warning as determinants of witness testimony
Warning against warnings: Alerted subjects may perform worse. Misinformation, involvement and warning as determinants of witness testimony The article presents experiments exploring the memory misinformation effect. Subjects heard a recording and afterwards read a description of it, which included, in the misled group, some details inconsistent with the recording; finally thay answered questions about the recording. The aim of the research was to…
Promoting eyewitness testimony quality: Warning vs. reinforced self-affirmation as methods of reduction of the misinformation effect
In a typical experiment on the misinformation effect, subjects first watch some event, afterwards read a description of it which in the experimental group includes some incorrect details, and answer questions relating to the original event. Typically, subjects in the misled experimental group report more false details than those from the control group. The main purpose of the presented study was to compare two methods of reducing the misinformati…
The influence of social, para‐social, and nonsocial misleading post‐event sources on memory performance
Misinformation encountered after witnessing an event is known to influence subsequent memory reports about this event. In most research, misleading information was introduced impersonally, for example, by means of a written description, but it is now well established that delivering it in a social interaction is effective as well. Less is known about the relative effectiveness of impersonal post‐event misinformation compared with a socially prese…
Psychometric properties and correlates of the Polish version of the Contingent Self-Esteem Scale (CSES)
In general, it is ben eficial and adaptive to have high self-esteem; however, contingent self-esteem depending on approval is not so advantageous. This article presents research on a Polish version of the Contingent Self-Esteem Scale (CSES), which measures contingent self-esteem. The CSES was administered on a total of 1,199 participants; a range of other instruments were also used to establish the validity of the CSES. The CSES proved to have ac…
Can placebo administered in the guise of caffeine reduce the misinformation effect
Research suggests that placebo can reduce the misinformation effect. We aimed to examine for the first time whether placebo administered in the guise of caffeine can reduce the misinformation effect. One hundred and twenty -three healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to four groups in a 2 Placebo (Present, Not Present) × 2 Narrative (Misleading, Correct) study design. Participants from placebo groups drank 100 ml of placebo solution. They wer…
Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale – Polish adaptation of the method
This paper presents the results of a study on the Polish version of the Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale (GCBS), which was designed to measure individual differences in conspiracist thinking (Brotherton, French, & Pickering; 2013). The Polish version of the scale had excellent internal consistency as measured by Cronbach alpha: .93. The Polish version also had excellent test-retest stability. To check the validity of the questionnaire, various …
Observation inflation and interrogative suggestibility: Different but related memory errors
The observation inflation effect consists in the fact that observing an action being performed can create false memories that this action has actually been performed by the observer. The present study examined the relationship between this effect and interrogative suggestibility. A procedure based on the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale was used to assess two kinds of suggestibility: the tendency to yield to suggestive questions (Yield) and the te…
Anxious and distrustful – How do state anxiety and memory distrust influence the misinformation effect
The misinformation effect is influenced by many mnestic and non-mnestic factors. This article concerns the role of two of them: 1) state anxiety, defined as a situational experience of anxiety; 2) memory distrust, understood as a constant tendency to negatively evaluate one's memory. Both factors are relevant in the situation of being a witness and are believed to have a negative effect on the magnitude of the misinformation effect. In the presen…
Sensory processing sensitivity and its relation to susceptibility to misinformation
Sensory processing sensitivity is a relatively new theoretical construct. Its main components include deeper processing of stimuli as well as a stronger response to environmental impacts, both positive and negative. The effect of misinformation, which involves the inclusion of misinformation in the witness's memory reports, can be modified by varied factors, including personality characteristics. To the knowledge of the authors, no such research …
Interrogative Suggestibility Revisited: An Analysis of Its Mechanisms, Correlates, and Methods of Reduction
Three experiments investigated the mechanisms, correlates, and methods of immunization against interrogative suggestibility (IS). IS involves reliance in memory reports on suggestions contained in misleading questions (Yield) and the tendency to change answers under negative feedback about the quality of previous testimony (Shift). All three studies found that the milder version of the tool used in the studies (GSS) resulted in lower Yield and Sh…
Protecting against misinformation: Evaluating the effectiveness of three techniques to reduce memory conformity
The memory conformity effect occurs when people witness a given incident (e.g. a crime) then talk to each other about it, and the statement of one person affects the memory account of the other person with respect to this incident. The aim of this article is to improve the quality of witness testimony by verifying the effectiveness of three methods that aim to reduce memory conformity effect: (1) an extended warning against misinformation; (2) a …
Are Refugees Perceived as Criminals? Reducing the Memory Misinformation Effect in the Context of Stereotypes About Refugees
The memory misinformation effect in the context of stereotypes about refugees from Syria and Ukraine was explored. After watching a film clip, participants were exposed to postevent material implying that the crime was committed by Ukrainians, Syrians, or an unspecified perpetrator. This material also included misleading details about the film clip. In Experiment 1, activating a stereotype of a distant culture (Syrians) resulted in higher vulnera…
Psychology (11 works) · Social Psychology (11 works) · Cognitive psychology (10 works) · Misinformation (8 works) · Computer Science (6 works) · Computer security (5 works) · Deception detection and forensic psychology (5 works) · Misinformation and Its Impacts (5 works) · Memory Processes and Influences (4 works) · Recall (4 works)