Alan R Graefe
Biographic Data
| ID | 5857550 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Alan R Graefe |
| GIVEN NAMES | Alan R |
| FAMILY NAME | Graefe |
| SIGNATURE | GRAEFE A R |
| AFFILIATIONS | Pennsylvania State University |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 62 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 795 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 62 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1981 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2023 |
| H-INDEX | 16 |
An exploratory study on Chinese tourists’ visitation to a U.S. National Park
This study adopts semi-structured interviews in Grand Teton National Park (GRTE) in the United States and aims to understand Chinese tourists’ decision-making processes and experiences. The results reveal that geographic distances, China's unique technical infrastructure and policies influence Chinese tourists’ information sources and reasons for visiting GRTE. Their information sources are unique, and their decisions for visiting GRTE are ad-hoc…
The power of parks
The Influence of Leisure Engagement on Daily Emotional Well-Being
Leisure engagement is believed to offer emotional benefits. However, relatively few studies have examined how leisure engagement influences emotional well-being in the context of individuals' everyday lives. The current study examined the associations between leisure engagement and daily emotional well-being, as measured by participants' mean levels of positive affect (PA), PA variability, and PA reactivity to stressors. Using smartphones, partic…
Values, Ideologies, Attitudes, and Preferences for Relative Allocations to Park and Recreation Services
Local park and recreation agencies rely heavily on tax-based allocations as a funding source. However, such allocations have recently been cut both overall and relative to other services, incentivizing exploration of alternative funding strategies. Privatization practices represent a potentially efficacious but controversial alternative funding approach. This study examines the relationship between attitudes toward privatization, and preferences …
Gender and Craft Beer
Associations between enjoyable activities and uplifting events
This study examined the effects of participation in enjoyable activities and the experience of uplifting events on individuals' momentary positive affect (PA) and tested for age differences in these effects. 176 adults (ages 25-66) completed ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) 5 times per day for 14 days. We found that individuals reported higher levels of PA at times when an uplifting event had occurred compared to times when an uplifting ev…
Exploring the conditions that promote intergroup contact at urban parks
Urban parks have the potential to serve as places that facilitate intergroup contact between racially and ethnically diverse users. However, there is limited evidence identifying the conditions under which intergroup contact occurs in urban park settings. Existing literature suggests that the psychosocial conditions of safety, community engagement, psychological ownership, and sense of welcome and belonging may be related to park-based intergroup…
A comprehensive method for evaluating the impacts of race events on protected lands
Human actions in protected areas impact both the human and natural side of coupled human and natural systems. While this is broadly accepted, research projects that measure both social and ecological impacts of activities are rare. This study used an integrated approach to understand the social, ecological, and economic impacts of small-scale race events on two state forests in Pennsylvania. Trail conditions were assessed before and after each ev…
The role of values, ideologies, and attitudes in shaping public support for privatization in local park and recreation services
As tax-based funding for local public park and recreation services becomes increasingly scarce, alternative funding strategies such as privatization have become progressively more relevant. Although a promising alternative funding mechanism, privatization is simultaneously a potentially contentious issue. As such, understanding the factors that drive acceptance of or opposition to such practices is of interest to practitioners and researchers. Th…
Understanding access and use of municipal parks and recreation through an intersectionality perspective
We applied the multiple hierarchy stratification perspective to examine how access and use of municipal parks and recreation vary based upon the intersections of gender, race/ethnicity, age, income, place of residence, and education. We hierarchically stratified demographic combinations and calculated probabilities for having a park within walking distance, using parks, and participating in recreation programs. Findings demonstrated that as membe…
Roller-skating into the big city
The focus of this study was roller-skating on the streets of Guangzhou, China. It examined the relationship between informal leisure activities among young migrant workers and public spaces. Using basic data collected from nonparticipatory observations, in-depth interviews, and questionnaire responses, this study investigated how young migrant workers came to understand Guangzhou through roller-skating in public spaces and how roller-skating aide…
Modeling the role of social identity in constraint negotiation for ultra-endurance gravel cycling
