H Irene Hall
Biographic Data
| ID | 6060144 |
|---|---|
| NAME | H Irene Hall |
| GIVEN NAMES | H Irene |
| FAMILY NAME | Hall |
| SIGNATURE | HALL H I |
| AFFILIATIONS | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-0470-8746 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 29 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 32 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 29 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1996 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Structural Discrimination against and Structural Support for Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual People as a Predictor of Late HIV Diagnoses among Black Men who Have Sex with Men
Demographic Trends in US HIV Diagnoses, 2008–2017
Demographic Trends in US HIV Diagnoses, 2008–2017: Data Movies Lauren C. Zalla MS, Jessie K. Edwards PhD, Stephen R. Cole PhD, Jacqueline E. Rudolph PhD, Tiffany L. Breger PhD, Arti Virkud MPH, Anna Satcher Johnson MPH, and H. Irene Hall PhD, MPH Affiliation Lauren C. Zalla, Jessie K. Edwards, Stephen R. Cole, Tiffany L. Breger, and Arti Virkud are with the Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Jacqueline E. Rudol…
Differences in Selected HIV Care Continuum Outcomes Among People Residing in Rural, Urban, and Metropolitan Areas—28 US Jurisdictions
PURPOSE: The HIV care continuum is used to monitor success in HIV diagnosis and treatment among persons living with HIV in the United States. Significant differences exist along the HIV care continuum between subpopulations of people living with HIV; however, differences that may exist between residents of rural and nonrural areas have not been reported. METHODS: We analyzed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National HIV Surveillan…
State minimum wage laws and newly diagnosed cases of HIV among heterosexual black residents of US metropolitan areas
This ecologic cohort study explores the relationship between state minimum wage laws and rates of HIV diagnoses among heterosexual black residents of U.S metropolitan areas over an 8-year span. Specifically, we applied hierarchical linear modeling to investigate whether state-level variations in minimum wage laws, adjusted for cost-of-living and inflation, were associated with rates of new HIV diagnoses among heterosexual black residents of metro…
Relationship of Racial Residential Segregation to Newly Diagnosed Cases of HIV among Black Heterosexuals in US Metropolitan Areas, 2008–2015
Receipt and timing of HIV drug resistance testing in six U.S. jurisdictions
The Department of Health and Human Services recommends drug resistance testing at linkage to HIV care. Because receipt and timing of testing are not well characterized, we examined testing patterns among persons with diagnosed HIV who are linked to care. Using surveillance data in six jurisdictions for persons aged ≥13 years with HIV infection diagnosed in 2013, we assessed the proportion receiving testing, and among these, the proportion receivi…
Care and viral suppression during the last year of life among persons with HIV who died in 2012, 18 US jurisdictions
Death due to HIV remains a leading cause of death among some US populations, yet little is known about HIV care before death. We used data from the National HIV Surveillance System to determine disease stage and care within 12 months prior to death among persons infected with HIV who died in 2012. Persons were considered to be in care within 12 months before death if they had ≥1 CD4 or viral load test results, and in continuous care if they had ≥…
Contextual Predictors of Injection Drug Use Among Black Adolescents and Adults in US Metropolitan Areas, 1993–2007
Objectives. We sought to determine whether contextual factors shape injection drug use among Black adolescents and adults. Methods. For this longitudinal study of 95 US metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), we drew annual MSA-specific estimates of the prevalence of injection drug use (IDU) among Black adolescents and adults in 1993 through 2007 from 3 surveillance databases. We used existing administrative data to measure MSA-level socioeconomic…
Trends in HIV Infection Among Persons Who Inject Drugs
Objectives. To describe trends in HIV diagnoses and prevalence among persons who inject drugs (PWID), and trend variations by jurisdiction. Methods. We used National HIV Surveillance System data to estimate the number of HIV diagnoses made during 2008 through 2013, and measured trends by estimated annual percent change; and persons living with diagnosed HIV infection at year-end 2008 to 2012, and measured trends in prevalence by the 2012–2008 ari…
Vital Signs
BACKGROUND: In 2014, approximately 40,000 persons in the United States received a diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with daily oral antiretroviral medication is a new, highly effective intervention that could reduce the number of new HIV infections. METHODS: CDC analyzed nationally representative data to estimate the percentages and numbers of persons in the United States, by transmission ri…
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission at Each Step of the Care Continuum in the United States
