Anthony Reinhardt-Rutland
Biographic Data
| ID | 5853762 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Anthony Reinhardt-Rutland |
| GIVEN NAMES | Anthony |
| FAMILY NAME | Reinhardt-Rutland |
| SIGNATURE | REINHARDT-RUTLAND A |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Ulster |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 26 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 18 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 26 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1986 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2007 |
| H-INDEX | 2 |
Response Scatter in Measuring Changing-Loudness Aftereffects
Researchers have postulated 2 mechanisms for processing auditory motion: a direct mechanism processing motion itself and an indirect mechanism sensitive to location over discrete points in time. Measuring aftereffects of azimuthal motion by nulling entails scattered responding, which is attributed to a conflict between direct and indirect mechanisms. In this experiment, the author obtained nulls following adaptation to changing sound level, a pro…
Induced Rotational Motion With Nonabutting Inducing and Induced Stimuli
Induced motion is the illusory motion of a static stimulus in the opposite direction to a moving stimulus. Two types of induced motion have been distinguished: (a) when the moving stimulus is distant from the static stimulus and undergoes overall displacement, and (b) when the moving stimulus is pattern viewed within fixed boundaries that abut the static stimulus. Explanations of the 1st type of induced motion refer to mediating phenomena, such a…
The Spectrally Dependent Monotic Component in the Decreasing-Loudness Aftereffect
Listeners exposed to a tone increasing in intensity report an aftereffect of decreasing loudness in a steady tone heard afterward. In the present study, the spectral dependence of the monotic decreasing-loudness aftereffect (adapting and testing 1 ear) was compared with (a) the spectral dependence of the interotic decreasing-loudness aftereffect (adapting 1 ear and testing the other ear) and (b) a non-adaptation control condition. The purpose was…
Sensitivity in Changing-Loudness Aftereffects as Indicated by an Adjustment Procedure
The reduced sensitivity that accompanies some auditory aftereffects has been linked to sensory fatigue. However, changing-loudness aftereffects are unaffected by reduced sensitivity, according to previous evidence from a single-interval forced-choice procedure. That result was confirmed in the present study, in which an adjustment procedure was used to measure changing-loudness aftereffects. In each condition, the listener set the rate of intensi…
Illusory Increasing Loudness in Brief Steady Tones
A brief tone of steady intensity may be heard as growing louder. Increasing loudness signals an approaching sound source, so this illusion may reflect the importance of detecting potential collision, analogous to “looming” in the visual modality. In previous studies, diotic stimuli, simulating a sound source within a plane defined by zero degrees azimuth, have been used. However, collision can arise from any direction. Hence, the illusion should …
Remote Operation
Some perceptual motor operations are performed remotely; examples include the handling of life-threatening materials and surgical procedures. A camera conveys the site of operation to a TV monitor, so depth perception relies mainly on pictorial information, perhaps with enhancement of the occlusion cue by motion. However, motion information such as motion parallax is not likely to be important. The effectiveness of pictorial information is dimini…
The Illusion of Increasing Loudness in Brief Steady Tones
A brief tone of steady intensity is heard as growing louder; to be heard as steady, intensity must be decreasing. The present report concerns the influence of carrier frequency on this illusion. Stimuli each lasted 1.5 s, during which time intensity was increasing, decreasing, or remaining steady; the initial intensity was 40 dB SPL (sound pressure level relative to 0.0002 dynes/cm2). Carrier frequencies were between 0.0625 and 8.0 kHz. Four list…
Asymmetrical Perception of Changing Intensity in Short Tonal Stimuli
A number of reports have suggested that changing intensity in short tonal stimuli is asymmetrically perceived. In particular, steady stimuli may be heard as growing louder; stimuli must decrease in intensity to be heard as steady in loudness. The influence of stimulus duration on this perceptual asymmetry was examined. Three participants heard diotic tonal stimuli of eight durations between 0.8 s and 2.5 s. Each stimulus increased, decreased, or …
Perceiving the Orientation-In-Depth of Triangular Surfaces