Understanding constraints to participation in recreation and leisure is a common research topic. This article used social identity theory to increase our understanding of leisure constraints, negotiation, motivation, and planned participation. Using a large online sample of ultra-endurance gravel racers (n = 916), this study used structural equation modeling to explore the relationship between social identity and constraints, negotiation, motivat…
We Aren’t So Different After All
Many researchers have argued that political polarization has increased dramatically over the past 25 years. This article explores partisan polarization regarding specific issues of state park use, management, and privatization. An online demographically stratified panel survey of New York and Pennsylvania residents was used to examine differences in attitudes toward these issues by political affiliation. Respondents were placed into three categor…
Place attachment and spending preferences in a local public park system
In light of reduced public spending on local park and recreation services, corporate sponsorship has received attention as an effective, but potentially controversial, alternative funding strategy. Visitor place attachment may significantly influence the acceptability of specific spending practices of sponsorship revenue. The present study examines the influence of park users’ place attachment on the relationship between their attitude toward cor…
Understanding Hunting Constraints and Negotiation Strategies
This article examined a typology of female hunters, factors constraining participation, and negotiation strategies females used to overcome constraints. A survey of Oregon hunters was conducted in the summer of 2010 to understand hunting characteristics using the 2008 big game license database (n = 392). We created a typology of female hunters using a cluster analysis of Recreation Experience Preference items. Four clusters were identified: less-…
Blue lighting decreases the amount of food consumed in men, but not in women
Previous research has demonstrated that colors of lighting can modulate participants' motivation to consume the food placed under the lighting. This study was designed to determine whether the colors of lighting can affect the amount of food consumed, in addition to sensory perception of the food. The influence of lighting color was also compared between men and women. One-hundred twelve participants (62 men and 50 women) were asked to consume a …
An Identity-Based Conceptualization of Recreation Specialization
In this research, identity theory was adapted to reassess a conceptualization of recreation specialization. Past work has conceptualized the construct principally in terms of a combination of three components: conative (behavior, skill, centrality), cognitive (identity) and affect (attraction). Based on the tenets of identity theory, it was hypothesized that the identity-related facet influences other conative and affective specialization facets.…
Willingness to Pay for an Ecological Park Experience
The purpose of this study is to estimate an ecological park's use values and to show the statistical relationship between emotional/psychological determinants and visitors' willingness to pay (WTP). The study employs the contingent valuation method (CVM) to elicit the park's economic values. CVM, however, has been criticized due to potential exaggeration bias, so this study attempts to reduce this bias by reaffirming visitors' "yes" responses. Re…
Recreation Participation and Conservation Attitudes
This study reports a comparison of demographics, outdoor recreation activity patterns, and attitudes toward conservation issues collected via mail and online survey methods within a mixed-mode survey. Pennsylvania residents, randomly sampled by Survey Sampling, Inc., were invited in a pre-survey letter to complete the survey online, or through a paper survey mailed to their homes. Differences in outdoor recreation participation were generally sma…
Promotion of Family Recreation for a Nature-Based Destination
The promotion of intergenerational family recreation in a nature-based tourism destination could be an effective vehicle in the provision of a healthy youth development. Nature-based recreation participation in particular often offers opportunities for a family to grow together and maintain its cohesiveness. The purpose of this study is to explore the factors associated with the motivation to visit a nature-based destination for family recreation…
Family Recreation
Family recreation has been recognized as an effective vehicle in the provision of family customs and promotion of healthy youth development. In particular, outdoor-based recreation with its inherent challenges often offers opportunities for a family to grow together and maintain cohesive-ness. Building on antecedent research, this study attempts to explore factors associated with the motivation for the outdoor-based family recreation participatio…
Services for Culturally Diverse Customers in Parks and Recreation
Changes in racial and ethnic composition due to the increasing diversity in the United States are confronting managers of parks and recreation areas. Since cultural values influence perceptions and behaviors, studying cultural values among different groups is important for understanding perceptions of service quality and parks and recreation behavior. The purpose of this essay is to advocate the exploration of the relationship of cultural values …
Segmenting Anglers Using Their Consumptive Orientation Profiles