IMPORTANCE: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission risk is primarily dependent on behavior (sexual and injection drug use) and HIV viral load. National goals emphasize maximizing coverage along the HIV care continuum, but the effect on HIV prevention is unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the rate and number of HIV transmissions attributable to persons at each of the following 5 HIV care continuum steps: HIV infected but undiagnosed, HIV di…
Late Diagnosis of HIV Infection in Metropolitan Areas of the United States and Puerto Rico
The Epidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Care among Adult and Adolescent Females in the United States, 2008–2012
HIV Diagnoses Among Men Who Have Sex With Men and Women—United States and 6 Dependent Areas, 2008-2011
Objectives. We sought to describe HIV diagnoses among men who have sex with men and women (MSMW), who have the potential to bridge HIV transmission risk from men who have sex with men (MSM) to women. Methods. Applying National HIV Surveillance System data for persons aged 13 years and older, we examined estimated numbers and percentages of HIV diagnoses among MSMW and MSM only (MSMO) from 2008 to 2011, and estimated the annual percentage change a…
Differences in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Care and Treatment Among Subpopulations in the United States
IMPORTANCE: Early diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, prompt linkage to and sustained care, and antiretroviral therapy are associated with reduced individual morbidity, mortality, and transmission of the virus. However, levels of these indicators may differ among population groups with HIV. Disparities in care and treatment may contribute to the higher incidence rates among groups with higher prevalence of HIV. OBJECTIVE: T…
HIV Transmission in the United States
Using the HIV Surveillance System to Monitor the National HIV/Aids Strategy
Objectives. To report on indicators of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy, we analyzed data collected through the national HIV surveillance system. Methods. We analyzed data from adults and adolescents aged 13 years or older diagnosed with HIV in 13 US jurisdictions that have laboratory reporting of CD4+ T-lymphocyte (CD4) and viral load (VL) test results and enter CD4 and VL test results into the national surveillance system. Results. Of 4899 people…
HIV transmission rates from persons living with HIV who are aware and unaware of their infection
Transmission rate modeling estimated secondary infections from those aware and unaware of their HIV infection. An estimated 49% of transmissions were from the 20% of persons living with HIV unaware of their infection. About eight transmissions would be averted per 100 persons newly aware of their infection; with more infections averted the higher the percentage of persons with viral suppression who can be linked to care. Improving all stages of H…
Behavioral Factors in Assessing Impact of HIV Treatment as Prevention
Costs, Consequences and Feasibility of Strategies for Achieving the Goals of the National HIV/Aids Strategy in the United States
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in HIV Diagnoses Among Persons Aged 50 Years and Older in 37 US States, 2005–2008
Objectives. We examined racial/ethnic disparities in HIV diagnosis rates for persons aged 50 years and older. Methods. We analyzed surveillance data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention regarding HIV diagnoses during 2005 through 2008 in 37 states. Average annual rates of diagnoses were calculated for persons aged 50 years and older and compared with rates for persons aged 13 to 49 years. Results. The average annual rate of diagnos…
Estimated HIV Incidence in the United States, 2006–2009
BACKGROUND: The estimated number of new HIV infections in the United States reflects the leading edge of the epidemic. Previously, CDC estimated HIV incidence in the United States in 2006 as 56,300 (95% CI: 48,200-64,500). We updated the 2006 estimate and calculated incidence for 2007-2009 using improved methodology. METHODOLOGY: We estimated incidence using incidence surveillance data from 16 states and 2 cities and a modification of our previou…
Trends in HIV Diagnoses and Testing Among U.S. Adolescents and Young Adults
Estimation of HIV Incidence in the United States
CONTEXT: Incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the United States has not been directly measured. New assays that differentiate recent vs long-standing HIV infections allow improved estimation of HIV incidence. OBJECTIVE: To estimate HIV incidence in the United States. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: Remnant diagnostic serum specimens from patients 13 years or older and newly diagnosed with HIV during 2006 in 22 states were tested with…
Racial/Ethnic and Age Disparities in HIV Prevalence and Disease Progression Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United States
Objectives. We examined HIV diagnosis rates and disease progression among men who have sex with men (MSM) according to race/ethnicity and age. Methods. Using data obtained from the national HIV/AIDS surveillance system, we examined trends in HIV diagnosis rates for 2001 through 2004 using Poisson regression. We used a standardized Kaplan–Meier method to determine differences in time of progression from HIV to AIDS and AIDS survival. Results. HIV …
Racial/Ethnic and Age Disparities in HIV Prevalence and Disease Progression Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United States
