N A Palomares
Biographic Data
| ID | 58471 |
|---|---|
| NAME | N A Palomares |
| GIVEN NAMES | N A |
| FAMILY NAME | Palomares |
| SIGNATURE | PALOMARES N A |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of California, Davis |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-7754-6357 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 25 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 175 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 25 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2003 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Goal Understanding and Anonymous Cyberbullying in Social Media
We experimentally manipulated social media affordances theoretically linked to cyberbullies’ anonymity using hypothetical scenarios taking advantage of the diverse ways people get bullied by someone they can identify versus an anonymous cyberbully. Nine different social media platforms–from TikTok, Twitter, and Tumblr to Instagram, iMessage, and Email–manipulated a cyberbully’s anonymity to uncover pathways known to precipitate poor mental health…
Anonymous and Insecure Bullies are Less Depressed than Confident and Identifiable Ones, but Only if Remorseful
The connection between bullying others and depression is clear. Less clear are the communicative paths through which being a bully leads to depression. Cyberbullying consists of communicative episodes that transcend modes of communication, contexts, and relationships wherein a social network of communicators pursues a subordinate goal of harming other(s) mentally, emotionally, and/or physically to achieve a hierarchically represented set of super…
Exploring Gender Identity Cues in Email Signature Blocks
This study examines the effects of gender identity cues in email signatures on outcomes of misgendering, trait perceptions, social exclusion, and language use and how these effects are moderated by transphobia. Using a 3 x 2 between-subjects design, cisgender participants (N = 354) read and responded to a forwarded email containing gender identity cues in the signature block with varying pronouns (they/them, she/her, and he/him) and the trans fla…
Using Gender-Inclusive Restrooms Promotes Positive Attitudes Toward Trans and Non-Binary People
A Vision for the Continued Success of the JLSP
In this essay, I share a story of how asking a naive question in office hours as an undergraduate sparked in me a sustaining passion for the study of language and social psychology (LSP). Now, as I enter a new LSP venture as Editor for this unique and important journal, I detail four publishing priorities. I assume this position with humility and gratitude in light of four-plus decades of editorial leadership from Howie Giles and his impressive a…
When Machine and Bandwagon Heuristics Compete
Three experiments tested if the machine and bandwagon heuristics moderate beliefs in fact-checked claims under different conditions of human/machine (dis)agreement and of transparency of the fact-checking system. Across experiments, people were more likely to align their belief in the claim when artificial intelligence (AI) and crowdsourcing agents’ fact-checks were congruent rather than incongruent. The heuristics provided further nuance to the …
Linguistic Accommodation Enhances Compliance to Charity Donation
We address the link between communication accommodation and compliance gaining in momentary, mediated encounters, using Goffman’s theory of interaction ritual as a conceptual bridge. We report an online experiment of compliance-gaining conversations with 915 dyads of strangers recruited from Amazon M-Turk. The extent to which two strangers accommodated each other’s non-content linguistic features predicted their behavioral compliance—monetary don…
The severity of bullying messages predicts increased levels of targets' depression and general anxiety as a function of targets' inferences of a bully's goals
Being the recipient of severe bullying messages for a period of time is a meaningful predictor of subsequent mental health issues. Employing Goal Understanding Theory, we test an explanation for this association. Specifically, we hypothesize and generally confirm that targets' adverse emotional reaction and hurt from bullying messages serially mediate the positive association between message severity and depression and general anxiety, depending …
Victims' Goal Understanding, Uncertainty Reduction, and Perceptions in Cyberbullying
Cyberbullying is repetitive and aggressive behavior transmitted through mediated channels aimed at directing malice toward a victim with a to-harm goal. Three experiments manipulated a cyberbully's identity uncertainty—each employing different stimuli and scenarios—and assessed individuals' responses to being victimized. Experiment 1 demonstrated victims' information-seeking about a bully's identity and motives, emotional valence, and social attr…
Communication Science and Meta-Analysis
One Size Fits All
This study empirically examines context collapse on Facebook by examining audience influences on content and language in self-disclosures. Context collapse is the process of disparate audiences being conjoined into one. Using a public longitudinal behavioral data set of 6,378 Facebook users, the study found that the size and heterogeneity of people's networks were positively associated with the number of text status updates they posted, but negat…
