John L Heywood
Biographic Data
| ID | 5857302 |
|---|---|
| NAME | John L Heywood |
| GIVEN NAMES | John L |
| FAMILY NAME | Heywood |
| SIGNATURE | HEYWOOD J L |
| AFFILIATIONS | The Ohio State University |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 15 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 55 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 15 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1981 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2011 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Institutional Norms and Evaluative Standards for Parks and Recreation Resources Research, Planning, and Management
Researchers claim that the structural and evaluative standards approaches to determining acceptability of social and resource conditions in recreation settings are measures of social norms. This paper argues that structural and evaluative standards approaches do not constitute social norms. Social and resource conditions are not directly concerned with behavior and have not been shown to have sanctioning and self-correcting consequences. This pap…
Forum
Changes in the government and economy in Poland, beginning in the early 1990s, have had dramatic and sometimes unanticipated effects on the environment and natural resources of Poland. Higher education in Poland has responded by offering courses of study in the environmental sciences and natural resources management. These courses have emphasized physical and biological aspects of the environment and natural resources but not the social aspects. …
The Cognitive and Emotional Components of Behavior Norms in Outdoor Recreation
Behavioral norms consist of two components: a cognitive component of obligation that is the memory repository of social standards, and an emotional component of sanctions that are the feelings and physiological states that result when actual behavior is consistent or not consistent with the obligation. This article analyzes the cognitive and emotional components of norms identi ed in three studies of behaviors (littering, controlling dogs while c…
Normative Research in Outdoor Recreation
This special issue of Leisure Sciences on Normative Research in Outdoor Recreation grew from on-going research into and theoretical development of normative approaches to social and environmental issues and problems in outdoor recreation. The nine articles included in this special issue provide insights that improve and expand out understanding of norms, their measurement, and utility. Keywords: Normative Research Norm Theory Norm Methodology Nor…
Social Norms in Outdoor Recreation
Social norms for encounters and setting conditions have been an important area of outdoor recreation research for the past 30 years. An important research assumption, based on Jackson's Return Potential Model, has been that norms for a given behavior and norms for conditions resulting from that behavior are linked. Empirical verification of a link is needed to validate this assumption. This research combines measures of behavioral obligations and…
Truth, Equivocation Concealment, and Lies in Job Applications and Doctor-Patient Communication
Our concern was to explore two institutional contexts in which telling the truth, equivocating, and lying could each carry costs: applicants not getting a job and doctors coping with distressed patients. For the job interviews, applicants could be truthful, lie, or equivocate about personal qualities specified as necessary in the job description. The chances of detection were varied. The bias was toward truth telling, but in one condition, its in…
Social regularities in outdoor recreation
The social norms approach has been a popular theoretical and methodological model for studying behavioral problems in outdoor recreation. Recently, researchers have questioned the applicability of the model, whether ‘'norms'’ have been measured or not, and whether important components of the norm model, such as sanctions, have been given adequate consideration. In response to these concerns, this paper reviews the theoretical basis of norms in so…
Conventions, emerging norms, and norms in outdoor recreation
Conventions, emerging norms, and norms are different ways that social life becomes ordered and regularized, and they make the social worlds of outdoor recreation knowable and predictable. These concepts represent a continuum of social regularities that is illustrated through the development of an evaluative model based generally on Jackson's (1996) return potential model. Social conventions are open behaviors based on common expectations and pref…
Game theory
Games of conflict, cooperation, and coordination are reviewed for their relevance to understanding outdoor recreation behavior. In conflict games players receive zero‐sum payoffs. To avoid conflict these games can be recast as cooperation games, which have non‐zero‐sum payoffs. Cooperation games are problematic because they have only one equilibrium solution that players often fail to recognize. The “Prisoner's Dilemma,” one of the most common co…
Behavioral Conventions in Higher Density, Day Use Wildland/Urban Recreation Settings
This paper presents a study of users of a wildland/urban interface recreation setting in southern California. The area is a designated Forest Service picnic ground located on a perennial stream draining the south east slopes of the San Gabriel Mountains. At busy times use of the picnic ground may appear chaotic as users crowd into the stream and riparian zone to picnic and relax in the shade and wade and splash in the stream. The problem is to de…