Objectives. We examined HIV diagnosis rates and disease progression among men who have sex with men (MSM) according to race/ethnicity and age. Methods. Using data obtained from the national HIV/AIDS surveillance system, we examined trends in HIV diagnosis rates for 2001 through 2004 using Poisson regression. We used a standardized Kaplan–Meier method to determine differences in time of progression from HIV to AIDS and AIDS survival. Results. HIV …
Relationship of Racial Residential Segregation to Newly Diagnosed Cases of HIV among Black Heterosexuals in US Metropolitan Areas, 2008–2015
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in HIV Diagnoses Among Persons Aged 50 Years and Older in 37 US States, 2005–2008
Objectives. We examined racial/ethnic disparities in HIV diagnosis rates for persons aged 50 years and older. Methods. We analyzed surveillance data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention regarding HIV diagnoses during 2005 through 2008 in 37 states. Average annual rates of diagnoses were calculated for persons aged 50 years and older and compared with rates for persons aged 13 to 49 years. Results. The average annual rate of diagnos…
HIV Diagnoses Among Men Who Have Sex With Men and Women—United States and 6 Dependent Areas, 2008-2011
Objectives. We sought to describe HIV diagnoses among men who have sex with men and women (MSMW), who have the potential to bridge HIV transmission risk from men who have sex with men (MSM) to women. Methods. Applying National HIV Surveillance System data for persons aged 13 years and older, we examined estimated numbers and percentages of HIV diagnoses among MSMW and MSM only (MSMO) from 2008 to 2011, and estimated the annual percentage change a…
Characteristics of Persons With Heterosexually Acquired HIV Infection, United States 1999–2004
Objectives. In the United States a growing proportion of cases of heterosexually acquired HIV infections occur in women and in persons of color. We analyzed the association between race/ethnicity, whether diagnoses of HIV infection and AIDS were made concurrently, and the survival after diagnosis of heterosexually acquired AIDS. Methods. We used data from 29 states that report confidential name-based HIV/AIDS cases to the Centers for Disease Cont…
Occupational Risk Factors for Selected Cancers Among African American and White Men in the United States
Objectives. This study examined occupational risks for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s disease, and soft-tissue sarcoma among African American and White men. Methods. Race-specific multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted using data from a large US population-based case–control study. Results. Significant occupational risks were limited to African Americans; chromium was associated with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (odds ratio [OR] = …
Contextual Predictors of Injection Drug Use Among Black Adolescents and Adults in US Metropolitan Areas, 1993–2007
Objectives. We sought to determine whether contextual factors shape injection drug use among Black adolescents and adults. Methods. For this longitudinal study of 95 US metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), we drew annual MSA-specific estimates of the prevalence of injection drug use (IDU) among Black adolescents and adults in 1993 through 2007 from 3 surveillance databases. We used existing administrative data to measure MSA-level socioeconomic…
Trends in HIV Infection Among Persons Who Inject Drugs
Objectives. To describe trends in HIV diagnoses and prevalence among persons who inject drugs (PWID), and trend variations by jurisdiction. Methods. We used National HIV Surveillance System data to estimate the number of HIV diagnoses made during 2008 through 2013, and measured trends by estimated annual percent change; and persons living with diagnosed HIV infection at year-end 2008 to 2012, and measured trends in prevalence by the 2012–2008 ari…
Using the HIV Surveillance System to Monitor the National HIV/Aids Strategy
Objectives. To report on indicators of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy, we analyzed data collected through the national HIV surveillance system. Methods. We analyzed data from adults and adolescents aged 13 years or older diagnosed with HIV in 13 US jurisdictions that have laboratory reporting of CD4+ T-lymphocyte (CD4) and viral load (VL) test results and enter CD4 and VL test results into the national surveillance system. Results. Of 4899 people…
Risk factors for hazardous substance releases that result in injuries and evacuations
This study was undertaken to determine risk factors associated with hazardous substance releases (at fixed facilities or during transport) that have public health consequences. Data from nine states with surveillance systems for such releases and their consequences were analyzed. Risk factors were determined for releases resulting in (1) injuries or (2) evacuations. Both outcomes were more likely to occur as a result of facility releases (odds ra…
Risk factors for hazardous substance releases that result in injuries and evacuations
This study was undertaken to determine risk factors associated with hazardous substance releases (at fixed facilities or during transport) that have public health consequences. Data from nine states with surveillance systems for such releases and their consequences were analyzed. Risk factors were determined for releases resulting in (1) injuries or (2) evacuations. Both outcomes were more likely to occur as a result of facility releases (odds ra…
