Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

R GERALD HUGHES

Biographic Data

ID5786248
NAMER GERALD HUGHES
GIVEN NAMESR GERALD
FAMILY NAMEHUGHES
SIGNATUREHUGHES R G
AFFILIATIONSAberystwyth University
VERIFIEDNo
TOTAL WORKS22
TOTAL CITATIONS25
AUTHOR COUNT22
EDITOR COUNT0
FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR1993
LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR2026
H-INDEX2
  • The history of intelligence in Kenya

    R GERALD HUGHES, Ray Shaffer et al.•ARTICLE•Intelligence & National Security•2026

    Fixing Spy Craft to Serve National Interests in Kenya: From the Colonial Special Branch to a Civilian National Intelligence Service, edited by Wilson A.C. Boinett, Chișinău (Moldova), Generis Publi

  • The spirit of man

    Open Access•R GERALD HUGHES•ARTICLE•Intelligence & National Security•2024

    ‘Any pilot can describe the mechanics of flying. What it can do for the spirit of man is beyond description’. Barry M. Goldwater.1This book is essentially a life in aviation, as Wyndham Ward spent

  • The evolution of African intelligence cultures

    Open Access•R GERALD HUGHES, Martin Plaut•ARTICLE•Intelligence & National Security•2024

    They were conquerors, and for that you want only brute force -nothing to boast of, when you have it, since your strength is just an accident arising from the weakness of others'.Joseph Conrad. 1 '[Operations in Uganda and Sudan were] the nearest I came to the sort of bewildering and exhilarating African world described by Joseph Conrad in Heart of Darkness.'Markus Wolf. 2 All too often intelligence histories of Africa have focussed on external pl…

  • “First gain the victory and then make the best use of it you can”

    Open Access•R GERALD HUGHES•ARTICLE•International Journal of Military…•2022

    This article examines the Royal Navy ( rn ) in the aftermath of the Falklands War of 1982, focussing on the long-standing disparity between commitments and resources in UK defence planning. Two central arguments are developed. First, it is argued that the 1981 defence review failed to address the disparity between UK commitments with resources. Second, despite victory in the Falklands War, the UK naval lobby failed to reverse the long-term declin…

  • Christopher Andrew and the myriad worlds of intelligence

    Open Access•R GERALD HUGHES•ARTICLE•Intelligence & National Security•2022

    The four scholars whose pieces comprise this section on ‘Christopher Andrew and the myriad worlds of intelligence’ are R. Gerald Hughes, Loch K. Johnson, David Robarge and Peter Jackson. As his contribution R. Gerald Hughes has written articles introducing, analysing and contextualising the life’s work and achievements of Christopher Andrew. He demonstrates how Andrew’s activism in campaigning and lobbying for open government has been intimately …

  • Journeys back along the roads to Mandalay, Imphal and Kohima

    Open Access•R GERALD HUGHES, Hanna et al.•ARTICLE•Intelligence & National Security•2022

    This article explores recent literature on the often-overlooked Burma theatre of the Second World War. The brutal contest in Burma, which took place in the most hostile of climates, was never a priority for any of the belligerents in the global war. Despite this, a re-examination of the men who fought in the jungles, hills, and plains of Burma from myriad nations and cultures – and who bled and died in their thousands – adds a number of dimension…

  • The evolution of historical scholarship and the rise of the visible and accountable national security state

    Open Access•R GERALD HUGHES•ARTICLE•Intelligence & National Security•2022

    This article examines the evolution of the discipline of Intelligence Studies by evaluating how academics have woven scholarship with activism targeting prevailing cultures of state secrecy. Christopher Andrew has been in the vanguard of these efforts, and it is argued here that he pursued these goals for three reasons. First, the old cultures of secrecy hampered historical scholarship. Second, these cultures represented an obstruction to public …

  • The Bhutto family and Pakistan

    Open Access•R GERALD HUGHES, Ray Shaffer•ARTICLE•Intelligence & National Security•2021

    Military coup d’etats are the worst enemies of national unity. Coup d’etats divides and debases a free people. If there was any doubt on the subject, the events in Pakistan have shown that the peop