Understanding Others' Goals Depends on the Efficiency and Timing of Goal Pursuit
Goal understanding is the process by which interactants make inferences about others' objectives during conversation. Previous research has examined goal understanding without concern for the timing of goal pursuit. Accordingly, an experiment examined the timing of pursuers' efficiency in the communicative behavior employed to reach their goal. Results indicated that timing modified the relationship between pursuers' efficiency and detectors' acc…
The gender-linked language effect
Effects of Conversation Partners' Gender-Language Consistency on References to Emotion, Tentative Language, and Gender Salience
The study examined how a conversation partner's gender and gender-language consistency influence communicators' gender-based language (i.e., references to emotion and tentativeness) and gender identity salience. In an email exchange, an experiment manipulated an ostensible conversation partner's gender and use of references to emotion in ways stereotypically consistent or inconsistent with the partner's gender. The conversation partner's gender a…
When and How Goals Are Contagious in Social Interaction
Goal contagion occurs when a perceiver interacts with a partner whose behavior implies he/she is pursuing a particular goal and the perceiver accurately infers and subsequently pursues the partner's goal. Goal contagion was assessed in conversations between unacquainted individuals. In 2 experiments, the ways in which goal specificity, inference accuracy, and goal pursuit efficiency play a role in goal contagion were examined. In Experiment 1, go…
Virtual Gender Identity
This research examined how individuals' gendered avatar might alter their use of gender-based language (i.e., references to emotion, apologies, and tentative language) in text-based computer-mediated communication. Specifically, the experiment tested if men and women would linguistically assimilate a virtual gender identity intimated by randomly assigned gendered avatars (either matched or mismatched to their true gender). Results supported the n…
It's Not Just Your Goal, But Also Who You Know
An experiment tested a theoretical framework for goal detection in dyadic interactions of close friends and unacquainted strangers wherein one conversationalist pursued a goal unbeknownst to a detector. The extent to which pursuers' conversation goal was cognitively associated with the dyad's relational type was manipulated. As hypothesized, pursuers' efficiency was significantly positively correlated to detectors' inference accuracy when the pur…
Gender, Language, and Social Influence
This study compares self-categorization, expectation states, and role congruity theories' explanations for female influence. Male and female participants (N = 267) listened to a recording of a female speaker who used either tentative or assertive language under conditions that led participants to categorize her as a woman or as college-educated. There was no evidence that women were differentially influenced by the speaker's linguistic style or b…
Explaining Gender-Based Language Use
Journal Article Explaining Gender-Based Language Use: Effects of Gender Identity Salience on References to Emotion and Tentative Language in Intra- and Intergroup Contexts Get access Nicholas A. Palomares Nicholas A. Palomares 1Department of Communication, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 1Nicholas A. Palomares; Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Human Communication Research, Volume 34, Issue 2, 1 Ap…
Conversational Topic along a Continuum of Perspectives
The literature regarding conversational topic is vast. Conversational topic, however, has various conceptualizations. For example, some studies examine topic changes, whereas others examine the broad subjects about which people talk. Four different perspectives (i.e., topic as a noun phrase, topic as a bounded unit, topic as a perception of language users, and topic as a subject matter of talk), focusing on different conceptions of topic for oste…
The Potential of Electronic Communication and Information Technologies as Research Tools
Scholars across several disciplines praise the methodological advantages afforded to research endeavors by the use of electronic communication and information technologies. At the same time, however, scholars note several disadvantages stemming from the use of these tools. To assess the utility of electronic communication and information technologies as research tools, we synthesize work on the methodological issues surrounding the use of these t…
Strategic topic avoidance
This research stresses the need to examine the relationship between topic avoidance and relational correlates (e.g., satisfaction and emotional closeness) from a message production theoretical perspective. Our approach—strategic topic avoidance—offers additional explanatory capabilities as the strategies with which interactants in close relationships avoid topics may be associated with perceptions of the relationship (after accounting for topic a…
Topical Profiling