Although data from simulations suggest that motion information and binocular information each elicit veridical depth perception, data from real stimuli, such as trapezoidal surfaces, are equivocal; the discrepancy might be explained by the complexity of nonveridical pictorial information in the latter. In the present study, observers judged the orientations-in-depth of triangular surfaces about a vertical axis: Pictorial information resided only …
Increasing- and Decreasing-Loudness Aftereffects
After exposure to a tone of decreasing sound level, participants report that a steady tone increases in loudness; after exposure to an increasing sound level, they perceive a steady tone to decrease in loudness. The increasing-loudness aftereffect is the more sensitive to a difference between adapting and test frequencies, its absolute size becoming greater than that for decreasing-loudness aftereffect as frequencies are made to match. Although t…
The Influence of Onset Sound Level of Test Stimulus on Reported Magnitude of Changing-Loudness Aftereffects
An increasing-loudness aftereffect follows adaptation to a tone of decreasing sound level; a decreasing-loudness aftereffect follows adaptation to a tone of increasing sound level. Contrary to the belief that sensory processing contributes to these changing-loudness aftereffects, evidence suggests that onset sound level of test stimulus may have little influence on reported aftereffects. This was tested formally in the present study. Adapting sti…
Evidence for Frequency-Dependent and Frequency-Independent Components in Increasing- and Decreasing-Loudness Aftereffects
Listening to a decreasingly intense tone leads to increasing loudness in a subsequent steady tone. Conversely, listening to an increasingly intense tone leads to decreasing loudness in a subsequent steady tone. Measurement entails a test stimulus changing in sound level to null any aftereffect, so that loudness is perceived as steady. Previous studies have shown that the aftereffects are frequency dependent: Carrier frequencies of adapting and te…
Verbal Judgments of a Surface's Orientation-In-Depth in Degrees of Angle
Moving-monocular viewing and static-binocular viewing can elicit veridical verbal judgments of a real surface's orientation-in-depth; however, separation-in-depth of real objects is often underestimated; the equidistance tendency applies. The discrepancy might be explained by the differing automaticity of judgments: Surfaces are judged automatically in minutes of analog time, and objects are judged nonautomatically in distance units. This hypothe…
Radial Aftereffect of Induced Motion (Imae)
Radial Aftereffect of Induced Motion (IMAE): Perception during Monocular Viewing with Minimal Background Pattern." The Journal of General Psychology, 121(4), pp. 403–404
Detecting Slant-In-Depth of Real Trapezoidal and Rectangular Surfaces
Cues from binocularity and observer motion are often believed to be more important in perceiving depth than pictorial cues such as relative visual size and linear perspective. Both binocularity and motion are effective in simulated displays. However, for real stimuli evincing nonveridical pictorial cues, binocularity has been more effective than motion; sometimes motion has had an insignificant effect. This may reflect inadequate extent of motion…
Changing-Loudness Aftereffect Following Simulated Movement
Listening to a tone changing unidirectionally in sound level causes an illusion of changing loudness in a steady tone afterward. This aftereffect may indicate channels for detecting the feature of change in sound level, which would primarily concern dynamic sound localization. Three subjects, one of whom was the author, participated in this study. The author predicted that opposite adaptation of the ears (the adapting stimulus is heard to move fr…
Primary Depth Cues and Background Pattern in the Portrayal of Slant
A rectangularity postulate has been used in algorithms for the purpose of interpreting two-dimensional representations of rectilinear objects. This rectangularity postulate may affect the perception of true surfaces. In this study, rectangular surfaces and trapezoidal surfaces--the latter simulating the horizontal slant-in-depth of the rectangular surfaces--were viewed under static-monocular, moving-monocular, and static-binocular conditions, bot…
Spatial-Contrast Movement Aftereffect Can Be Rotary
The procedure for eliciting movement aftereffect (MAE) involves the subject's adapting to visual movement that subsequently stops. Conventionally, MAE is confined to the area of movement adaptation. However, Wohlgemuth (1911) demonstrated the existence of a type of MAE that had the opposite characteristics of an adjoining conventional MAE; the test area was unpatterned during adaptation and patterned during testing. This spatial-contrast MAE may …
