G A Kaplan
Biographic Data
| ID | 6066060 |
|---|---|
| NAME | G A Kaplan |
| GIVEN NAMES | G A |
| FAMILY NAME | Kaplan |
| SIGNATURE | KAPLAN G A |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Michigan |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9559-4451 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 33 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 639 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 33 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1987 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2011 |
| H-INDEX | 11 |
O4-2.4 Complexity, epidemiology and the understanding of “what if”
Einstein is reputed to have said that “everything should be as simple as possible, but not simpler.” These words ring ever more true to epidemiologists as we struggle to gain knowledge about complex disease processes that involve dynamic interactions between biological, behavioural, social, spatial, socioeconomic, and global determinants. Understanding the etiologic and policy implications of such a rich stew of factors challenges the “independen…
Causal thinking and complex system approaches in epidemiology
Identifying biological and behavioural causes of diseases has been one of the central concerns of epidemiology for the past half century. This has led to the development of increasingly sophisticated conceptual and analytical approaches focused on the isolation of single causes of disease states. However, the growing recognition that (i) factors at multiple levels, including biological, behavioural and group levels may influence health and diseas…
Depression and early retirement
Background: Mental depression is an important health problem in many countries. It reduces productivity at work and is the fastest increasing reason for early retirement. Methods: This study followed up a Finnish cohort of 1726 men from 1984 to 2000. Depression was assessed at baseline by HPL depression score. Pension records were obtained from the national pension registers. Cox’s regression analysis was used to estimate the associations of depr…
Impact of Self-Assessed Hearing Loss on a Spouse
Findings suggest that early diagnosis and treatment of hearing loss constitute important clinical strategies to enhance the well-being of both hearing-impaired individuals and their spouses and support policy change to cover hearing devices by insurance. Further research incorporating theoretical perspectives from communication theory and qualitative methodology would enhance understanding of how hearing loss impacts older couples and support ref…
Prospective association between obesity and depression
Socioeconomic Position Across the Lifecourse and Cognitive Function in Late Middle Age
Socioeconomic conditions across all stages of the lifecourse appear to make unique contributions to cognitive function in late middle age. These results also suggest that in terms of cognitive function, origin is not necessarily destiny, as disadvantaged socioeconomic circumstances in childhood may be overcome to some extent by upward mobility later in life
Relation between income inequality and mortality
Objective: To assess the extent to which observed associations at population level between income inequality and mortality are statistical artefacts. Design: Indirect “what if” simulation by using observed risks of mortality at individual level as a function of income to construct hypothetical state level mortality specific for age and sex as if the statistical artefact argument were 100% correct. Setting: Data from the 1990 census for the 50 US …
Neighborhood Social Environment and Risk of Death
Recent reports suggest the importance of associations between residential area characteristics and health status, but most research uses only census data to measure these characteristics. The current research examined the effect of overall neighborhood social environment on 11-year risk of death. On the basis of data, the authors developed a three-component neighborhood social environment scale: 1) commercial stores; 2) population socioeconomic s…
Vital Exhaustion and Diastolic Blood Pressure Reactivity Are Related to Features of Insulin Resistance Syndrome and Atherosclerosis
Olafsson, G. B.; Jennings, J. R.; Everson, S. A.; Manuck, S. B.; Kamarck, T. W.; Salonen, J. T.; Kaplan, G. A. Author Information
Stress Reactivity, Socioeconomic Status and Incident Stroke
Everson, S. A.; Lynch, J. W.; Kaplan, G. A.; Sivenius, J.; Salonen, J. T. Author Information
Anger Expression and Incident Hypertension
OBJECTIVE: It has long been thought that anger is important in the development of essential hypertension. However, tests of this hypothesis have yielded conflicting findings. This study prospectively examined the relationship between anger expression style and incident hypertension in a population sample of middle-aged men. METHODS: Participants were 537 initially normotensive men from eastern Finland, who completed a medical examination and seri…
Religiosity Buffers Effects of Some Stressors on Depression but Exacerbates Others