  • Carl von Clausewitz and his Philosophy of War

    Open Access•R GERALD HUGHES•ARTICLE•History•2020•Cited by: 1•References: 4

    This article is concerned with the evolution of the reputation of the Prussian soldier and philosopher of war, Carl von Clausewitz (1780–1831). It examines developments in debates about the reception, and relevance, of Clausewitz's work for strategic thought in both the historical and contemporary contexts. This article takes note of many of the misperceptions and misinterpretations directed at Clausewitz's work since his death. It argues that mu…

  • The Cuban Missile Crisis

    Len Scott, R GERALD HUGHES•BOOK•Cuban Missile Crisis•2015

    1. The Cuban missile crisis: what can we know, why did it start, how did it end? Robert Jervis 2. Examining The Fourteenth Day: studying the neglected aftermath period of the October Cuban missile crisis, and underscoring missed analytical opportunities Barton Bernstein 3. Prime Minister and President: Harold Macmillan's accounts of the Cuban missile crisis, Peter Catterall 4. Reform or revolution? Scott Sagan's Limits of Safety and its contempor…

  • A Note From the Digital Scholarship Editor

    Open Access•R GERALD HUGHES•ARTICLE•Journal of Family Theory & Review•2015•References: 1

  • Between Man and Nature

    R GERALD HUGHES, Jesse Heley•ARTICLE•Journal of Strategic Studies•2015•Cited by: 3•References: 43

    This article argues for the continued relevance of the work and theories of the British Geostrategist Sir Halford J. Mackinder (1861-1947). It asserts that commentators and scholars who seek to marginalise Mackinder have too often dismissed his theories without setting them in the context of their continued endorsement in crucial areas of the globe. After 1945, despite his theories being tainted by association with Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan…

  • Coparenting Through Divorce or Separation

    Jill R Bowers, Brian Ogolsky et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Divorce & Remarriage•2014

    In this study, we evaluated the content and instructional processes of an online coparenting education program for parents who are separating or divorcing. In addition, we provide results of posttests from parents (N = 1,543) who participated in the program between August 2011 and March 2012. The findings revealed that parents’ perceptions of their confidence to successfully coparent and communicate about divorce issues vary by the sex of the par…

  • The Ghosts of Appeasement

    Open Access•R GERALD HUGHES•ARTICLE•Journal of Contemporary History•2013•Cited by: 1

    This article is concerned with British foreign policy and the legacy of the Munich Agreement during and after the Second World War. It argues that contemporary policy requirements necessitated an unapologetic attitude to the past that often entailed the adoption of evasive legal formulae. Thus, while West Germany and Czechoslovakia achieved a modus vivendi in 1973, the British refused to repudiate Munich ab initio and applauded the West German de…

  • The Continuation of Politics by Other Means’

    Open Access•R GERALD HUGHES, RACHEL J OWEN•ARTICLE•Contemporary European History•2009•Cited by: 1•References: 7

    This article evaluates the interplay between international sport and international politics during the cold war through an examination of the two Germanys and the Olympics from a British perspective. Germany was at the centre of Olympic and cold war politics between 1945 and the early 1970s, and the two German states competed fiercely over questions of national legitimacy. West Germany was initially successful in denying international recognition…

  • Don't let's be beastly to the Germans

    R GERALD HUGHES•ARTICLE•Twentieth Century British History•2006•Cited by: 1

    Verordnete Völkerfreundschaft: Das Wirken der Freundschaftsgesellschaft DDR–Großbritannien und der Britain–GDR Society: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen. By Hans-Georg Golz. Leipziger Universitätsverlag, Leipzig, 2004. xiii + 309 pp. ISBN 3-937209-25-5, €39. Deutschland, Großbritannien, Amerika: Politik, Gesellschaft und Internationale Geschichte im 20. Jahrhundert. Edited by Ursula Lehmkuhl, Clemens A. Wurm and Hubert Zimmermann. Steiner Verlag, Wiesba…

  • Possession is Nine Tenths of the Law”