Induced Rotary Movement during Eye Movements
In my previous (Reinhardt-Rutland, 1982) study, I suggested that eye movements enhance induced rotary movement. However, low salience of absolute displacement might also explain the results, as displays were covered with large numbers of equally spaced radial pattern elements. To test these competing hypotheses in the present study, I used an unequally spaced pattern in two displays. Common to each display was an annulus: In one display, the comm…
Aftereffect Arising from Unidirectional Change of Sound Level in a Tone
Subjects adapted to square-wave adaptors, stimuli containing odd harmonics of the fundamental, and, to provide baseline data, sinusoidal adaptors matching the square-wave's fundamental. Nulls were obtained for various frequencies of the test stimulus. At any given frequency, the baseline null was subtracted from the null for square-wave adaptation. These corrected nulls indicated frequency-specific aftereffects at the third and fifth harmonics. T…
Detecting Orientation of a Surface
Computational metaphors for determining the orientation of planar surfaces represented in line drawings have exploited a postulate that often surfaces are rectangular. Previous research implies that people follow such logic with real surfaces in ecological viewing. However, this research is problematic methodologically and some research does not directly address the issue. The stimuli used in this study were rectangular and trapezoidal; the latte…
Induced movement in the visual modality
Induced movement, illusory movement in a stationary stimulus resulting from adjoining movement, has received steady experimental investigation over the last 70 years or so. It is observed under different viewing conditions in a wide variety of displays that differ considerably in overall size and in form of inducing and induced stimuli. Explanations have been diverse, some being based on relations within the display and others invoking mediation …
Induced movement in the visual modality
Interaural Transfer of Aftereffect of Changing Sound Level in a Tone
Monaural and interaural aftereffects of unidirectional change of sound level in a tone, were measured by a nulling procedure. The former were always much greater than the latter, demonstrating limited interaural transfer of the aftereffect. This is seen as evidence for a peripheral component in the analysis of changing sound level. Such analysis may contribute to the localization of moving sound sources. An additional, and incidental, finding was…
Image displacement and the movement aftereffect
Interaural Transfer of Aftereffect of Changing Sound Level in a Tone
Monaural and interaural aftereffects of unidirectional change of sound level in a tone, were measured by a nulling procedure. The former were always much greater than the latter, demonstrating limited interaural transfer of the aftereffect. This is seen as evidence for a peripheral component in the analysis of changing sound level. Such analysis may contribute to the localization of moving sound sources. An additional, and incidental, finding was…
Evidence for Frequency-Dependent and Frequency-Independent Components in Increasing- and Decreasing-Loudness Aftereffects
Listening to a decreasingly intense tone leads to increasing loudness in a subsequent steady tone. Conversely, listening to an increasingly intense tone leads to decreasing loudness in a subsequent steady tone. Measurement entails a test stimulus changing in sound level to null any aftereffect, so that loudness is perceived as steady. Previous studies have shown that the aftereffects are frequency dependent: Carrier frequencies of adapting and te…
Asymmetrical Perception of Changing Intensity in Short Tonal Stimuli
A number of reports have suggested that changing intensity in short tonal stimuli is asymmetrically perceived. In particular, steady stimuli may be heard as growing louder; stimuli must decrease in intensity to be heard as steady in loudness. The influence of stimulus duration on this perceptual asymmetry was examined. Three participants heard diotic tonal stimuli of eight durations between 0.8 s and 2.5 s. Each stimulus increased, decreased, or …
Induced Rotary Movement during Eye Movements
In my previous (Reinhardt-Rutland, 1982) study, I suggested that eye movements enhance induced rotary movement. However, low salience of absolute displacement might also explain the results, as displays were covered with large numbers of equally spaced radial pattern elements. To test these competing hypotheses in the present study, I used an unequally spaced pattern in two displays. Common to each display was an annulus: In one display, the comm…
Aftereffect Arising from Unidirectional Change of Sound Level in a Tone