Although religiosity is protective for mortality and morbidity, its relationship with depression is unclear. We used the 1994 Alameda County Study survey of 2,537 subjects aged 50–102 to analyze associations between two forms of religiosity and depression as well as the extent to which religiosity buffers relationships between stressors and depression. Non-organizational religiosity included prayer and importance of religious and spiritual belief…
Antecedents of Frailty Over Three Decades in an Older Cohort
Studies of disability in old age have focused on gross measures of physical functioning. More useful results for prevention might be gleaned from examining risk factors associated with frailty, a concept implying a broader range of more subtle problems in multiple domains. This study conceptualized frailty as involving problems or difficulties in two or more functional domains (physical, nutritive, cognitive, and sensory) and analyzed prospective…
Poverty area residence and changes in physical activity level
OBJECTIVES: Evidence from the Alameda County Study indicated that residential area has an independent effect on mortality risk. The current research examined the effect of poverty area residence on change in physical activity (n = 1737). METHODS: Data were from a longitudinal population-based cohort. Multiple linear regression analyses were used. RESULTS: Age- and sex-adjusted change scores between 1965 and 1974 for physical activity were 0.67 un…
Does low socioeconomic status potentiate the effects of heightened cardiovascular responses to stress on the progression of carotid atherosclerosis
OBJECTIVES: This study examined whether heightened cardiovascular reactivity and low socioeconomic status had synergistic effects on the progression of carotid atherosclerosis in a population of eastern Finnish men. METHODS: Data from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study were used to measure 4-year progression of intima-media thickness in 882 men according to cardiovascular reactivity and socioeconomic status. Associations were exa…
Income inequality and mortality in metropolitan areas of the United States
OBJECTIVES: This study examined associations between income inequality and mortality in 282 US metropolitan areas. METHODS: Income inequality measures were calculated from the 1990 US Census. Mortality was calculated from National Center for Health Statistics data and modeled with weighted linear regressions of the log age-adjusted rate. RESULTS: Excess mortality between metropolitan areas with high and low income inequality ranged from 64.7 to 9…
Hostility and Increased Risk of Mortality and Acute Myocardial Infarction
Cynical hostility has been associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; yet few studies have investigated this relation in population-based samples, and little is known about underlying mechanisms. This study examined the association between hostility, measured by the eight-item Cynical Distrust Scale, and risk for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and incident myocardial infarction. Subjects were 2,125 men, ages 42-60 y…
New Burdens or More of the Same? Comparing Grandparent, Spouse, and Adult-Child Caregivers
This study compares the health of 42 grandparent, 44 spouse, and 130 adult-child caregivers with 1,669 noncaregivers in 1994 and 1974. In 1994, all three caregiver groups had poorer mental health than the noncaregivers; grandparent caregivers also had poorer physical health and greater activity limitations. Spouse and adult-child caregivers had not differed from the noncaregivers 20 years prior, but grandparent caregivers had experienced poorer h…
Prevalence and Correlates of Depression in an Aging Cohort
Data on symptoms of major depressive episodes were examined for the 1994 cohort (n = 2,417) of the Alameda County Study (mean age = 65). In addition to age, we examined gender, education, marital status, social isolation and social support, perceived physical and mental health, chronic medical conditions, functional impairment, life events, financial strain, and neighborhood quality. The point prevalence of symptoms of major depressive episodes w…
Workplace conditions, socioeconomic status, and the risk of mortality and acute myocardial infarction
OBJECTIVES: This study investigated whether the association between workplace conditions and the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and acute myocardial infarction differed by socioeconomic status. METHODS: Prospective data were used to examine these associations in 2297 Finnish men, with adjustment for prevalent diseases and biological, behavioral, and psychosocial covariates, and stratified by employment status and workplace social …
Whither studies on the socioeconomic foundations of population health
Whither studies on the socioeconomic foundations of population health? G A Kaplan, and J W LynchCopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.87.9.1409 Published Online: August 30, 2011
Frequent attendance at religious services and mortality over 28 years
OBJECTIVES: This study analyzed the long-term association between religious attendance and mortality to determine whether the association is explained by improvements in health practices and social connections for frequent attenders. METHODS: The association between frequent attendance and mortality over 28 years for 5286 Alameda Country Study respondents was examined. Logistic regression models analyzed associations between attendance and subseq…