We examined the practical utility of segmenting visitors to a popular southeastern angling destination using their consumptive orientation profiles. Our analysis identified four segments that varied in terms of their consumptive orientation: Lots ‘o Fish who were most concerned about catching many fish; Bigguns who expressed the strongest preference for catching big fish; Nothin’ who indicated that catching no fish was okay; and Keepers who expre…
Examining the Antecedents of Destination Loyalty in a Forest Setting
Loyalty has become a critical part of leisure research due to increasing competition in the field and the recognition of the importance of loyal visitors. To further develop loyalty research, this study looks at the issue of destination loyalty in a forest setting. It specifically focuses on revealing the formation of attitudinal, conative, and behavioral loyalty and the relationship between destination loyalty and related concepts that influence…
The Effects of Specialization and Gender on Motivations and Preferences for Site Attributes in Paddling
Few empirical studies have examined the relationships between specialization level, gender, motivations, and preferred environmental setting. The purpose of our study was to examine the influence of specialization and gender on motivations and preferences for site attributes among canoeists. Subjects consisted of 663 canoeists from 11 paddling organizations. Results showed that high specialists differed from low specialists in the rated importanc…
Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions
An Examination of the Relationship between Leisure Activity Involvement and Place Attachment among Hikers Along the Appalachian Trail
The place attachment construct has been used by leisure researchers and practitioners to refine our understanding of certain leisure behaviors for over two decades. Despite the construct's importance to natural resource-based leisure, little empirical work has appeared in the leisure literature examining the construct's antecedent processes; that is, the processes that lead to recreationists'; attachment to settings. This study examined one antec…
Attachments to recreation settings
Backcountry Encounter Norms
Efforts to understand the impacts resulting from visitors in backcountry settings have increasingly turned to normative explanations. This paper builds on earlier review articles by providing a conceptual framework for analyzing the structural characteristics of norms. Three normative characteristics—range of tolerable contacts, norms. intensity and norm crystallization—are identified and measured quantitatively using data from the Brule River to…
Effect of Activity Involvement and Place Attachment on Recreationists' Perceptions of Setting Density
Research examining recreationists' perceptions of setting density in outdoor recreation contexts has illustrated the influence of a number of factors. In this investigation we examined the effect of activity involvement and place attachment on hikers' perceptions of setting density using frameworks offered by social judgment and cognitive development theories. We hypothesized that respondents' perceptions of setting density would involve cognitiv…
Gender and Ethnic Variations in Urban Park Preferences, Visitation, and Perceived Benefits
This paper examined how gender and ethnicity are related to preferences for various park characteristics, visitation to urban parks and open spaces, and perception of park benefits as reported by participants in a mail survey of residents in two metropolitan areas in the eastern United States. In total, 1570 questionnaires were completed, but 65 cases were deleted because they failed to identify their ethnicity or gender. The overall response rat…
Nature Tourism Constraints
An Examination of Recreationists' Relationships with Activities and Settings
The place attachment construct has demonstrated utility for explaining a variety of leisure behavior in outdoor recreation contexts. Preliminary evidence suggests that recreationists' involvement with leisure activities is an antecedent to their attachment to specific settings. Multidimensional measures of these constructs, however, indicate that linear interpretations of their relations may be misleading. Given that both involvement and place at…
Examining the Antecedents of Destination Loyalty in a Forest Setting
Loyalty has become a critical part of leisure research due to increasing competition in the field and the recognition of the importance of loyal visitors. To further develop loyalty research, this study looks at the issue of destination loyalty in a forest setting. It specifically focuses on revealing the formation of attitudinal, conative, and behavioral loyalty and the relationship between destination loyalty and related concepts that influence…
The Moderating Role of Place Attachment on the Relationship Between Attitudes Toward Fees and Spending Preferences
The variable, place attachment, has recently been used by investigators to assist in understanding visitor responses to fee programs on public lands. This paper examines the relationship between place attachment (i.e., place identity and place dependence), attitudes toward paying fees, and visitor preferences for spending fee revenue within the context of social judgment theory. It was hypothesized that both place dependence and place identity wo…
Degree and Range of Recreation Specialization
