Toine Spapens
Biographic Data
| ID | 6251575 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Toine Spapens |
| GIVEN NAMES | Toine |
| FAMILY NAME | Spapens |
| SIGNATURE | SPAPENS T |
| AFFILIATIONS | Tilburg University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-3110-8738 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 13 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 23 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 13 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2007 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 2 |
Criminal infiltration in amateur football
In the past five years involvement of criminals in socially beneficial activities and philanthropy has received increasing attention in the Netherlands. Amateur football clubs appear to be particularly vulnerable to criminal infiltration. This paper presents the results of three exploratory studies conducted to answer two main questions. First, to what extent does criminal infiltration in amateur football occur, who are involved and what are thei…
Assessing the predictive validity of a risk assessment instrument for repeat victimization in the Netherlands using prior police contacts
The current study examined to what extent a valid instrument that predicts repeat victimization can be based on a victim's prior police contacts. Police records between 2010 and 2017 were retrieved for a sample of 68,229 victims. The data was split into a training set ( n = 34,224) and a test set ( n = 34,005). Using logistic regression analyses in the training set, three models were developed linking prior police contacts to repeat victimization…
Assessing the Risk of Repeat Victimization Using Structured and Unstructured Police Information
Following the EU Victim Directive, Dutch police officers are obliged to assess a victim’s vulnerability to repeat victimization. This study explored the utility of unstructured police information for the prediction of repeat victimization, as well as its incremental value over and above structured police information. Police records over a period of 6 years were retrieved for a sample of 116,680 victims. Unstructured information was transformed in…
Regulators and villains
In the past decades, private actors have become key actors in regulation and enforcement of various forms of trade. In this paper, we focus on the role of private actors in the regulation of the trade in diamonds and caviar. We examine the stages of calling for additional regulation; setting regulatory requirements; and determining and effectuating compliance mechanisms. Our analysis illustrates that private actors may play important roles in thi…
The business of trafficking in human beings
This chapter analyses the illegal activity of trafficking in human beings (THB) from a business perspective. It addresses three types of THB. First, trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation relates to forced prostitution or the involuntary provision of other sex-related services, such as massage with a &s;happy ending&s;. Second, trafficking for the purpose of labour exploitation relates to all other types of being forced into legitimat…
Transnational Organized Crime
Match-fixing
Match-fixing is a topic that captures the imagination of the public and increasingly attracts academic interest as well. Manipulation of sports games can be sports related, to achieve a better result for the team or a player, or gambling related to gain financially from the outcome. This paper describes the results of an empirical study of match-fixing in The Netherlands and analyses the main risk factors involved. These are social relations of p…
The fight against human trafficking in the Amsterdam Red Light District
The Amsterdam Red Light District is famous for its sex-oriented businesses. Although prostitution was legalized in 2000, this did not end some of its criminal side effects, particularly the trafficking in women. In an effort to combat human trafficking in the district, the local authorities launched the Emergo project in 2007. The core of the project is a multi-agency approach in which the municipality, the police, the public prosecution service …
Do Mafias Control the Criminal World? A Network Perspective
One of the major differences between mafia-type criminal organizations and other crime groups postulated in the 1960s by criminologists such as Cressey and Schelling is that mafias “control” parts of the criminal world. Since then, others have fiercely criticized this assumption and nowadays, the “disorganized” nature of organized crime in states with an effective criminal justice system, in which no specific crime group stands out, seems to be w…
Interaction between criminal groups and law enforcement
The police and the policymakers in the field of organised crime generally assume that criminal groups are very flexible in their responses to law enforcement intervention. They use this flexibility to explain why some forms of organised crime are very difficult to curb. Criminal groups may also develop more effective protection methods over time. Another explanation may be that others are quick to replace apprehended members of criminal groups, o…
Joint Investigation Teams in the European Union
Joint Investigation Teams (JITs) can represent an important benefit in cross-border criminal investigations. This chapter addresses the different types of coordinated and joint investigation, and considers the circumstances under which each of these is a particularly useful instrument. It begins by outlining two main types of serious and organized cross-border crime, and discusses relevant developments of the past two decades. The chapter offers …
Macro Networks, Collectives, and Business Processes
brill.nl/eccl © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2010 DOI: 10.1163/157181710X12659830399653 Macro Networks, Collectives, and Business Processes: An Integrated Approach to Organized Crime Toine Spapens Senior research fellow, Department of Criminal Law, Tilburg University, The Netherlands 1. Introduction Over the last few decades, criminologists have devoted considerable attention to how the concept of organized crime should be theorized. At the end …
Trafficking in Illicit Firearms for Criminal Purposes within the European Union
Match-fixing
Match-fixing is a topic that captures the imagination of the public and increasingly attracts academic interest as well. Manipulation of sports games can be sports related, to achieve a better result for the team or a player, or gambling related to gain financially from the outcome. This paper describes the results of an empirical study of match-fixing in The Netherlands and analyses the main risk factors involved. These are social relations of p…
Macro Networks, Collectives, and Business Processes
brill.nl/eccl © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2010 DOI: 10.1163/157181710X12659830399653 Macro Networks, Collectives, and Business Processes: An Integrated Approach to Organized Crime Toine Spapens Senior research fellow, Department of Criminal Law, Tilburg University, The Netherlands 1. Introduction Over the last few decades, criminologists have devoted considerable attention to how the concept of organized crime should be theorized. At the end …