This research profiles the topics of everyday talk, pinpointing topical patterns that are emergent, co-occurring, and relationally defining. Participants reported topics of their conversations with particular types of people (e.g., parents, significant others, bosses, professors, service people, etc.). The most commonly emerging topics were those most central to participants' lives and that helped them "check in" with (i.e., update) and "check ou…
Gender Schematicity, Gender Identity Salience, and Gender-Linked Language Use
Journal Article Gender Schematicity, Gender Identity Salience, and Gender-Linked Language Use Get access Nicholas A. Palomares Nicholas A. Palomares 1University of California, Davis 2Nicholas A. Palomares, Department of Communication, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Human Communication Research, Volume 30, Issue 4, October 2004, Pages 556–588, h…
Language, Gender Salience, and Social Influence
Reductionist explanations for gender differences in language use continue to occupy much research attention. However, such approaches cannot explain when or why people might change their gender-marked language use. This article reviews and critiques several of these approaches and tests an alternative from the perspective of self-categorization theory. Male-female dyads (N = 42) discussed a gender-neutral controversial issue under conditions of l…
Strategic topic avoidance
This research stresses the need to examine the relationship between topic avoidance and relational correlates (e.g., satisfaction and emotional closeness) from a message production theoretical perspective. Our approach—strategic topic avoidance—offers additional explanatory capabilities as the strategies with which interactants in close relationships avoid topics may be associated with perceptions of the relationship (after accounting for topic a…
Gender Schematicity, Gender Identity Salience, and Gender-Linked Language Use
Journal Article Gender Schematicity, Gender Identity Salience, and Gender-Linked Language Use Get access Nicholas A. Palomares Nicholas A. Palomares 1University of California, Davis 2Nicholas A. Palomares, Department of Communication, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Human Communication Research, Volume 30, Issue 4, October 2004, Pages 556–588, h…
Explaining Gender-Based Language Use
Journal Article Explaining Gender-Based Language Use: Effects of Gender Identity Salience on References to Emotion and Tentative Language in Intra- and Intergroup Contexts Get access Nicholas A. Palomares Nicholas A. Palomares 1Department of Communication, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 1Nicholas A. Palomares; Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Human Communication Research, Volume 34, Issue 2, 1 Ap…
Language, Gender Salience, and Social Influence
Reductionist explanations for gender differences in language use continue to occupy much research attention. However, such approaches cannot explain when or why people might change their gender-marked language use. This article reviews and critiques several of these approaches and tests an alternative from the perspective of self-categorization theory. Male-female dyads (N = 42) discussed a gender-neutral controversial issue under conditions of l…
One Size Fits All
This study empirically examines context collapse on Facebook by examining audience influences on content and language in self-disclosures. Context collapse is the process of disparate audiences being conjoined into one. Using a public longitudinal behavioral data set of 6,378 Facebook users, the study found that the size and heterogeneity of people's networks were positively associated with the number of text status updates they posted, but negat…
When Machine and Bandwagon Heuristics Compete
Three experiments tested if the machine and bandwagon heuristics moderate beliefs in fact-checked claims under different conditions of human/machine (dis)agreement and of transparency of the fact-checking system. Across experiments, people were more likely to align their belief in the claim when artificial intelligence (AI) and crowdsourcing agents’ fact-checks were congruent rather than incongruent. The heuristics provided further nuance to the …
The gender-linked language effect
Virtual Gender Identity
This research examined how individuals' gendered avatar might alter their use of gender-based language (i.e., references to emotion, apologies, and tentative language) in text-based computer-mediated communication. Specifically, the experiment tested if men and women would linguistically assimilate a virtual gender identity intimated by randomly assigned gendered avatars (either matched or mismatched to their true gender). Results supported the n…
When and How Goals Are Contagious in Social Interaction
Goal contagion occurs when a perceiver interacts with a partner whose behavior implies he/she is pursuing a particular goal and the perceiver accurately infers and subsequently pursues the partner's goal. Goal contagion was assessed in conversations between unacquainted individuals. In 2 experiments, the ways in which goal specificity, inference accuracy, and goal pursuit efficiency play a role in goal contagion were examined. In Experiment 1, go…
Gender, Language, and Social Influence