    R Hughes, R GERALD HUGHES•ARTICLE•Diplomacy and Statecraft•2005

    This article argues that British policy on boundaries in Eastern Europe after 1945 was based on hardheaded Realpolitik whereby the justice of any given border was of entirely secondary importance to wider policy imperatives. British disregard for the legal and moral merits (or demerits) of respective cases was justified by British policy makers on two counts: firstly, international relations could not assess boundary disputes on a case-by-case ba…

  • Unfinished Business from Potsdam

    R GERALD HUGHES•ARTICLE•The International History Review•2005•Cited by: 1

    Hughes, R. G., 'Unfinished Business from Potsdam: Britain, West Germany, and the Oder-Neisse line, 1945-1962', International History Review (2005) 27(2) pp.259-294 RAE2008

  • We are not Seeking Strength for its Own Sake

    R GERALD HUGHES•ARTICLE•Cold War History•2002

    Despite its vocal left wing, the Labour Party was committed to the Western alliance from its inception in 1949. By the 1950s, this seemed imperilled by the newly rearmed Adenauer government's hard line towards the Soviet bloc. Antagonism towards the new Federal Republic was strengthened by the anti-militarism and anti-capitalism inherent in British socialism. In order to forestall internal party attacks on NATO, the leadership of the Labour Party…

  • Computers, the Internet, and Families

    Open Access•Robert Hughes, R GERALD HUGHES et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Family Issues•2001•Cited by: 16•References: 22

    During the past 30 years, new communication technology devices have become common in American homes-among them are personal computers and the Internet. Social critics and other polemicists have argued whether these devices result in either positive or negative change in the lives of families. The authors examine the literature about family use of computers and the Internet and also look at how these technologies affect families' social networks, …

  • Family Life Education Programs for Stepfamilies

    Robert Hughes, R GERALD HUGHES et al.•ARTICLE•Marriage & Family Review•1998•Cited by: 1•References: 20

    (1998). Family Life Education Programs for Stepfamilies. Marriage & Family Review: Vol. 26, No. 3-4, pp. 281-300

  • A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Social Support on the Psychological Adjustment of Divorced Mothers

    Robert Hughes, R GERALD HUGHES et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Divorce & Remarriage•1993

    Social support has been frequently hypothesized as a significant moderating influence on the adverse consequences of marital disruption. This exploratory longitudinal study examined the impact of social support on the psychological adjustment of divorced mothers. Divorced mothers provided social network information and psychological adjustment profiles at two months and six months following divorce. Results indicate that there were major changes …

  • Computers, the Internet, and Families

    Open Access•Robert Hughes, R GERALD HUGHES et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Family Issues•2001•Cited by: 16•References: 22

    During the past 30 years, new communication technology devices have become common in American homes-among them are personal computers and the Internet. Social critics and other polemicists have argued whether these devices result in either positive or negative change in the lives of families. The authors examine the literature about family use of computers and the Internet and also look at how these technologies affect families' social networks, …

  • Between Man and Nature

    R GERALD HUGHES, Jesse Heley•ARTICLE•Journal of Strategic Studies•2015•Cited by: 3•References: 43

    This article argues for the continued relevance of the work and theories of the British Geostrategist Sir Halford J. Mackinder (1861-1947). It asserts that commentators and scholars who seek to marginalise Mackinder have too often dismissed his theories without setting them in the context of their continued endorsement in crucial areas of the globe. After 1945, despite his theories being tainted by association with Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan…

  • Carl von Clausewitz and his Philosophy of War

    Open Access•R GERALD HUGHES•ARTICLE•History•2020•Cited by: 1•References: 4

    This article is concerned with the evolution of the reputation of the Prussian soldier and philosopher of war, Carl von Clausewitz (1780–1831). It examines developments in debates about the reception, and relevance, of Clausewitz's work for strategic thought in both the historical and contemporary contexts. This article takes note of many of the misperceptions and misinterpretations directed at Clausewitz's work since his death. It argues that mu…

  • The Ghosts of Appeasement

    Open Access•R GERALD HUGHES•ARTICLE•Journal of Contemporary History•2013•Cited by: 1

    This article is concerned with British foreign policy and the legacy of the Munich Agreement during and after the Second World War. It argues that contemporary policy requirements necessitated an unapologetic attitude to the past that often entailed the adoption of evasive legal formulae. Thus, while West Germany and Czechoslovakia achieved a modus vivendi in 1973, the British refused to repudiate Munich ab initio and applauded the West German de…