Subjects adapted to square-wave adaptors, stimuli containing odd harmonics of the fundamental, and, to provide baseline data, sinusoidal adaptors matching the square-wave's fundamental. Nulls were obtained for various frequencies of the test stimulus. At any given frequency, the baseline null was subtracted from the null for square-wave adaptation. These corrected nulls indicated frequency-specific aftereffects at the third and fifth harmonics. T…
The Illusion of Increasing Loudness in Brief Steady Tones
A brief tone of steady intensity is heard as growing louder; to be heard as steady, intensity must be decreasing. The present report concerns the influence of carrier frequency on this illusion. Stimuli each lasted 1.5 s, during which time intensity was increasing, decreasing, or remaining steady; the initial intensity was 40 dB SPL (sound pressure level relative to 0.0002 dynes/cm2). Carrier frequencies were between 0.0625 and 8.0 kHz. Four list…
Changing-Loudness Aftereffect Following Simulated Movement
Listening to a tone changing unidirectionally in sound level causes an illusion of changing loudness in a steady tone afterward. This aftereffect may indicate channels for detecting the feature of change in sound level, which would primarily concern dynamic sound localization. Three subjects, one of whom was the author, participated in this study. The author predicted that opposite adaptation of the ears (the adapting stimulus is heard to move fr…
Primary Depth Cues and Background Pattern in the Portrayal of Slant
A rectangularity postulate has been used in algorithms for the purpose of interpreting two-dimensional representations of rectilinear objects. This rectangularity postulate may affect the perception of true surfaces. In this study, rectangular surfaces and trapezoidal surfaces--the latter simulating the horizontal slant-in-depth of the rectangular surfaces--were viewed under static-monocular, moving-monocular, and static-binocular conditions, bot…
Spatial-Contrast Movement Aftereffect Can Be Rotary
The procedure for eliciting movement aftereffect (MAE) involves the subject's adapting to visual movement that subsequently stops. Conventionally, MAE is confined to the area of movement adaptation. However, Wohlgemuth (1911) demonstrated the existence of a type of MAE that had the opposite characteristics of an adjoining conventional MAE; the test area was unpatterned during adaptation and patterned during testing. This spatial-contrast MAE may …
Detecting Orientation of a Surface
Computational metaphors for determining the orientation of planar surfaces represented in line drawings have exploited a postulate that often surfaces are rectangular. Previous research implies that people follow such logic with real surfaces in ecological viewing. However, this research is problematic methodologically and some research does not directly address the issue. The stimuli used in this study were rectangular and trapezoidal; the latte…
Image displacement and the movement aftereffect
Image displacement and the movement aftereffect
Induced movement in the visual modality
Induced movement, illusory movement in a stationary stimulus resulting from adjoining movement, has received steady experimental investigation over the last 70 years or so. It is observed under different viewing conditions in a wide variety of displays that differ considerably in overall size and in form of inducing and induced stimuli. Explanations have been diverse, some being based on relations within the display and others invoking mediation …
Induced movement in the visual modality
Interaural Transfer of Aftereffect of Changing Sound Level in a Tone
Monaural and interaural aftereffects of unidirectional change of sound level in a tone, were measured by a nulling procedure. The former were always much greater than the latter, demonstrating limited interaural transfer of the aftereffect. This is seen as evidence for a peripheral component in the analysis of changing sound level. Such analysis may contribute to the localization of moving sound sources. An additional, and incidental, finding was…
Aftereffect Arising from Unidirectional Change of Sound Level in a Tone
Subjects adapted to square-wave adaptors, stimuli containing odd harmonics of the fundamental, and, to provide baseline data, sinusoidal adaptors matching the square-wave's fundamental. Nulls were obtained for various frequencies of the test stimulus. At any given frequency, the baseline null was subtracted from the null for square-wave adaptation. These corrected nulls indicated frequency-specific aftereffects at the third and fifth harmonics. T…
Detecting Orientation of a Surface