An increasing prevalence of hearing impairment and associated risk factors over three decades of the Alameda County Study
OBJECTIVES: This study assessed changes in the prevalence of hearing impairment in persons aged 50 years and older over the past 30 years and identified risk factors. METHODS: Age-adjusted hearing impairment prevalence rates at four time intervals were calculated from the Alameda County Study (n = 5108). Logistic regression models analyzed risk factors from 1974 for 1994 incident hearing impairment. RESULTS: The prevalence of hearing impairment n…
Why do poor people behave poorly? Variation in adult health behaviours and psychosocial characteristics by stages of the socioeconomic lifecourse
Successful Aging
Six-year predictors of successful aging were analyzed for 356 Alameda County Study men and women aged 65-95 years measured prospectively in 1984 and followed to 1990. Successful aging was defined as needing no assistance nor having difficulty on any of 13 activity/mobility measures plus little or no difficulty on five physical performance measures. After adjusting for baseline successful aging, sex, and age, the authors found that 1984 predictors…
Why do poor people behave poorly? Variation in adult health behaviours and psychosocial characteristics by stages of the socioeconomic lifecourse
Income inequality and mortality in metropolitan areas of the United States
OBJECTIVES: This study examined associations between income inequality and mortality in 282 US metropolitan areas. METHODS: Income inequality measures were calculated from the 1990 US Census. Mortality was calculated from National Center for Health Statistics data and modeled with weighted linear regressions of the log age-adjusted rate. RESULTS: Excess mortality between metropolitan areas with high and low income inequality ranged from 64.7 to 9…
Frequent attendance at religious services and mortality over 28 years
OBJECTIVES: This study analyzed the long-term association between religious attendance and mortality to determine whether the association is explained by improvements in health practices and social connections for frequent attenders. METHODS: The association between frequent attendance and mortality over 28 years for 5286 Alameda Country Study respondents was examined. Logistic regression models analyzed associations between attendance and subseq…
Religiosity Buffers Effects of Some Stressors on Depression but Exacerbates Others
Although religiosity is protective for mortality and morbidity, its relationship with depression is unclear. We used the 1994 Alameda County Study survey of 2,537 subjects aged 50–102 to analyze associations between two forms of religiosity and depression as well as the extent to which religiosity buffers relationships between stressors and depression. Non-organizational religiosity included prayer and importance of religious and spiritual belief…
Predictors of healthy aging
Long-term predictors of high levels of physical functioning were examined in a representative sample of Alameda County, California residents followed from 1965 through 1984. The cohort investigated in this study was born between 1895 and 1919, with survivors being age 65 to 89 at the time of follow-up. A scale of physical functioning was developed from a comprehensive set of questionnaire items which assessed the full spectrum of physical functio…
Mortality among the elderly in the Alameda County Study
We studied the association between behavioral and demographic risk factors and 17-year mortality in members of the Alameda County (California) Study who were 60-94 years of age at baseline. In this age group, increased risk of death is associated with being male, smoking, having little leisure-time physical activity, deviating from moderate weight relative to height, and not regularly eating breakfast. These increased risks were independent of ag…
Poverty area residence and changes in physical activity level
OBJECTIVES: Evidence from the Alameda County Study indicated that residential area has an independent effect on mortality risk. The current research examined the effect of poverty area residence on change in physical activity (n = 1737). METHODS: Data were from a longitudinal population-based cohort. Multiple linear regression analyses were used. RESULTS: Age- and sex-adjusted change scores between 1965 and 1974 for physical activity were 0.67 un…
Socioeconomic Position Across the Lifecourse and Cognitive Function in Late Middle Age
Socioeconomic conditions across all stages of the lifecourse appear to make unique contributions to cognitive function in late middle age. These results also suggest that in terms of cognitive function, origin is not necessarily destiny, as disadvantaged socioeconomic circumstances in childhood may be overcome to some extent by upward mobility later in life
Whither studies on the socioeconomic foundations of population health
Whither studies on the socioeconomic foundations of population health? G A Kaplan, and J W LynchCopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.87.9.1409 Published Online: August 30, 2011
Antecedents of Frailty Over Three Decades in an Older Cohort