This study compares self-categorization, expectation states, and role congruity theories' explanations for female influence. Male and female participants (N = 267) listened to a recording of a female speaker who used either tentative or assertive language under conditions that led participants to categorize her as a woman or as college-educated. There was no evidence that women were differentially influenced by the speaker's linguistic style or b…
It's Not Just Your Goal, But Also Who You Know
An experiment tested a theoretical framework for goal detection in dyadic interactions of close friends and unacquainted strangers wherein one conversationalist pursued a goal unbeknownst to a detector. The extent to which pursuers' conversation goal was cognitively associated with the dyad's relational type was manipulated. As hypothesized, pursuers' efficiency was significantly positively correlated to detectors' inference accuracy when the pur…
Topical Profiling
This research profiles the topics of everyday talk, pinpointing topical patterns that are emergent, co-occurring, and relationally defining. Participants reported topics of their conversations with particular types of people (e.g., parents, significant others, bosses, professors, service people, etc.). The most commonly emerging topics were those most central to participants' lives and that helped them "check in" with (i.e., update) and "check ou…
Victims' Goal Understanding, Uncertainty Reduction, and Perceptions in Cyberbullying
Cyberbullying is repetitive and aggressive behavior transmitted through mediated channels aimed at directing malice toward a victim with a to-harm goal. Three experiments manipulated a cyberbully's identity uncertainty—each employing different stimuli and scenarios—and assessed individuals' responses to being victimized. Experiment 1 demonstrated victims' information-seeking about a bully's identity and motives, emotional valence, and social attr…
Linguistic Accommodation Enhances Compliance to Charity Donation
We address the link between communication accommodation and compliance gaining in momentary, mediated encounters, using Goffman’s theory of interaction ritual as a conceptual bridge. We report an online experiment of compliance-gaining conversations with 915 dyads of strangers recruited from Amazon M-Turk. The extent to which two strangers accommodated each other’s non-content linguistic features predicted their behavioral compliance—monetary don…
Understanding Others' Goals Depends on the Efficiency and Timing of Goal Pursuit
Goal understanding is the process by which interactants make inferences about others' objectives during conversation. Previous research has examined goal understanding without concern for the timing of goal pursuit. Accordingly, an experiment examined the timing of pursuers' efficiency in the communicative behavior employed to reach their goal. Results indicated that timing modified the relationship between pursuers' efficiency and detectors' acc…
Effects of Conversation Partners' Gender-Language Consistency on References to Emotion, Tentative Language, and Gender Salience
The study examined how a conversation partner's gender and gender-language consistency influence communicators' gender-based language (i.e., references to emotion and tentativeness) and gender identity salience. In an email exchange, an experiment manipulated an ostensible conversation partner's gender and use of references to emotion in ways stereotypically consistent or inconsistent with the partner's gender. The conversation partner's gender a…
The severity of bullying messages predicts increased levels of targets' depression and general anxiety as a function of targets' inferences of a bully's goals
Being the recipient of severe bullying messages for a period of time is a meaningful predictor of subsequent mental health issues. Employing Goal Understanding Theory, we test an explanation for this association. Specifically, we hypothesize and generally confirm that targets' adverse emotional reaction and hurt from bullying messages serially mediate the positive association between message severity and depression and general anxiety, depending …
Communication Science and Meta-Analysis
Language, Gender Salience, and Social Influence
Reductionist explanations for gender differences in language use continue to occupy much research attention. However, such approaches cannot explain when or why people might change their gender-marked language use. This article reviews and critiques several of these approaches and tests an alternative from the perspective of self-categorization theory. Male-female dyads (N = 42) discussed a gender-neutral controversial issue under conditions of l…
Strategic topic avoidance
This research stresses the need to examine the relationship between topic avoidance and relational correlates (e.g., satisfaction and emotional closeness) from a message production theoretical perspective. Our approach—strategic topic avoidance—offers additional explanatory capabilities as the strategies with which interactants in close relationships avoid topics may be associated with perceptions of the relationship (after accounting for topic a…
Topical Profiling