Computational metaphors for determining the orientation of planar surfaces represented in line drawings have exploited a postulate that often surfaces are rectangular. Previous research implies that people follow such logic with real surfaces in ecological viewing. However, this research is problematic methodologically and some research does not directly address the issue. The stimuli used in this study were rectangular and trapezoidal; the latte…
Spatial-Contrast Movement Aftereffect Can Be Rotary
The procedure for eliciting movement aftereffect (MAE) involves the subject's adapting to visual movement that subsequently stops. Conventionally, MAE is confined to the area of movement adaptation. However, Wohlgemuth (1911) demonstrated the existence of a type of MAE that had the opposite characteristics of an adjoining conventional MAE; the test area was unpatterned during adaptation and patterned during testing. This spatial-contrast MAE may …
Induced Rotary Movement during Eye Movements
In my previous (Reinhardt-Rutland, 1982) study, I suggested that eye movements enhance induced rotary movement. However, low salience of absolute displacement might also explain the results, as displays were covered with large numbers of equally spaced radial pattern elements. To test these competing hypotheses in the present study, I used an unequally spaced pattern in two displays. Common to each display was an annulus: In one display, the comm…
Changing-Loudness Aftereffect Following Simulated Movement
Listening to a tone changing unidirectionally in sound level causes an illusion of changing loudness in a steady tone afterward. This aftereffect may indicate channels for detecting the feature of change in sound level, which would primarily concern dynamic sound localization. Three subjects, one of whom was the author, participated in this study. The author predicted that opposite adaptation of the ears (the adapting stimulus is heard to move fr…
Primary Depth Cues and Background Pattern in the Portrayal of Slant
A rectangularity postulate has been used in algorithms for the purpose of interpreting two-dimensional representations of rectilinear objects. This rectangularity postulate may affect the perception of true surfaces. In this study, rectangular surfaces and trapezoidal surfaces--the latter simulating the horizontal slant-in-depth of the rectangular surfaces--were viewed under static-monocular, moving-monocular, and static-binocular conditions, bot…
Detecting Slant-In-Depth of Real Trapezoidal and Rectangular Surfaces
Cues from binocularity and observer motion are often believed to be more important in perceiving depth than pictorial cues such as relative visual size and linear perspective. Both binocularity and motion are effective in simulated displays. However, for real stimuli evincing nonveridical pictorial cues, binocularity has been more effective than motion; sometimes motion has had an insignificant effect. This may reflect inadequate extent of motion…
Radial Aftereffect of Induced Motion (Imae)
Radial Aftereffect of Induced Motion (IMAE): Perception during Monocular Viewing with Minimal Background Pattern." The Journal of General Psychology, 121(4), pp. 403–404
Increasing- and Decreasing-Loudness Aftereffects
After exposure to a tone of decreasing sound level, participants report that a steady tone increases in loudness; after exposure to an increasing sound level, they perceive a steady tone to decrease in loudness. The increasing-loudness aftereffect is the more sensitive to a difference between adapting and test frequencies, its absolute size becoming greater than that for decreasing-loudness aftereffect as frequencies are made to match. Although t…
The Influence of Onset Sound Level of Test Stimulus on Reported Magnitude of Changing-Loudness Aftereffects
An increasing-loudness aftereffect follows adaptation to a tone of decreasing sound level; a decreasing-loudness aftereffect follows adaptation to a tone of increasing sound level. Contrary to the belief that sensory processing contributes to these changing-loudness aftereffects, evidence suggests that onset sound level of test stimulus may have little influence on reported aftereffects. This was tested formally in the present study. Adapting sti…
Evidence for Frequency-Dependent and Frequency-Independent Components in Increasing- and Decreasing-Loudness Aftereffects
Listening to a decreasingly intense tone leads to increasing loudness in a subsequent steady tone. Conversely, listening to an increasingly intense tone leads to decreasing loudness in a subsequent steady tone. Measurement entails a test stimulus changing in sound level to null any aftereffect, so that loudness is perceived as steady. Previous studies have shown that the aftereffects are frequency dependent: Carrier frequencies of adapting and te…
Verbal Judgments of a Surface's Orientation-In-Depth in Degrees of Angle