The relationship between biophysical and social setting factors in the recreation opportunity spectrum
Descriptions of the relationships between the setting components (biophysical and social) of the recreation opportunity spectrum can be taken to be unidimensional and linear. Data on biophysical and social setting preferences of campers were used to test whether campers’ preferences reflect linear arrangements of components or whether relationships are more complex. The results indicate that there are multiple linear and nonlinear relationships b…
Current Issues in Leisure Services
(1991). Current Issues in Leisure Services: Looking Ahead in a Time of Transition. Joseph J. Bannon (Ed.), Recreation and Leisure: An Introductory Handbook. Alan Graefe and Stan Parker (Eds.) Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 188-190
Leisure collectives
Leisure collectives are made up of combinations of known and unknown others, who join together to pursue a recreation activity for one time, then disband never to exist again. Collectives are of interest because they must not only develop a structure and processes to pursue individual and collective goals, but often must also cope with challenging, hazardous environments while doing so. Parsons' Theory of Social Action Systems is used to develop …
Experience Preferences of Participants in Different Types of River Recreation Groups
This paper explores the relationships between river recreationist's experience preferences and characteristics of their social group of participation. Multiple item experience scales were cluster analyzed and the resulting clusters were used to test for differences in experience preferences based on the social group characteristics of size, composition and type of provision. Analysis of variance showed significant differences in mean group sizes …
Off‐road vehicles and public opinion in the California desert
Public participation is an increasingly important and oftentimes legally required aspect of recreation resource planning and decision making. This paper presents three approaches to expanding public involvement used in the planning for the California Desert Conservation Area (CDCA): (1) an oral history study of recreation use of the CDCA, (2) a survey of organized group use of the CDCA, and (3) four public opinion polls of the desertwide, statewi…
Game theory
Games of conflict, cooperation, and coordination are reviewed for their relevance to understanding outdoor recreation behavior. In conflict games players receive zero‐sum payoffs. To avoid conflict these games can be recast as cooperation games, which have non‐zero‐sum payoffs. Cooperation games are problematic because they have only one equilibrium solution that players often fail to recognize. The “Prisoner's Dilemma,” one of the most common co…
Social Norms in Outdoor Recreation
Social norms for encounters and setting conditions have been an important area of outdoor recreation research for the past 30 years. An important research assumption, based on Jackson's Return Potential Model, has been that norms for a given behavior and norms for conditions resulting from that behavior are linked. Empirical verification of a link is needed to validate this assumption. This research combines measures of behavioral obligations and…
Social regularities in outdoor recreation
The social norms approach has been a popular theoretical and methodological model for studying behavioral problems in outdoor recreation. Recently, researchers have questioned the applicability of the model, whether ‘'norms'’ have been measured or not, and whether important components of the norm model, such as sanctions, have been given adequate consideration. In response to these concerns, this paper reviews the theoretical basis of norms in so…
Conventions, emerging norms, and norms in outdoor recreation
Conventions, emerging norms, and norms are different ways that social life becomes ordered and regularized, and they make the social worlds of outdoor recreation knowable and predictable. These concepts represent a continuum of social regularities that is illustrated through the development of an evaluative model based generally on Jackson's (1996) return potential model. Social conventions are open behaviors based on common expectations and pref…
Behavioral Conventions in Higher Density, Day Use Wildland/Urban Recreation Settings
This paper presents a study of users of a wildland/urban interface recreation setting in southern California. The area is a designated Forest Service picnic ground located on a perennial stream draining the south east slopes of the San Gabriel Mountains. At busy times use of the picnic ground may appear chaotic as users crowd into the stream and riparian zone to picnic and relax in the shade and wade and splash in the stream. The problem is to de…
Experience Preferences of Participants in Different Types of River Recreation Groups
This paper explores the relationships between river recreationist's experience preferences and characteristics of their social group of participation. Multiple item experience scales were cluster analyzed and the resulting clusters were used to test for differences in experience preferences based on the social group characteristics of size, composition and type of provision. Analysis of variance showed significant differences in mean group sizes …
The Cognitive and Emotional Components of Behavior Norms in Outdoor Recreation