This paper extends previous specialization research by using the concept to compare individuals who participate in different boating activities and sub-activities. Analyses were based on a statewide random survey of Maryland boaters. The sample was first differentiated into motor and sailboaters. Within each boating activity, three subactivities were identified and the following hierarchy proposed: dayboaters (least specialized activity), overnig…
Social carrying capacity
This paper reviews research conducted over the past twenty years related to social carrying capacity. Pursuant to existing definitions, the scope of this review extends beyond most individual studies to include the broad range of variables which influence how people perceive quality in a recreation experience. Emphasis is placed on integrating this diverse literature within a conceptual framework which helps to explain the diversity and complexit…
Constraints to Outdoor Recreation
Understanding the constraints of persons with disabilities has long been a concern of natural resource managers, particularly since the inception of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. This study examines National Forest visitation and perceived constraints of recreationists in relation to the presence of a person with a disability in one's household. Data were collected through telephone surveys of the general population in three wester…
Specialization and Marine Based Environmental Behaviors Among SCUBA Divers
The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between recreation specialization and marine based environmental behaviors among SCUBA divers. Additionally, the study compared relationships with various types of environmental behaviors employing an overall multiple-item index and individual dimensions of recreation specialization (behavioral, cognitive and affective). Data (n = 370) were collected (May-September 2002) in the St. Petersb…
Perceived Competence as a Mediator of the Relationship Between High Risk Sports Participation and Self-Esteem
This field study tested the relevance of the hypothesis that perceived competence mediates the effects of participation in risk recreation or sports on self-esteem. A theoretical and operational distinction was made between general and specific perceived competence. To test the hypothesis, 95 rock climbers were interviewed before the day's climb and 64 after the day's climb; in addition, 23 members of a climbing club were asked to fill out the Ro…
Understanding access and use of municipal parks and recreation through an intersectionality perspective
We applied the multiple hierarchy stratification perspective to examine how access and use of municipal parks and recreation vary based upon the intersections of gender, race/ethnicity, age, income, place of residence, and education. We hierarchically stratified demographic combinations and calculated probabilities for having a park within walking distance, using parks, and participating in recreation programs. Findings demonstrated that as membe…
Factors contributing to perceptions of recreational crowding
This paper examines perceptions of crowding in a river recreation setting, using an alternative to the conventional crowding measure and a diverse set of potential predictor variables that have not been examined concurrently in previous studies. Analysis focuses on differences between three groups of respondents: crowded floaters, whose enjoyment was reduced by encounters with other people; neutral floaters; and those floaters whose enjoyment was…
Crowding at an arts festival
Ethnicity as a Variable in Leisure Research
The purpose of this study is to examine the usefulness of ethnicity as a construct in leisure research. In particular, we are interested in the degree to which presumed ethnic groups exhibit internal cultural homogeneity. In 2002, the visitors to the Angeles National Forest (ANF) near metropolitan Los Angeles were surveyed. Using purposive sampling at sites known to be heavily used by visitors with diverse ethnic backgrounds, we obtained a sample…
The Influence of Leisure Engagement on Daily Emotional Well-Being
Leisure engagement is believed to offer emotional benefits. However, relatively few studies have examined how leisure engagement influences emotional well-being in the context of individuals' everyday lives. The current study examined the associations between leisure engagement and daily emotional well-being, as measured by participants' mean levels of positive affect (PA), PA variability, and PA reactivity to stressors. Using smartphones, partic…
An Identity-Based Conceptualization of Recreation Specialization
In this research, identity theory was adapted to reassess a conceptualization of recreation specialization. Past work has conceptualized the construct principally in terms of a combination of three components: conative (behavior, skill, centrality), cognitive (identity) and affect (attraction). Based on the tenets of identity theory, it was hypothesized that the identity-related facet influences other conative and affective specialization facets.…
The Effects of Specialization and Gender on Motivations and Preferences for Site Attributes in Paddling
Few empirical studies have examined the relationships between specialization level, gender, motivations, and preferred environmental setting. The purpose of our study was to examine the influence of specialization and gender on motivations and preferences for site attributes among canoeists. Subjects consisted of 663 canoeists from 11 paddling organizations. Results showed that high specialists differed from low specialists in the rated importanc…