Moving-monocular viewing and static-binocular viewing can elicit veridical verbal judgments of a real surface's orientation-in-depth; however, separation-in-depth of real objects is often underestimated; the equidistance tendency applies. The discrepancy might be explained by the differing automaticity of judgments: Surfaces are judged automatically in minutes of analog time, and objects are judged nonautomatically in distance units. This hypothe…
Remote Operation
Some perceptual motor operations are performed remotely; examples include the handling of life-threatening materials and surgical procedures. A camera conveys the site of operation to a TV monitor, so depth perception relies mainly on pictorial information, perhaps with enhancement of the occlusion cue by motion. However, motion information such as motion parallax is not likely to be important. The effectiveness of pictorial information is dimini…
The Illusion of Increasing Loudness in Brief Steady Tones
A brief tone of steady intensity is heard as growing louder; to be heard as steady, intensity must be decreasing. The present report concerns the influence of carrier frequency on this illusion. Stimuli each lasted 1.5 s, during which time intensity was increasing, decreasing, or remaining steady; the initial intensity was 40 dB SPL (sound pressure level relative to 0.0002 dynes/cm2). Carrier frequencies were between 0.0625 and 8.0 kHz. Four list…
Asymmetrical Perception of Changing Intensity in Short Tonal Stimuli
A number of reports have suggested that changing intensity in short tonal stimuli is asymmetrically perceived. In particular, steady stimuli may be heard as growing louder; stimuli must decrease in intensity to be heard as steady in loudness. The influence of stimulus duration on this perceptual asymmetry was examined. Three participants heard diotic tonal stimuli of eight durations between 0.8 s and 2.5 s. Each stimulus increased, decreased, or …
Perceiving the Orientation-In-Depth of Triangular Surfaces
Although data from simulations suggest that motion information and binocular information each elicit veridical depth perception, data from real stimuli, such as trapezoidal surfaces, are equivocal; the discrepancy might be explained by the complexity of nonveridical pictorial information in the latter. In the present study, observers judged the orientations-in-depth of triangular surfaces about a vertical axis: Pictorial information resided only …
Illusory Increasing Loudness in Brief Steady Tones
A brief tone of steady intensity may be heard as growing louder. Increasing loudness signals an approaching sound source, so this illusion may reflect the importance of detecting potential collision, analogous to “looming” in the visual modality. In previous studies, diotic stimuli, simulating a sound source within a plane defined by zero degrees azimuth, have been used. However, collision can arise from any direction. Hence, the illusion should …
Sensitivity in Changing-Loudness Aftereffects as Indicated by an Adjustment Procedure
The reduced sensitivity that accompanies some auditory aftereffects has been linked to sensory fatigue. However, changing-loudness aftereffects are unaffected by reduced sensitivity, according to previous evidence from a single-interval forced-choice procedure. That result was confirmed in the present study, in which an adjustment procedure was used to measure changing-loudness aftereffects. In each condition, the listener set the rate of intensi…
The Spectrally Dependent Monotic Component in the Decreasing-Loudness Aftereffect
Listeners exposed to a tone increasing in intensity report an aftereffect of decreasing loudness in a steady tone heard afterward. In the present study, the spectral dependence of the monotic decreasing-loudness aftereffect (adapting and testing 1 ear) was compared with (a) the spectral dependence of the interotic decreasing-loudness aftereffect (adapting 1 ear and testing the other ear) and (b) a non-adaptation control condition. The purpose was…
Induced Rotational Motion With Nonabutting Inducing and Induced Stimuli
Induced motion is the illusory motion of a static stimulus in the opposite direction to a moving stimulus. Two types of induced motion have been distinguished: (a) when the moving stimulus is distant from the static stimulus and undergoes overall displacement, and (b) when the moving stimulus is pattern viewed within fixed boundaries that abut the static stimulus. Explanations of the 1st type of induced motion refer to mediating phenomena, such a…
Psychology (26 works) · Physics (17 works) · Cognitive psychology (15 works) · Computer Science (15 works) · Neuroscience (13 works) · Artificial Intelligence (12 works) · Hearing Loss and Rehabilitation (12 works) · Perception (12 works) · Visual perception and processing mechanisms (12 works) · Acoustics (11 works)