This research profiles the topics of everyday talk, pinpointing topical patterns that are emergent, co-occurring, and relationally defining. Participants reported topics of their conversations with particular types of people (e.g., parents, significant others, bosses, professors, service people, etc.). The most commonly emerging topics were those most central to participants' lives and that helped them "check in" with (i.e., update) and "check ou…
Gender Schematicity, Gender Identity Salience, and Gender-Linked Language Use
Journal Article Gender Schematicity, Gender Identity Salience, and Gender-Linked Language Use Get access Nicholas A. Palomares Nicholas A. Palomares 1University of California, Davis 2Nicholas A. Palomares, Department of Communication, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Human Communication Research, Volume 30, Issue 4, October 2004, Pages 556–588, h…
The Potential of Electronic Communication and Information Technologies as Research Tools
Scholars across several disciplines praise the methodological advantages afforded to research endeavors by the use of electronic communication and information technologies. At the same time, however, scholars note several disadvantages stemming from the use of these tools. To assess the utility of electronic communication and information technologies as research tools, we synthesize work on the methodological issues surrounding the use of these t…
Conversational Topic along a Continuum of Perspectives
The literature regarding conversational topic is vast. Conversational topic, however, has various conceptualizations. For example, some studies examine topic changes, whereas others examine the broad subjects about which people talk. Four different perspectives (i.e., topic as a noun phrase, topic as a bounded unit, topic as a perception of language users, and topic as a subject matter of talk), focusing on different conceptions of topic for oste…
Explaining Gender-Based Language Use
Journal Article Explaining Gender-Based Language Use: Effects of Gender Identity Salience on References to Emotion and Tentative Language in Intra- and Intergroup Contexts Get access Nicholas A. Palomares Nicholas A. Palomares 1Department of Communication, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 1Nicholas A. Palomares; Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Human Communication Research, Volume 34, Issue 2, 1 Ap…
It's Not Just Your Goal, But Also Who You Know
An experiment tested a theoretical framework for goal detection in dyadic interactions of close friends and unacquainted strangers wherein one conversationalist pursued a goal unbeknownst to a detector. The extent to which pursuers' conversation goal was cognitively associated with the dyad's relational type was manipulated. As hypothesized, pursuers' efficiency was significantly positively correlated to detectors' inference accuracy when the pur…
Gender, Language, and Social Influence
This study compares self-categorization, expectation states, and role congruity theories' explanations for female influence. Male and female participants (N = 267) listened to a recording of a female speaker who used either tentative or assertive language under conditions that led participants to categorize her as a woman or as college-educated. There was no evidence that women were differentially influenced by the speaker's linguistic style or b…
Virtual Gender Identity
This research examined how individuals' gendered avatar might alter their use of gender-based language (i.e., references to emotion, apologies, and tentative language) in text-based computer-mediated communication. Specifically, the experiment tested if men and women would linguistically assimilate a virtual gender identity intimated by randomly assigned gendered avatars (either matched or mismatched to their true gender). Results supported the n…
The gender-linked language effect
Effects of Conversation Partners' Gender-Language Consistency on References to Emotion, Tentative Language, and Gender Salience
The study examined how a conversation partner's gender and gender-language consistency influence communicators' gender-based language (i.e., references to emotion and tentativeness) and gender identity salience. In an email exchange, an experiment manipulated an ostensible conversation partner's gender and use of references to emotion in ways stereotypically consistent or inconsistent with the partner's gender. The conversation partner's gender a…
When and How Goals Are Contagious in Social Interaction
Goal contagion occurs when a perceiver interacts with a partner whose behavior implies he/she is pursuing a particular goal and the perceiver accurately infers and subsequently pursues the partner's goal. Goal contagion was assessed in conversations between unacquainted individuals. In 2 experiments, the ways in which goal specificity, inference accuracy, and goal pursuit efficiency play a role in goal contagion were examined. In Experiment 1, go…
Understanding Others' Goals Depends on the Efficiency and Timing of Goal Pursuit
Goal understanding is the process by which interactants make inferences about others' objectives during conversation. Previous research has examined goal understanding without concern for the timing of goal pursuit. Accordingly, an experiment examined the timing of pursuers' efficiency in the communicative behavior employed to reach their goal. Results indicated that timing modified the relationship between pursuers' efficiency and detectors' acc…