A framework for managing quality in the tourist experience
Notes on the stability of the factor structure of leisure meanings
This paper reports data concerning the stability of the factor structure of leisure meanings in the same recreational activity in two different geographic settings. Leisure meanings were conceptualized as a function of human needs and motivation. Data were obtained through surveys of river floaters in Dinosaur National Monument and Big Bend National Park. Summary findings include: (1) Recreationists did not tend to make fine distinctions between …
Exploring the conditions that promote intergroup contact at urban parks
Urban parks have the potential to serve as places that facilitate intergroup contact between racially and ethnically diverse users. However, there is limited evidence identifying the conditions under which intergroup contact occurs in urban park settings. Existing literature suggests that the psychosocial conditions of safety, community engagement, psychological ownership, and sense of welcome and belonging may be related to park-based intergroup…
Notes on the stability of the factor structure of leisure meanings
This paper reports data concerning the stability of the factor structure of leisure meanings in the same recreational activity in two different geographic settings. Leisure meanings were conceptualized as a function of human needs and motivation. Data were obtained through surveys of river floaters in Dinosaur National Monument and Big Bend National Park. Summary findings include: (1) Recreationists did not tend to make fine distinctions between …
Factors contributing to perceptions of recreational crowding
This paper examines perceptions of crowding in a river recreation setting, using an alternative to the conventional crowding measure and a diverse set of potential predictor variables that have not been examined concurrently in previous studies. Analysis focuses on differences between three groups of respondents: crowded floaters, whose enjoyment was reduced by encounters with other people; neutral floaters; and those floaters whose enjoyment was…
Resolved issues and remaining questions about social carrying capacity
(1984). Resolved issues and remaining questions about social carrying capacity. Leisure Sciences: Vol. 6, Social Carrying Capacity, pp. 497-507
Social carrying capacity
This paper reviews research conducted over the past twenty years related to social carrying capacity. Pursuant to existing definitions, the scope of this review extends beyond most individual studies to include the broad range of variables which influence how people perceive quality in a recreation experience. Emphasis is placed on integrating this diverse literature within a conceptual framework which helps to explain the diversity and complexit…
Effects of Recreation Trampling on Natural Area Vegetation
The injurious effects of recreational use on vegetation of natural areas is influenced by not only plant responses to the direct mechanical effects of trampling, but also by stress factors internal to the ecosystem as well as changes in the physical, chemical and biological nature of the soil medium. These effects are reviewed by tracing the dimensions of impact through selected stages in the life cycle of vascular plants beginning with seed germ…
Multiple determinants of satisfaction from a specific waterfowl hunting trip
This paper builds upon the multiple satisfaction approach to game management by evaluating the individual and combined effects of three basic dimensions—wildlife, human interaction, and nature/sport—on overall hunting satisfaction. In contrast to previous studies that focused on either hunting in general or deer hunting, this analysis was based on hunter evaluations of a specific waterfowl hunting trip. Results generally support the concept of mu…
Situational and subjective determinants of satisfaction in marine recreational fishing
This paper examines the influence of tangible trip outcomes and subjective evaluations on overall trip satisfaction in marine recreational fishing. The paper proposes a model of fishing satisfaction that integrates subjective and situational factors as well as consumptive and nonconsumptive elements of the experience. A replicated analysis of separate samples of Delaware and Maryland fishermen was used. Findings demonstrate that a significant por…
Degree and Range of Recreation Specialization
This paper extends previous specialization research by using the concept to compare individuals who participate in different boating activities and sub-activities. Analyses were based on a statewide random survey of Maryland boaters. The sample was first differentiated into motor and sailboaters. Within each boating activity, three subactivities were identified and the following hierarchy proposed: dayboaters (least specialized activity), overnig…
Backcountry Encounter Norms
Efforts to understand the impacts resulting from visitors in backcountry settings have increasingly turned to normative explanations. This paper builds on earlier review articles by providing a conceptual framework for analyzing the structural characteristics of norms. Three normative characteristics—range of tolerable contacts, norms. intensity and norm crystallization—are identified and measured quantitatively using data from the Brule River to…
A framework for managing quality in the tourist experience
Perceived Competence as a Mediator of the Relationship Between High Risk Sports Participation and Self-Esteem