Studies of disability in old age have focused on gross measures of physical functioning. More useful results for prevention might be gleaned from examining risk factors associated with frailty, a concept implying a broader range of more subtle problems in multiple domains. This study conceptualized frailty as involving problems or difficulties in two or more functional domains (physical, nutritive, cognitive, and sensory) and analyzed prospective…
Workplace conditions, socioeconomic status, and the risk of mortality and acute myocardial infarction
OBJECTIVES: This study investigated whether the association between workplace conditions and the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and acute myocardial infarction differed by socioeconomic status. METHODS: Prospective data were used to examine these associations in 2297 Finnish men, with adjustment for prevalent diseases and biological, behavioral, and psychosocial covariates, and stratified by employment status and workplace social …
Prevalence and Correlates of Depression in an Aging Cohort
Data on symptoms of major depressive episodes were examined for the 1994 cohort (n = 2,417) of the Alameda County Study (mean age = 65). In addition to age, we examined gender, education, marital status, social isolation and social support, perceived physical and mental health, chronic medical conditions, functional impairment, life events, financial strain, and neighborhood quality. The point prevalence of symptoms of major depressive episodes w…
Does low socioeconomic status potentiate the effects of heightened cardiovascular responses to stress on the progression of carotid atherosclerosis
OBJECTIVES: This study examined whether heightened cardiovascular reactivity and low socioeconomic status had synergistic effects on the progression of carotid atherosclerosis in a population of eastern Finnish men. METHODS: Data from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study were used to measure 4-year progression of intima-media thickness in 882 men according to cardiovascular reactivity and socioeconomic status. Associations were exa…
An increasing prevalence of hearing impairment and associated risk factors over three decades of the Alameda County Study
OBJECTIVES: This study assessed changes in the prevalence of hearing impairment in persons aged 50 years and older over the past 30 years and identified risk factors. METHODS: Age-adjusted hearing impairment prevalence rates at four time intervals were calculated from the Alameda County Study (n = 5108). Logistic regression models analyzed risk factors from 1974 for 1994 incident hearing impairment. RESULTS: The prevalence of hearing impairment n…
Impact of Self-Assessed Hearing Loss on a Spouse
Findings suggest that early diagnosis and treatment of hearing loss constitute important clinical strategies to enhance the well-being of both hearing-impaired individuals and their spouses and support policy change to cover hearing devices by insurance. Further research incorporating theoretical perspectives from communication theory and qualitative methodology would enhance understanding of how hearing loss impacts older couples and support ref…
Depression and early retirement
Background: Mental depression is an important health problem in many countries. It reduces productivity at work and is the fastest increasing reason for early retirement. Methods: This study followed up a Finnish cohort of 1726 men from 1984 to 2000. Depression was assessed at baseline by HPL depression score. Pension records were obtained from the national pension registers. Cox’s regression analysis was used to estimate the associations of depr…
Mortality among the elderly in the Alameda County Study
We studied the association between behavioral and demographic risk factors and 17-year mortality in members of the Alameda County (California) Study who were 60-94 years of age at baseline. In this age group, increased risk of death is associated with being male, smoking, having little leisure-time physical activity, deviating from moderate weight relative to height, and not regularly eating breakfast. These increased risks were independent of ag…
Social Connections and Mortality From All Causes and From Cardiovascular Disease
The association between an a priori measure of social connections and five-year mortality from all causes, cardiovascular diseases (International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Revision (ICD-8) codes 390-458), and ischemic heart disease (ICD-8 codes 410-414) was studied in 13,301 men and women from eastern Finland who were first interviewed in 1972 or 1977. For men, there was a graded association between extent of social connections and morta…
Predictors of healthy aging
Long-term predictors of high levels of physical functioning were examined in a representative sample of Alameda County, California residents followed from 1965 through 1984. The cohort investigated in this study was born between 1895 and 1919, with survivors being age 65 to 89 at the time of follow-up. A scale of physical functioning was developed from a comprehensive set of questionnaire items which assessed the full spectrum of physical functio…
Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease
Despite recent declines in mortality, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the United States today. It appears that many of the major risk factors for coronary disease have been identified. Researchers are still learning about different modifiable factors that may influence cardiovascular diseases. Socioeconomic status may provide a new focus. The principal measures of SES have been education, occupation, and income or combin…
Childhood and adult socioeconomic status as predictors of mortality in Finland
Alexithymia may influence the diagnosis of coronary heart disease
A number of psychosomatic studies have suggested that alexithymia, impairment in identifying and expressing inner feelings, might somehow affect the course of various illnesses. However, none of these studies have distinguished between an impact of alexithymia on actual pathophysiological change versus an impact only on illness behavior. In the present study, a population-based random sample of 2297 middle-aged men from Eastern Finland was evalua…
Hostility and the progression of carotid atherosclerosis
We studied prospectively the association of hostility and anger suppression by the use of ultrasonographically assessed 2-year progression of carotid atherosclerosis (PCA) in a sample of 119 middle-aged men from eastern Finland. Based on measures of cynical distrust, impatience-irritability, anger-in, and anger-control, four variants of hostility-by-anger suppression model were tested with multiple regression analysis. In addition to the previous…
Successful Aging
Six-year predictors of successful aging were analyzed for 356 Alameda County Study men and women aged 65-95 years measured prospectively in 1984 and followed to 1990. Successful aging was defined as needing no assistance nor having difficulty on any of 13 activity/mobility measures plus little or no difficulty on five physical performance measures. After adjusting for baseline successful aging, sex, and age, the authors found that 1984 predictors…
Do Cardiovascular Risk Factors Explain the Relation between Socioeconomic Status, Risk of All-Cause Mortality, Cardiovascular Mortality, and Acute Myocardial Infarction?
Much remains to be understood about how low socioeconomic status (SES) increases cardiovascular disease and mortality risk. Data from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study (1984-1993) were used to estimate the associations between acute myocardial infarction and income, all-cause mortality, and cardiovascular mortality in a population-based sample of 2,272 Finnish men, with adjustment for 23 biologic, behavioral, psychologic, and so…
Hostility and Increased Risk of Mortality and Acute Myocardial Infarction
Cynical hostility has been associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; yet few studies have investigated this relation in population-based samples, and little is known about underlying mechanisms. This study examined the association between hostility, measured by the eight-item Cynical Distrust Scale, and risk for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and incident myocardial infarction. Subjects were 2,125 men, ages 42-60 y…
New Burdens or More of the Same? Comparing Grandparent, Spouse, and Adult-Child Caregivers
This study compares the health of 42 grandparent, 44 spouse, and 130 adult-child caregivers with 1,669 noncaregivers in 1994 and 1974. In 1994, all three caregiver groups had poorer mental health than the noncaregivers; grandparent caregivers also had poorer physical health and greater activity limitations. Spouse and adult-child caregivers had not differed from the noncaregivers 20 years prior, but grandparent caregivers had experienced poorer h…
Prevalence and Correlates of Depression in an Aging Cohort
Data on symptoms of major depressive episodes were examined for the 1994 cohort (n = 2,417) of the Alameda County Study (mean age = 65). In addition to age, we examined gender, education, marital status, social isolation and social support, perceived physical and mental health, chronic medical conditions, functional impairment, life events, financial strain, and neighborhood quality. The point prevalence of symptoms of major depressive episodes w…
Workplace conditions, socioeconomic status, and the risk of mortality and acute myocardial infarction
OBJECTIVES: This study investigated whether the association between workplace conditions and the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and acute myocardial infarction differed by socioeconomic status. METHODS: Prospective data were used to examine these associations in 2297 Finnish men, with adjustment for prevalent diseases and biological, behavioral, and psychosocial covariates, and stratified by employment status and workplace social …
Whither studies on the socioeconomic foundations of population health
Whither studies on the socioeconomic foundations of population health? G A Kaplan, and J W LynchCopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.87.9.1409 Published Online: August 30, 2011
Frequent attendance at religious services and mortality over 28 years
OBJECTIVES: This study analyzed the long-term association between religious attendance and mortality to determine whether the association is explained by improvements in health practices and social connections for frequent attenders. METHODS: The association between frequent attendance and mortality over 28 years for 5286 Alameda Country Study respondents was examined. Logistic regression models analyzed associations between attendance and subseq…