Occupational Risk Factors for Selected Cancers Among African American and White Men in the United States
Objectives. This study examined occupational risks for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s disease, and soft-tissue sarcoma among African American and White men. Methods. Race-specific multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted using data from a large US population-based case–control study. Results. Significant occupational risks were limited to African Americans; chromium was associated with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (odds ratio [OR] = …
HIV in Predominantly Rural Areas of the United States
BACKGROUND: The burden of HIV/AIDS has not been described for certain rural areas of the United States (Appalachia, the Southeast Region, the Mississippi Delta, and the US-Mexico Border), where barriers to receiving HIV services include rural residence, poverty, unemployment, and lack of education. METHODS: We used data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) HIV/AIDS Reporting System to determine the rates of HIV (data from 29 stat…
Racial/Ethnic and Age Disparities in HIV Prevalence and Disease Progression Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United States
Objectives. We examined HIV diagnosis rates and disease progression among men who have sex with men (MSM) according to race/ethnicity and age. Methods. Using data obtained from the national HIV/AIDS surveillance system, we examined trends in HIV diagnosis rates for 2001 through 2004 using Poisson regression. We used a standardized Kaplan–Meier method to determine differences in time of progression from HIV to AIDS and AIDS survival. Results. HIV …
Characteristics of Persons With Heterosexually Acquired HIV Infection, United States 1999–2004
Objectives. In the United States a growing proportion of cases of heterosexually acquired HIV infections occur in women and in persons of color. We analyzed the association between race/ethnicity, whether diagnoses of HIV infection and AIDS were made concurrently, and the survival after diagnosis of heterosexually acquired AIDS. Methods. We used data from 29 states that report confidential name-based HIV/AIDS cases to the Centers for Disease Cont…
Estimation of HIV Incidence in the United States
CONTEXT: Incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the United States has not been directly measured. New assays that differentiate recent vs long-standing HIV infections allow improved estimation of HIV incidence. OBJECTIVE: To estimate HIV incidence in the United States. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: Remnant diagnostic serum specimens from patients 13 years or older and newly diagnosed with HIV during 2006 in 22 states were tested with…
Estimated HIV Incidence in the United States, 2006–2009
BACKGROUND: The estimated number of new HIV infections in the United States reflects the leading edge of the epidemic. Previously, CDC estimated HIV incidence in the United States in 2006 as 56,300 (95% CI: 48,200-64,500). We updated the 2006 estimate and calculated incidence for 2007-2009 using improved methodology. METHODOLOGY: We estimated incidence using incidence surveillance data from 16 states and 2 cities and a modification of our previou…
Trends in HIV Diagnoses and Testing Among U.S. Adolescents and Young Adults
HIV transmission rates from persons living with HIV who are aware and unaware of their infection
Transmission rate modeling estimated secondary infections from those aware and unaware of their HIV infection. An estimated 49% of transmissions were from the 20% of persons living with HIV unaware of their infection. About eight transmissions would be averted per 100 persons newly aware of their infection; with more infections averted the higher the percentage of persons with viral suppression who can be linked to care. Improving all stages of H…
Behavioral Factors in Assessing Impact of HIV Treatment as Prevention
Costs, Consequences and Feasibility of Strategies for Achieving the Goals of the National HIV/Aids Strategy in the United States
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in HIV Diagnoses Among Persons Aged 50 Years and Older in 37 US States, 2005–2008
Objectives. We examined racial/ethnic disparities in HIV diagnosis rates for persons aged 50 years and older. Methods. We analyzed surveillance data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention regarding HIV diagnoses during 2005 through 2008 in 37 states. Average annual rates of diagnoses were calculated for persons aged 50 years and older and compared with rates for persons aged 13 to 49 years. Results. The average annual rate of diagnos…
Differences in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Care and Treatment Among Subpopulations in the United States
IMPORTANCE: Early diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, prompt linkage to and sustained care, and antiretroviral therapy are associated with reduced individual morbidity, mortality, and transmission of the virus. However, levels of these indicators may differ among population groups with HIV. Disparities in care and treatment may contribute to the higher incidence rates among groups with higher prevalence of HIV. OBJECTIVE: T…
HIV Transmission in the United States
Using the HIV Surveillance System to Monitor the National HIV/Aids Strategy