This field study tested the relevance of the hypothesis that perceived competence mediates the effects of participation in risk recreation or sports on self-esteem. A theoretical and operational distinction was made between general and specific perceived competence. To test the hypothesis, 95 rock climbers were interviewed before the day's climb and 64 after the day's climb; in addition, 23 members of a climbing club were asked to fill out the Ro…
Repeat tourism, play, and monetary spending
Assessing rural tourism efforts in the United States
Attachments to recreation settings
Determining Future Travel Behavior from Past Travel Experience and Perceptions of Risk and Safety
This study examined the influences of past international travel experience, types of risk associated with international travel, and the overall degree of safety felt during interna tional travel on individuals' likelihood of travel to various geographic regions on their next international vacation trip or avoidance of those regions due to perceived risk. Informa tion integration theory and protection motivation theory served as the theoretical fr…
Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions
An Exploration of the Specialization Concept within the Context of Heritage Tourism
Americans’ interest in traveling to historic sites has increased recently and is expected to continue. Despite this trend, however, very little is known about individuals who visit heritage or cultural sites. Evidence suggests that there may be types of tourists who progress from general travelers to focused or specialized tourists. The objective of this study was to document whether types of heritage tourists exist and, if so, whether they diffe…
Effect of Harvest Success on Hunter Attitudes Toward White-Tailed Deer Management in Pennsylvania
This study examined effects of harvest and subjective evaluations of the state's deer herd on hunter satisfaction with white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) management in Pennsylvania. Hunters were classified as rifle, archery, or muzzleloader through a probability model based on prior experience. Backward hierarchical log-linear analysis was used to model satisfaction with deer management for the three groups. Successfully harvesting deer…
Information Needs and Search Behaviors
The current ethnic population coupled with higher birth rates and immigration will dramatically affect participation in outdoor recreation. Recreation area managers must be able to decipher current and potential visitors' needs and motivations for visiting. This article examines various aspects of information use and search behaviors among National Forest visitors, notably among various ethnic groups and types of users. Uses and gratifications (U…
Level of Skill and its Relationship to Recreation Conflict and Tolerance Among Adult Skiers and Snowboarders
Since the introduction of snowboarders on the slopes, skiers have noted them to be reckless and unsafe, largely due to unacceptable behaviors, such as speeding, unsafe jumping practices, riding out of control, and noise level. Such behaviors usually reflect one's level of experience and subsequent lack of skill, which have been identified as factors that contribute to conflict. With the increase in the number of snowboarders, the degree of confli…
Crowding at an arts festival
Alternate Measurement Approaches to Recreational Customer Satisfaction
This study blends service quality and importance-performance methodologies to extend previous research beyond traditional customer service domains. The study examined water-based recreationists' importance and satisfaction ratings across a battery of 19 individual attributes within four domains relevant to outdoor recreation satisfaction (facilities, services, information, and recreation experience). Both the satisfaction-only item scores and gap…
The Moderating Role of Place Attachment on the Relationship Between Attitudes Toward Fees and Spending Preferences
The variable, place attachment, has recently been used by investigators to assist in understanding visitor responses to fee programs on public lands. This paper examines the relationship between place attachment (i.e., place identity and place dependence), attitudes toward paying fees, and visitor preferences for spending fee revenue within the context of social judgment theory. It was hypothesized that both place dependence and place identity wo…
An Examination of the Relationship between Leisure Activity Involvement and Place Attachment among Hikers Along the Appalachian Trail
The place attachment construct has been used by leisure researchers and practitioners to refine our understanding of certain leisure behaviors for over two decades. Despite the construct's importance to natural resource-based leisure, little empirical work has appeared in the leisure literature examining the construct's antecedent processes; that is, the processes that lead to recreationists'; attachment to settings. This study examined one antec…
Effects of place attachment on users’ perceptions of social and environmental conditions in a natural setting
Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management (48 works) · Psychology (46 works) · Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research (36 works) · Recreation (35 works) · Geography (34 works) · Social Psychology (34 works) · Social Psychology (30 works) · Political science (29 works) · Sociology (29 works) · Business (24 works)