Behavioral norms consist of two components: a cognitive component of obligation that is the memory repository of social standards, and an emotional component of sanctions that are the feelings and physiological states that result when actual behavior is consistent or not consistent with the obligation. This article analyzes the cognitive and emotional components of norms identi ed in three studies of behaviors (littering, controlling dogs while c…
Truth, Equivocation Concealment, and Lies in Job Applications and Doctor-Patient Communication
Our concern was to explore two institutional contexts in which telling the truth, equivocating, and lying could each carry costs: applicants not getting a job and doctors coping with distressed patients. For the job interviews, applicants could be truthful, lie, or equivocate about personal qualities specified as necessary in the job description. The chances of detection were varied. The bias was toward truth telling, but in one condition, its in…
Normative Research in Outdoor Recreation
This special issue of Leisure Sciences on Normative Research in Outdoor Recreation grew from on-going research into and theoretical development of normative approaches to social and environmental issues and problems in outdoor recreation. The nine articles included in this special issue provide insights that improve and expand out understanding of norms, their measurement, and utility. Keywords: Normative Research Norm Theory Norm Methodology Nor…
Institutional Norms and Evaluative Standards for Parks and Recreation Resources Research, Planning, and Management
Researchers claim that the structural and evaluative standards approaches to determining acceptability of social and resource conditions in recreation settings are measures of social norms. This paper argues that structural and evaluative standards approaches do not constitute social norms. Social and resource conditions are not directly concerned with behavior and have not been shown to have sanctioning and self-correcting consequences. This pap…
Forum
Changes in the government and economy in Poland, beginning in the early 1990s, have had dramatic and sometimes unanticipated effects on the environment and natural resources of Poland. Higher education in Poland has responded by offering courses of study in the environmental sciences and natural resources management. These courses have emphasized physical and biological aspects of the environment and natural resources but not the social aspects. …
The relationship between biophysical and social setting factors in the recreation opportunity spectrum
Descriptions of the relationships between the setting components (biophysical and social) of the recreation opportunity spectrum can be taken to be unidimensional and linear. Data on biophysical and social setting preferences of campers were used to test whether campers’ preferences reflect linear arrangements of components or whether relationships are more complex. The results indicate that there are multiple linear and nonlinear relationships b…
Leisure collectives
Leisure collectives are made up of combinations of known and unknown others, who join together to pursue a recreation activity for one time, then disband never to exist again. Collectives are of interest because they must not only develop a structure and processes to pursue individual and collective goals, but often must also cope with challenging, hazardous environments while doing so. Parsons' Theory of Social Action Systems is used to develop …
Off‐road vehicles and public opinion in the California desert
Public participation is an increasingly important and oftentimes legally required aspect of recreation resource planning and decision making. This paper presents three approaches to expanding public involvement used in the planning for the California Desert Conservation Area (CDCA): (1) an oral history study of recreation use of the CDCA, (2) a survey of organized group use of the CDCA, and (3) four public opinion polls of the desertwide, statewi…
Experience Preferences of Participants in Different Types of River Recreation Groups
This paper explores the relationships between river recreationist's experience preferences and characteristics of their social group of participation. Multiple item experience scales were cluster analyzed and the resulting clusters were used to test for differences in experience preferences based on the social group characteristics of size, composition and type of provision. Analysis of variance showed significant differences in mean group sizes …
Leisure collectives
Leisure collectives are made up of combinations of known and unknown others, who join together to pursue a recreation activity for one time, then disband never to exist again. Collectives are of interest because they must not only develop a structure and processes to pursue individual and collective goals, but often must also cope with challenging, hazardous environments while doing so. Parsons' Theory of Social Action Systems is used to develop …
The relationship between biophysical and social setting factors in the recreation opportunity spectrum
Descriptions of the relationships between the setting components (biophysical and social) of the recreation opportunity spectrum can be taken to be unidimensional and linear. Data on biophysical and social setting preferences of campers were used to test whether campers’ preferences reflect linear arrangements of components or whether relationships are more complex. The results indicate that there are multiple linear and nonlinear relationships b…
Current Issues in Leisure Services