The fight against human trafficking in the Amsterdam Red Light District
The Amsterdam Red Light District is famous for its sex-oriented businesses. Although prostitution was legalized in 2000, this did not end some of its criminal side effects, particularly the trafficking in women. In an effort to combat human trafficking in the district, the local authorities launched the Emergo project in 2007. The core of the project is a multi-agency approach in which the municipality, the police, the public prosecution service …
Trafficking in Illicit Firearms for Criminal Purposes within the European Union
Interaction between criminal groups and law enforcement
The police and the policymakers in the field of organised crime generally assume that criminal groups are very flexible in their responses to law enforcement intervention. They use this flexibility to explain why some forms of organised crime are very difficult to curb. Criminal groups may also develop more effective protection methods over time. Another explanation may be that others are quick to replace apprehended members of criminal groups, o…
Trafficking in Illicit Firearms for Criminal Purposes within the European Union
Macro Networks, Collectives, and Business Processes
brill.nl/eccl © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2010 DOI: 10.1163/157181710X12659830399653 Macro Networks, Collectives, and Business Processes: An Integrated Approach to Organized Crime Toine Spapens Senior research fellow, Department of Criminal Law, Tilburg University, The Netherlands 1. Introduction Over the last few decades, criminologists have devoted considerable attention to how the concept of organized crime should be theorized. At the end …
Interaction between criminal groups and law enforcement
The police and the policymakers in the field of organised crime generally assume that criminal groups are very flexible in their responses to law enforcement intervention. They use this flexibility to explain why some forms of organised crime are very difficult to curb. Criminal groups may also develop more effective protection methods over time. Another explanation may be that others are quick to replace apprehended members of criminal groups, o…
Joint Investigation Teams in the European Union
Joint Investigation Teams (JITs) can represent an important benefit in cross-border criminal investigations. This chapter addresses the different types of coordinated and joint investigation, and considers the circumstances under which each of these is a particularly useful instrument. It begins by outlining two main types of serious and organized cross-border crime, and discusses relevant developments of the past two decades. The chapter offers …
Do Mafias Control the Criminal World? A Network Perspective
One of the major differences between mafia-type criminal organizations and other crime groups postulated in the 1960s by criminologists such as Cressey and Schelling is that mafias “control” parts of the criminal world. Since then, others have fiercely criticized this assumption and nowadays, the “disorganized” nature of organized crime in states with an effective criminal justice system, in which no specific crime group stands out, seems to be w…
Transnational Organized Crime
Match-fixing
Match-fixing is a topic that captures the imagination of the public and increasingly attracts academic interest as well. Manipulation of sports games can be sports related, to achieve a better result for the team or a player, or gambling related to gain financially from the outcome. This paper describes the results of an empirical study of match-fixing in The Netherlands and analyses the main risk factors involved. These are social relations of p…
The fight against human trafficking in the Amsterdam Red Light District
The Amsterdam Red Light District is famous for its sex-oriented businesses. Although prostitution was legalized in 2000, this did not end some of its criminal side effects, particularly the trafficking in women. In an effort to combat human trafficking in the district, the local authorities launched the Emergo project in 2007. The core of the project is a multi-agency approach in which the municipality, the police, the public prosecution service …
The business of trafficking in human beings
This chapter analyses the illegal activity of trafficking in human beings (THB) from a business perspective. It addresses three types of THB. First, trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation relates to forced prostitution or the involuntary provision of other sex-related services, such as massage with a &s;happy ending&s;. Second, trafficking for the purpose of labour exploitation relates to all other types of being forced into legitimat…
Regulators and villains
In the past decades, private actors have become key actors in regulation and enforcement of various forms of trade. In this paper, we focus on the role of private actors in the regulation of the trade in diamonds and caviar. We examine the stages of calling for additional regulation; setting regulatory requirements; and determining and effectuating compliance mechanisms. Our analysis illustrates that private actors may play important roles in thi…
Assessing the predictive validity of a risk assessment instrument for repeat victimization in the Netherlands using prior police contacts
The current study examined to what extent a valid instrument that predicts repeat victimization can be based on a victim's prior police contacts. Police records between 2010 and 2017 were retrieved for a sample of 68,229 victims. The data was split into a training set ( n = 34,224) and a test set ( n = 34,005). Using logistic regression analyses in the training set, three models were developed linking prior police contacts to repeat victimization…
Assessing the Risk of Repeat Victimization Using Structured and Unstructured Police Information
Following the EU Victim Directive, Dutch police officers are obliged to assess a victim’s vulnerability to repeat victimization. This study explored the utility of unstructured police information for the prediction of repeat victimization, as well as its incremental value over and above structured police information. Police records over a period of 6 years were retrieved for a sample of 116,680 victims. Unstructured information was transformed in…
Criminal infiltration in amateur football
In the past five years involvement of criminals in socially beneficial activities and philanthropy has received increasing attention in the Netherlands. Amateur football clubs appear to be particularly vulnerable to criminal infiltration. This paper presents the results of three exploratory studies conducted to answer two main questions. First, to what extent does criminal infiltration in amateur football occur, who are involved and what are thei…
Law (9 works) · Political science (9 works) · Criminology (8 works) · Business (6 works) · Law (6 works) · Psychology (6 works) · Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance (5 works) · Enforcement (5 works) · Sociology (5 works) · Computer Science (4 works)