An increasing prevalence of hearing impairment and associated risk factors over three decades of the Alameda County Study
OBJECTIVES: This study assessed changes in the prevalence of hearing impairment in persons aged 50 years and older over the past 30 years and identified risk factors. METHODS: Age-adjusted hearing impairment prevalence rates at four time intervals were calculated from the Alameda County Study (n = 5108). Logistic regression models analyzed risk factors from 1974 for 1994 incident hearing impairment. RESULTS: The prevalence of hearing impairment n…
Why do poor people behave poorly? Variation in adult health behaviours and psychosocial characteristics by stages of the socioeconomic lifecourse
Anger Expression and Incident Hypertension
OBJECTIVE: It has long been thought that anger is important in the development of essential hypertension. However, tests of this hypothesis have yielded conflicting findings. This study prospectively examined the relationship between anger expression style and incident hypertension in a population sample of middle-aged men. METHODS: Participants were 537 initially normotensive men from eastern Finland, who completed a medical examination and seri…
Religiosity Buffers Effects of Some Stressors on Depression but Exacerbates Others
Although religiosity is protective for mortality and morbidity, its relationship with depression is unclear. We used the 1994 Alameda County Study survey of 2,537 subjects aged 50–102 to analyze associations between two forms of religiosity and depression as well as the extent to which religiosity buffers relationships between stressors and depression. Non-organizational religiosity included prayer and importance of religious and spiritual belief…
Antecedents of Frailty Over Three Decades in an Older Cohort
Studies of disability in old age have focused on gross measures of physical functioning. More useful results for prevention might be gleaned from examining risk factors associated with frailty, a concept implying a broader range of more subtle problems in multiple domains. This study conceptualized frailty as involving problems or difficulties in two or more functional domains (physical, nutritive, cognitive, and sensory) and analyzed prospective…
Poverty area residence and changes in physical activity level
OBJECTIVES: Evidence from the Alameda County Study indicated that residential area has an independent effect on mortality risk. The current research examined the effect of poverty area residence on change in physical activity (n = 1737). METHODS: Data were from a longitudinal population-based cohort. Multiple linear regression analyses were used. RESULTS: Age- and sex-adjusted change scores between 1965 and 1974 for physical activity were 0.67 un…
Does low socioeconomic status potentiate the effects of heightened cardiovascular responses to stress on the progression of carotid atherosclerosis
OBJECTIVES: This study examined whether heightened cardiovascular reactivity and low socioeconomic status had synergistic effects on the progression of carotid atherosclerosis in a population of eastern Finnish men. METHODS: Data from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study were used to measure 4-year progression of intima-media thickness in 882 men according to cardiovascular reactivity and socioeconomic status. Associations were exa…
Income inequality and mortality in metropolitan areas of the United States
OBJECTIVES: This study examined associations between income inequality and mortality in 282 US metropolitan areas. METHODS: Income inequality measures were calculated from the 1990 US Census. Mortality was calculated from National Center for Health Statistics data and modeled with weighted linear regressions of the log age-adjusted rate. RESULTS: Excess mortality between metropolitan areas with high and low income inequality ranged from 64.7 to 9…
Relation between income inequality and mortality
Objective: To assess the extent to which observed associations at population level between income inequality and mortality are statistical artefacts. Design: Indirect “what if” simulation by using observed risks of mortality at individual level as a function of income to construct hypothetical state level mortality specific for age and sex as if the statistical artefact argument were 100% correct. Setting: Data from the 1990 census for the 50 US …
Neighborhood Social Environment and Risk of Death
Recent reports suggest the importance of associations between residential area characteristics and health status, but most research uses only census data to measure these characteristics. The current research examined the effect of overall neighborhood social environment on 11-year risk of death. On the basis of data, the authors developed a three-component neighborhood social environment scale: 1) commercial stores; 2) population socioeconomic s…
Medicine (29 works) · Health disparities and outcomes (21 works) · Population (20 works) · Environmental health (19 works) · Demography (16 works) · Internal Medicine (14 works) · Gerontology (13 works) · Psychology (12 works) · Socioeconomic status (12 works) · Internal Medicine (10 works)