(1991). Current Issues in Leisure Services: Looking Ahead in a Time of Transition. Joseph J. Bannon (Ed.), Recreation and Leisure: An Introductory Handbook. Alan Graefe and Stan Parker (Eds.) Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 188-190
Game theory
Games of conflict, cooperation, and coordination are reviewed for their relevance to understanding outdoor recreation behavior. In conflict games players receive zero‐sum payoffs. To avoid conflict these games can be recast as cooperation games, which have non‐zero‐sum payoffs. Cooperation games are problematic because they have only one equilibrium solution that players often fail to recognize. The “Prisoner's Dilemma,” one of the most common co…
Behavioral Conventions in Higher Density, Day Use Wildland/Urban Recreation Settings
This paper presents a study of users of a wildland/urban interface recreation setting in southern California. The area is a designated Forest Service picnic ground located on a perennial stream draining the south east slopes of the San Gabriel Mountains. At busy times use of the picnic ground may appear chaotic as users crowd into the stream and riparian zone to picnic and relax in the shade and wade and splash in the stream. The problem is to de…
Social regularities in outdoor recreation
The social norms approach has been a popular theoretical and methodological model for studying behavioral problems in outdoor recreation. Recently, researchers have questioned the applicability of the model, whether ‘'norms'’ have been measured or not, and whether important components of the norm model, such as sanctions, have been given adequate consideration. In response to these concerns, this paper reviews the theoretical basis of norms in so…
Conventions, emerging norms, and norms in outdoor recreation
Conventions, emerging norms, and norms are different ways that social life becomes ordered and regularized, and they make the social worlds of outdoor recreation knowable and predictable. These concepts represent a continuum of social regularities that is illustrated through the development of an evaluative model based generally on Jackson's (1996) return potential model. Social conventions are open behaviors based on common expectations and pref…
Truth, Equivocation Concealment, and Lies in Job Applications and Doctor-Patient Communication
Our concern was to explore two institutional contexts in which telling the truth, equivocating, and lying could each carry costs: applicants not getting a job and doctors coping with distressed patients. For the job interviews, applicants could be truthful, lie, or equivocate about personal qualities specified as necessary in the job description. The chances of detection were varied. The bias was toward truth telling, but in one condition, its in…
The Cognitive and Emotional Components of Behavior Norms in Outdoor Recreation
Behavioral norms consist of two components: a cognitive component of obligation that is the memory repository of social standards, and an emotional component of sanctions that are the feelings and physiological states that result when actual behavior is consistent or not consistent with the obligation. This article analyzes the cognitive and emotional components of norms identi ed in three studies of behaviors (littering, controlling dogs while c…
Normative Research in Outdoor Recreation
This special issue of Leisure Sciences on Normative Research in Outdoor Recreation grew from on-going research into and theoretical development of normative approaches to social and environmental issues and problems in outdoor recreation. The nine articles included in this special issue provide insights that improve and expand out understanding of norms, their measurement, and utility. Keywords: Normative Research Norm Theory Norm Methodology Nor…
Social Norms in Outdoor Recreation
Social norms for encounters and setting conditions have been an important area of outdoor recreation research for the past 30 years. An important research assumption, based on Jackson's Return Potential Model, has been that norms for a given behavior and norms for conditions resulting from that behavior are linked. Empirical verification of a link is needed to validate this assumption. This research combines measures of behavioral obligations and…
Forum
Changes in the government and economy in Poland, beginning in the early 1990s, have had dramatic and sometimes unanticipated effects on the environment and natural resources of Poland. Higher education in Poland has responded by offering courses of study in the environmental sciences and natural resources management. These courses have emphasized physical and biological aspects of the environment and natural resources but not the social aspects. …
Institutional Norms and Evaluative Standards for Parks and Recreation Resources Research, Planning, and Management
Researchers claim that the structural and evaluative standards approaches to determining acceptability of social and resource conditions in recreation settings are measures of social norms. This paper argues that structural and evaluative standards approaches do not constitute social norms. Social and resource conditions are not directly concerned with behavior and have not been shown to have sanctioning and self-correcting consequences. This pap…
Psychology (12 works) · Recreation (12 works) · Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management (12 works) · Political science (10 works) · Social Psychology (10 works) · Social Psychology (9 works) · Law (8 works) · Law (8 works) · Sociology (7 works) · Adventure Sports and Sensation Seeking (6 works)