One Size Fits All
This study empirically examines context collapse on Facebook by examining audience influences on content and language in self-disclosures. Context collapse is the process of disparate audiences being conjoined into one. Using a public longitudinal behavioral data set of 6,378 Facebook users, the study found that the size and heterogeneity of people's networks were positively associated with the number of text status updates they posted, but negat…
Victims' Goal Understanding, Uncertainty Reduction, and Perceptions in Cyberbullying
Cyberbullying is repetitive and aggressive behavior transmitted through mediated channels aimed at directing malice toward a victim with a to-harm goal. Three experiments manipulated a cyberbully's identity uncertainty—each employing different stimuli and scenarios—and assessed individuals' responses to being victimized. Experiment 1 demonstrated victims' information-seeking about a bully's identity and motives, emotional valence, and social attr…
Communication Science and Meta-Analysis
Linguistic Accommodation Enhances Compliance to Charity Donation
We address the link between communication accommodation and compliance gaining in momentary, mediated encounters, using Goffman’s theory of interaction ritual as a conceptual bridge. We report an online experiment of compliance-gaining conversations with 915 dyads of strangers recruited from Amazon M-Turk. The extent to which two strangers accommodated each other’s non-content linguistic features predicted their behavioral compliance—monetary don…
The severity of bullying messages predicts increased levels of targets' depression and general anxiety as a function of targets' inferences of a bully's goals
Being the recipient of severe bullying messages for a period of time is a meaningful predictor of subsequent mental health issues. Employing Goal Understanding Theory, we test an explanation for this association. Specifically, we hypothesize and generally confirm that targets' adverse emotional reaction and hurt from bullying messages serially mediate the positive association between message severity and depression and general anxiety, depending …
When Machine and Bandwagon Heuristics Compete
Three experiments tested if the machine and bandwagon heuristics moderate beliefs in fact-checked claims under different conditions of human/machine (dis)agreement and of transparency of the fact-checking system. Across experiments, people were more likely to align their belief in the claim when artificial intelligence (AI) and crowdsourcing agents’ fact-checks were congruent rather than incongruent. The heuristics provided further nuance to the …
A Vision for the Continued Success of the JLSP
In this essay, I share a story of how asking a naive question in office hours as an undergraduate sparked in me a sustaining passion for the study of language and social psychology (LSP). Now, as I enter a new LSP venture as Editor for this unique and important journal, I detail four publishing priorities. I assume this position with humility and gratitude in light of four-plus decades of editorial leadership from Howie Giles and his impressive a…
Anonymous and Insecure Bullies are Less Depressed than Confident and Identifiable Ones, but Only if Remorseful
The connection between bullying others and depression is clear. Less clear are the communicative paths through which being a bully leads to depression. Cyberbullying consists of communicative episodes that transcend modes of communication, contexts, and relationships wherein a social network of communicators pursues a subordinate goal of harming other(s) mentally, emotionally, and/or physically to achieve a hierarchically represented set of super…
Exploring Gender Identity Cues in Email Signature Blocks
This study examines the effects of gender identity cues in email signatures on outcomes of misgendering, trait perceptions, social exclusion, and language use and how these effects are moderated by transphobia. Using a 3 x 2 between-subjects design, cisgender participants (N = 354) read and responded to a forwarded email containing gender identity cues in the signature block with varying pronouns (they/them, she/her, and he/him) and the trans fla…
Using Gender-Inclusive Restrooms Promotes Positive Attitudes Toward Trans and Non-Binary People
Goal Understanding and Anonymous Cyberbullying in Social Media
We experimentally manipulated social media affordances theoretically linked to cyberbullies’ anonymity using hypothetical scenarios taking advantage of the diverse ways people get bullied by someone they can identify versus an anonymous cyberbully. Nine different social media platforms–from TikTok, Twitter, and Tumblr to Instagram, iMessage, and Email–manipulated a cyberbully’s anonymity to uncover pathways known to precipitate poor mental health…
Psychology (22 works) · Social Psychology (15 works) · Computer Science (14 works) · Social Psychology (12 works) · Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies (11 works) · Cognitive psychology (10 works) · Developmental psychology (8 works) · Linguistics (8 works) · Discourse Analysis in Language Studies (6 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (6 works)