  • The Continuation of Politics by Other Means’

    Open Access•R GERALD HUGHES, RACHEL J OWEN•ARTICLE•Contemporary European History•2009•Cited by: 1•References: 7

    This article evaluates the interplay between international sport and international politics during the cold war through an examination of the two Germanys and the Olympics from a British perspective. Germany was at the centre of Olympic and cold war politics between 1945 and the early 1970s, and the two German states competed fiercely over questions of national legitimacy. West Germany was initially successful in denying international recognition…

  • Don't let's be beastly to the Germans

    R GERALD HUGHES•ARTICLE•Twentieth Century British History•2006•Cited by: 1

    Verordnete Völkerfreundschaft: Das Wirken der Freundschaftsgesellschaft DDR–Großbritannien und der Britain–GDR Society: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen. By Hans-Georg Golz. Leipziger Universitätsverlag, Leipzig, 2004. xiii + 309 pp. ISBN 3-937209-25-5, €39. Deutschland, Großbritannien, Amerika: Politik, Gesellschaft und Internationale Geschichte im 20. Jahrhundert. Edited by Ursula Lehmkuhl, Clemens A. Wurm and Hubert Zimmermann. Steiner Verlag, Wiesba…

  • Unfinished Business from Potsdam

    R GERALD HUGHES•ARTICLE•The International History Review•2005•Cited by: 1

    Hughes, R. G., 'Unfinished Business from Potsdam: Britain, West Germany, and the Oder-Neisse line, 1945-1962', International History Review (2005) 27(2) pp.259-294 RAE2008

  • Family Life Education Programs for Stepfamilies

    Robert Hughes, R GERALD HUGHES et al.•ARTICLE•Marriage & Family Review•1998•Cited by: 1•References: 20

    (1998). Family Life Education Programs for Stepfamilies. Marriage & Family Review: Vol. 26, No. 3-4, pp. 281-300

  • A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Social Support on the Psychological Adjustment of Divorced Mothers

    Robert Hughes, R GERALD HUGHES et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Divorce & Remarriage•1993

    Social support has been frequently hypothesized as a significant moderating influence on the adverse consequences of marital disruption. This exploratory longitudinal study examined the impact of social support on the psychological adjustment of divorced mothers. Divorced mothers provided social network information and psychological adjustment profiles at two months and six months following divorce. Results indicate that there were major changes …

  • Family Life Education Programs for Stepfamilies

    Robert Hughes, R GERALD HUGHES et al.•ARTICLE•Marriage & Family Review•1998•Cited by: 1•References: 20

    (1998). Family Life Education Programs for Stepfamilies. Marriage & Family Review: Vol. 26, No. 3-4, pp. 281-300

  • Computers, the Internet, and Families

    Open Access•Robert Hughes, R GERALD HUGHES et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Family Issues•2001•Cited by: 16•References: 22

    During the past 30 years, new communication technology devices have become common in American homes-among them are personal computers and the Internet. Social critics and other polemicists have argued whether these devices result in either positive or negative change in the lives of families. The authors examine the literature about family use of computers and the Internet and also look at how these technologies affect families' social networks, …

  • We are not Seeking Strength for its Own Sake

    R GERALD HUGHES•ARTICLE•Cold War History•2002

    Despite its vocal left wing, the Labour Party was committed to the Western alliance from its inception in 1949. By the 1950s, this seemed imperilled by the newly rearmed Adenauer government's hard line towards the Soviet bloc. Antagonism towards the new Federal Republic was strengthened by the anti-militarism and anti-capitalism inherent in British socialism. In order to forestall internal party attacks on NATO, the leadership of the Labour Party…

  • Possession is Nine Tenths of the Law”

    R Hughes, R GERALD HUGHES•ARTICLE•Diplomacy and Statecraft•2005

    This article argues that British policy on boundaries in Eastern Europe after 1945 was based on hardheaded Realpolitik whereby the justice of any given border was of entirely secondary importance to wider policy imperatives. British disregard for the legal and moral merits (or demerits) of respective cases was justified by British policy makers on two counts: firstly, international relations could not assess boundary disputes on a case-by-case ba…