Objectives. To report on indicators of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy, we analyzed data collected through the national HIV surveillance system. Methods. We analyzed data from adults and adolescents aged 13 years or older diagnosed with HIV in 13 US jurisdictions that have laboratory reporting of CD4+ T-lymphocyte (CD4) and viral load (VL) test results and enter CD4 and VL test results into the national surveillance system. Results. Of 4899 people…
HIV Diagnoses Among Men Who Have Sex With Men and Women—United States and 6 Dependent Areas, 2008-2011
Objectives. We sought to describe HIV diagnoses among men who have sex with men and women (MSMW), who have the potential to bridge HIV transmission risk from men who have sex with men (MSM) to women. Methods. Applying National HIV Surveillance System data for persons aged 13 years and older, we examined estimated numbers and percentages of HIV diagnoses among MSMW and MSM only (MSMO) from 2008 to 2011, and estimated the annual percentage change a…
Vital Signs
BACKGROUND: In 2014, approximately 40,000 persons in the United States received a diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with daily oral antiretroviral medication is a new, highly effective intervention that could reduce the number of new HIV infections. METHODS: CDC analyzed nationally representative data to estimate the percentages and numbers of persons in the United States, by transmission ri…
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission at Each Step of the Care Continuum in the United States
IMPORTANCE: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission risk is primarily dependent on behavior (sexual and injection drug use) and HIV viral load. National goals emphasize maximizing coverage along the HIV care continuum, but the effect on HIV prevention is unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the rate and number of HIV transmissions attributable to persons at each of the following 5 HIV care continuum steps: HIV infected but undiagnosed, HIV di…
Late Diagnosis of HIV Infection in Metropolitan Areas of the United States and Puerto Rico
The Epidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Care among Adult and Adolescent Females in the United States, 2008–2012
Care and viral suppression during the last year of life among persons with HIV who died in 2012, 18 US jurisdictions
Death due to HIV remains a leading cause of death among some US populations, yet little is known about HIV care before death. We used data from the National HIV Surveillance System to determine disease stage and care within 12 months prior to death among persons infected with HIV who died in 2012. Persons were considered to be in care within 12 months before death if they had ≥1 CD4 or viral load test results, and in continuous care if they had ≥…
Contextual Predictors of Injection Drug Use Among Black Adolescents and Adults in US Metropolitan Areas, 1993–2007
Objectives. We sought to determine whether contextual factors shape injection drug use among Black adolescents and adults. Methods. For this longitudinal study of 95 US metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), we drew annual MSA-specific estimates of the prevalence of injection drug use (IDU) among Black adolescents and adults in 1993 through 2007 from 3 surveillance databases. We used existing administrative data to measure MSA-level socioeconomic…
Trends in HIV Infection Among Persons Who Inject Drugs
Objectives. To describe trends in HIV diagnoses and prevalence among persons who inject drugs (PWID), and trend variations by jurisdiction. Methods. We used National HIV Surveillance System data to estimate the number of HIV diagnoses made during 2008 through 2013, and measured trends by estimated annual percent change; and persons living with diagnosed HIV infection at year-end 2008 to 2012, and measured trends in prevalence by the 2012–2008 ari…
Receipt and timing of HIV drug resistance testing in six U.S. jurisdictions
The Department of Health and Human Services recommends drug resistance testing at linkage to HIV care. Because receipt and timing of testing are not well characterized, we examined testing patterns among persons with diagnosed HIV who are linked to care. Using surveillance data in six jurisdictions for persons aged ≥13 years with HIV infection diagnosed in 2013, we assessed the proportion receiving testing, and among these, the proportion receivi…
Differences in Selected HIV Care Continuum Outcomes Among People Residing in Rural, Urban, and Metropolitan Areas—28 US Jurisdictions
PURPOSE: The HIV care continuum is used to monitor success in HIV diagnosis and treatment among persons living with HIV in the United States. Significant differences exist along the HIV care continuum between subpopulations of people living with HIV; however, differences that may exist between residents of rural and nonrural areas have not been reported. METHODS: We analyzed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National HIV Surveillan…
Medicine (28 works) · HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions (23 works) · Demography (22 works) · HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk (20 works) · Environmental health (19 works) · Population (14 works) · Gerontology (13 works) · HIV Research and Treatment (12 works) · Gerontology (11 works) · Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health (10 works)