  • Unfinished Business from Potsdam

    R GERALD HUGHES•ARTICLE•The International History Review•2005•Cited by: 1

    Hughes, R. G., 'Unfinished Business from Potsdam: Britain, West Germany, and the Oder-Neisse line, 1945-1962', International History Review (2005) 27(2) pp.259-294 RAE2008

  • Don't let's be beastly to the Germans

    R GERALD HUGHES•ARTICLE•Twentieth Century British History•2006•Cited by: 1

    Verordnete Völkerfreundschaft: Das Wirken der Freundschaftsgesellschaft DDR–Großbritannien und der Britain–GDR Society: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen. By Hans-Georg Golz. Leipziger Universitätsverlag, Leipzig, 2004. xiii + 309 pp. ISBN 3-937209-25-5, €39. Deutschland, Großbritannien, Amerika: Politik, Gesellschaft und Internationale Geschichte im 20. Jahrhundert. Edited by Ursula Lehmkuhl, Clemens A. Wurm and Hubert Zimmermann. Steiner Verlag, Wiesba…

  • The Continuation of Politics by Other Means’

    Open Access•R GERALD HUGHES, RACHEL J OWEN•ARTICLE•Contemporary European History•2009•Cited by: 1•References: 7

    This article evaluates the interplay between international sport and international politics during the cold war through an examination of the two Germanys and the Olympics from a British perspective. Germany was at the centre of Olympic and cold war politics between 1945 and the early 1970s, and the two German states competed fiercely over questions of national legitimacy. West Germany was initially successful in denying international recognition…

  • The Ghosts of Appeasement

    Open Access•R GERALD HUGHES•ARTICLE•Journal of Contemporary History•2013•Cited by: 1

    This article is concerned with British foreign policy and the legacy of the Munich Agreement during and after the Second World War. It argues that contemporary policy requirements necessitated an unapologetic attitude to the past that often entailed the adoption of evasive legal formulae. Thus, while West Germany and Czechoslovakia achieved a modus vivendi in 1973, the British refused to repudiate Munich ab initio and applauded the West German de…

  • Coparenting Through Divorce or Separation

    Jill R Bowers, Brian Ogolsky et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Divorce & Remarriage•2014

    In this study, we evaluated the content and instructional processes of an online coparenting education program for parents who are separating or divorcing. In addition, we provide results of posttests from parents (N = 1,543) who participated in the program between August 2011 and March 2012. The findings revealed that parents’ perceptions of their confidence to successfully coparent and communicate about divorce issues vary by the sex of the par…

  • The Cuban Missile Crisis

    Len Scott, R GERALD HUGHES•BOOK•Cuban Missile Crisis•2015

    1. The Cuban missile crisis: what can we know, why did it start, how did it end? Robert Jervis 2. Examining The Fourteenth Day: studying the neglected aftermath period of the October Cuban missile crisis, and underscoring missed analytical opportunities Barton Bernstein 3. Prime Minister and President: Harold Macmillan's accounts of the Cuban missile crisis, Peter Catterall 4. Reform or revolution? Scott Sagan's Limits of Safety and its contempor…

  • A Note From the Digital Scholarship Editor

    Open Access•R GERALD HUGHES•ARTICLE•Journal of Family Theory & Review•2015•References: 1

  • Between Man and Nature

    R GERALD HUGHES, Jesse Heley•ARTICLE•Journal of Strategic Studies•2015•Cited by: 3•References: 43

    This article argues for the continued relevance of the work and theories of the British Geostrategist Sir Halford J. Mackinder (1861-1947). It asserts that commentators and scholars who seek to marginalise Mackinder have too often dismissed his theories without setting them in the context of their continued endorsement in crucial areas of the globe. After 1945, despite his theories being tainted by association with Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan…

  • Carl von Clausewitz and his Philosophy of War

    Open Access•R GERALD HUGHES•ARTICLE•History•2020•Cited by: 1•References: 4

    This article is concerned with the evolution of the reputation of the Prussian soldier and philosopher of war, Carl von Clausewitz (1780–1831). It examines developments in debates about the reception, and relevance, of Clausewitz's work for strategic thought in both the historical and contemporary contexts. This article takes note of many of the misperceptions and misinterpretations directed at Clausewitz's work since his death. It argues that mu…

  • The Bhutto family and Pakistan

    Open Access•R GERALD HUGHES, Ray Shaffer•ARTICLE•Intelligence & National Security•2021

    Military coup d’etats are the worst enemies of national unity. Coup d’etats divides and debases a free people. If there was any doubt on the subject, the events in Pakistan have shown that the peop

  • “First gain the victory and then make the best use of it you can”

    Open Access•R GERALD HUGHES•ARTICLE•International Journal of Military…•2022

    This article examines the Royal Navy ( rn ) in the aftermath of the Falklands War of 1982, focussing on the long-standing disparity between commitments and resources in UK defence planning. Two central arguments are developed. First, it is argued that the 1981 defence review failed to address the disparity between UK commitments with resources. Second, despite victory in the Falklands War, the UK naval lobby failed to reverse the long-term declin…

  • Christopher Andrew and the myriad worlds of intelligence

    Open Access•R GERALD HUGHES•ARTICLE•Intelligence & National Security•2022

    The four scholars whose pieces comprise this section on ‘Christopher Andrew and the myriad worlds of intelligence’ are R. Gerald Hughes, Loch K. Johnson, David Robarge and Peter Jackson. As his contribution R. Gerald Hughes has written articles introducing, analysing and contextualising the life’s work and achievements of Christopher Andrew. He demonstrates how Andrew’s activism in campaigning and lobbying for open government has been intimately …

  • Journeys back along the roads to Mandalay, Imphal and Kohima

    Open Access•R GERALD HUGHES, Hanna et al.•ARTICLE•Intelligence & National Security•2022

    This article explores recent literature on the often-overlooked Burma theatre of the Second World War. The brutal contest in Burma, which took place in the most hostile of climates, was never a priority for any of the belligerents in the global war. Despite this, a re-examination of the men who fought in the jungles, hills, and plains of Burma from myriad nations and cultures – and who bled and died in their thousands – adds a number of dimension…

  • The evolution of historical scholarship and the rise of the visible and accountable national security state

    Open Access•R GERALD HUGHES•ARTICLE•Intelligence & National Security•2022

    This article examines the evolution of the discipline of Intelligence Studies by evaluating how academics have woven scholarship with activism targeting prevailing cultures of state secrecy. Christopher Andrew has been in the vanguard of these efforts, and it is argued here that he pursued these goals for three reasons. First, the old cultures of secrecy hampered historical scholarship. Second, these cultures represented an obstruction to public …

  • The spirit of man

    Open Access•R GERALD HUGHES•ARTICLE•Intelligence & National Security•2024

    ‘Any pilot can describe the mechanics of flying. What it can do for the spirit of man is beyond description’. Barry M. Goldwater.1This book is essentially a life in aviation, as Wyndham Ward spent

  • The evolution of African intelligence cultures

    Open Access•R GERALD HUGHES, Martin Plaut•ARTICLE•Intelligence & National Security•2024

    They were conquerors, and for that you want only brute force -nothing to boast of, when you have it, since your strength is just an accident arising from the weakness of others'.Joseph Conrad. 1 '[Operations in Uganda and Sudan were] the nearest I came to the sort of bewildering and exhilarating African world described by Joseph Conrad in Heart of Darkness.'Markus Wolf. 2 All too often intelligence histories of Africa have focussed on external pl…

  • The history of intelligence in Kenya

    R GERALD HUGHES, Ray Shaffer et al.•ARTICLE•Intelligence & National Security•2026

    Fixing Spy Craft to Serve National Interests in Kenya: From the Colonial Special Branch to a Civilian National Intelligence Service, edited by Wilson A.C. Boinett, Chișinău (Moldova), Generis Publi

Political science (17 works) · Law (12 works) · History (11 works) · Politics (10 works) · Sociology (10 works) · Law (8 works) · Economic history (6 works) · History (6 works) · Archaeology (5 works) · Psychology (5 works)

Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae