Laura Martín‐francé
Biographic Data
| ID | 627180 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Laura Martín‐francé |
| GIVEN NAMES | Laura |
| FAMILY NAME | Martín‐francé |
| SIGNATURE | FRANCÉ L M |
| AFFILIATIONS | Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH) Burgos 09002 Spain |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5853-5014 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 24 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 205 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 24 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2011 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Reassessment and new evidence of the dental remains from Payre site (France)
Morphological evidence suggests that European Middle Pleistocene hominins share a common phylogenetic history, yet they display a substantial morphometric variability. In particular, MIS 7 − 5 hominins have been proposed to exhibit a distinctive combination of traits differentiating them from both earlier and later Neanderthal populations. However, the scarcity of fossil remains from this period limits our understanding of Neanderthal evolutionar…
Reconstructing dietary preferences in the Middle Pleistocene Sima de los Huesos population: A molar macrowear perspective
Molar macrowear analysis is a valuable tool for inferring dietary preferences in extinct hominins, ultimately aiding in the reconstruction of subsistence strategies and paleoenvironmental conditions. Radiometric studies suggest that the Middle Pleistocene population from the Atapuerca-Sima de los Huesos site likely lived during Marine Isotope Stage 12, one of the coldest global periods. In this study, we applied the occlusal fingerprint analysis …
On the impact of micro-CT scanning on radiocarbon dating of fossil material: A cautionary note for the palaeoanthropological community and beyond
In this study, we investigate the impact of X-rays produced by conventional mCT instruments on fossil materials dated by radiocarbon. Our results clearly show a decrease on the collagen preservation in fossil and modern bones and teeth, and therefore on the radiocarbon analytical results (in particular, the collagen yield and, possibly, stable isotope composition), after mCT scanning. In other words, all the samples analysed here have experienced…
Focus at 250 ka within the Neanderthal lineage: Comparison of teeth from Biache-Saint-Vaast (Somme) and Payre (Ardèche) in France
Ce document a t gnr automatiquement le 17 dcembre 2025.Le texte seul est utilisable
Inter- and intrapopulation variability of dental tissue proportions of European and African modern human populations’ permanent canines
International audience
New discoveries and re-discoveries of human remains from the late Middle Pleistocene
The fame of the prehistoric sites of Montmaurin is based on the discovery in 1949 of a human mandible of archaic morphology appearance, now curated at the Musée de l’Homme. It comes from a karstic chimney called La Niche. Nearby is the Coupe-Gorge cave, which is larger than the Niche, although it was cut off by a quarry, and in which Louis Méroc undertook excavations with his team from 1946 to 1961. He uncovered some human remains which were late…
Middle Pleistocene hominin teeth from Biache-Saint-Vaast, France
The study of dental morphology can be a very useful tool to understand the origin and evolution of Neanderthals in Europe during the Middle Pleistocene (MP). At present, the earliest evidence, ca. 430 ka, of a pre-Neanderthal population in Europe is the hominin sample from Atapuerca-Sima de los Huesos (SH) that present clear dental affinities with Neanderthals while other penecontemporaneous populations, such as Arago or Mala Balanica, exhibit le…
Comparing the Boxgrove and Atapuerca (Sima de los Huesos) human fossils: Do they represent distinct paleodemes
The early Middle Pleistocene human material from Boxgrove (West Sussex, UK) consists of a partial left tibia and two lower incisors from a separate adult individual. These remains derive from deposits assigned to the MIS 13 interglacial at about 480 ka and have been referred to as Homo cf. heidelbergensis. The much larger skeletal sample from the Sima de los Huesos (Atapuerca, Spain) is dated to the succeeding MIS 12, at about 430 ka. This fossil…
Early Pleistocene hominin teeth from Gongwangling of Lantian, Central China
The Ratón Pérez collection: Modern deciduous human teeth at the Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (Burgos, Spain)
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this report is to present the large deciduous tooth collection of identified children that is housed at the National Research Center on Human Evolution (CENIEH) in Burgos, Spain. METHODS: Yearly, members of the Dental Anthropology Group of the CENIEH are in charge of collecting the teeth and registering all the relevant information from the donors at the time of collection. In compliance with Spanish Law 14/2007 of July 3, …
Comparative dental study between Homo antecessor and Chinese Homo erectus: Nonmetric features and geometric morphometrics
Ectopic maxillary third molar in Early Pleistocene Homo antecessor from Atapuerca‐Gran Dolina site (Burgos, Spain)
Objectives Here we describe the case of an ectopic maxillary third molar (M 3 ), preventing the eruption of the M 2 , in the individual H3 of the hominin hypodigm of level TD6.2 of the Early Pleistocene site of Gran Dolina (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain). Materials and Methods The fossil remains from the TD6.2 level of the Gran Dolina site (about 170 specimens) are assigned to Homo antecessor . Different geochronological methods place these hominins…
Sexual dimorphism of dental tissues in modern human mandibular molars
OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have revealed that human permanent dental tissue proportions differ significantly between males and females, with females having relatively thicker enamel relative to overall crown area than males. The aims of this study are to investigate sexual dimorphism in permanent mandibular molars and to determine whether such differences can be used to estimate sex in modern humans reliably. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The permanen…
The earliest modern humans outside Africa
Earliest modern humans out of Africa Recent paleoanthropological studies have suggested that modern humans migrated from Africa as early as the beginning of the Late Pleistocene, 120,000 years ago. Hershkovitz et al. now suggest that early modern humans were already present outside of Africa more than 55,000 years earlier (see the Perspective by Stringer and Galway-Witham). During excavations of sediments at Mount Carmel, Israel, they found a fos…
Contribution of dental tissues to sex determination in modern human populations
OBJECTIVES: Accurate sex estimation is an essential step for the reconstruction of the biological profile of human remains. Earlier studies have shown that elements of the human permanent dentition are sexually dimorphic. The aims of this study are to determine the degree of sexual dimorphism in the dental tissue volumes and surface areas of mandibular canines and to explore its potential for reliable sex determination. METHOD: The teeth included…
Dentine morphology of Atapuerca‐Sima de los Huesos lower molars: Evolutionary implications through three‐dimensional geometric morphometric analysis
Our results are compatible with the idea that multiple evolutionary lineages or populations coexisted in Europe during the Middle Pleistocene, with the SH paradigm phylogenetically closer to Homo neanderthalensis. Further research could support the possibility of SH as a separate taxon. Alternatively, SH could be a subspecies of Neanderthals, with the variability of this clade being remarkably higher than previously thought
Modern humans sex estimation through dental tissue patterns of maxillary canines
OBJECTIVES: Dental tissue proportions of human permanent canines is one of only a few sexually dimorphic features that is present in childhood and maintained in adults, offering the opportunity for this to be used in sex determination. This study assesses dental tissue volumes and surface areas of maxillary permanent canines in a sample of known sex to provide new data and to explore the potential of these variables as reliable sexual estimators.…
Early Pleistocene hominin deciduous teeth from the Homo antecessor Gran Dolina‐TD6 bearing level (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain)
This study expands the list of plesiomorphic features of H. antecessor, and provides some information on the evolutionary status of this species. However, the identification of some advanced traits evinces a step towards the derived morphology of European Pleistocene teeth. The study of the deciduous dentition confirms the mosaic pattern of H. antecessor morphology revealed in previous studies of this hominin sample
Quantifying the impact of μCT‐scanning of human fossil teeth on ESR age results
Fossil human teeth are nowadays systematically CT‐scanned by palaeoanthropologists prior to any further analysis. It has been recently demonstrated that this noninvasive technique has, in most cases, virtually no influence on ancient DNA preservation. However, it may have nevertheless an impact on other techniques, like Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) dating, by artificially ageing the apparent age of the sample. To evaluate this impact, we μCT‐sca…
New methodology to reconstruct in 2‐D the cuspal enamel of modern human lower molars
OBJECTIVES: In the last years different methodologies have been developed to reconstruct worn teeth. In this article, we propose a new 2-D methodology to reconstruct the worn enamel of lower molars. Our main goals are to reconstruct molars with a high level of accuracy when measuring relevant histological variables and to validate the methodology calculating the errors associated with the measurements. METHODS: This methodology is based on polyno…
Virtual reconstruction of the Early Pleistocene mandible ATD 6‐96 from Gran Dolina‐ TD 6‐2 (Sierra De Atapuerca, Spain)
H. antecessor is derived regarding the shape of the mandibular alveolar arcade within the genus Homo and points to an early divergence from contemporaneous African populations. Our results also ratify the affinities of H. antecessor with Neanderthals, although the precise relationship with this lineage needs further research
Early pleistocene human humeri from the gran dolina‐TD6 site (sierra de atapuerca, spain)
In this report, we present a morphometric comparative study of two Early Pleistocene humeri recovered from the TD6 level of the Gran Dolina cave site in Sierra de Atapuerca, northern Spain. ATD6‐121 belongs to a child between 4 and 6 years old, whereas ATD6‐148 corresponds to an adult. ATD6‐148 exhibits the typical pattern of the genus Homo, but it also shows a large olecranon fossa and very thin medial and lateral pillars (also present in ATD6‐1…
Early Pleistocene human mandible from Sima del Elefante (TE) cave site in Sierra de Atapuerca (Spain): A comparative morphological study
Early Pleistocene human mandible from Sima del Elefante (TE) cave site in Sierra de Atapuerca (Spain): A palaeopathological study
Early Pleistocene human mandible from Sima del Elefante (TE) cave site in Sierra de Atapuerca (Spain): A comparative morphological study
Early pleistocene human humeri from the gran dolina‐TD6 site (sierra de atapuerca, spain)
In this report, we present a morphometric comparative study of two Early Pleistocene humeri recovered from the TD6 level of the Gran Dolina cave site in Sierra de Atapuerca, northern Spain. ATD6‐121 belongs to a child between 4 and 6 years old, whereas ATD6‐148 corresponds to an adult. ATD6‐148 exhibits the typical pattern of the genus Homo, but it also shows a large olecranon fossa and very thin medial and lateral pillars (also present in ATD6‐1…
Comparing the Boxgrove and Atapuerca (Sima de los Huesos) human fossils: Do they represent distinct paleodemes
The early Middle Pleistocene human material from Boxgrove (West Sussex, UK) consists of a partial left tibia and two lower incisors from a separate adult individual. These remains derive from deposits assigned to the MIS 13 interglacial at about 480 ka and have been referred to as Homo cf. heidelbergensis. The much larger skeletal sample from the Sima de los Huesos (Atapuerca, Spain) is dated to the succeeding MIS 12, at about 430 ka. This fossil…
Early Pleistocene human mandible from Sima del Elefante (TE) cave site in Sierra de Atapuerca (Spain): A palaeopathological study
Contribution of dental tissues to sex determination in modern human populations
OBJECTIVES: Accurate sex estimation is an essential step for the reconstruction of the biological profile of human remains. Earlier studies have shown that elements of the human permanent dentition are sexually dimorphic. The aims of this study are to determine the degree of sexual dimorphism in the dental tissue volumes and surface areas of mandibular canines and to explore its potential for reliable sex determination. METHOD: The teeth included…
Early Pleistocene hominin deciduous teeth from the Homo antecessor Gran Dolina‐TD6 bearing level (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain)
This study expands the list of plesiomorphic features of H. antecessor, and provides some information on the evolutionary status of this species. However, the identification of some advanced traits evinces a step towards the derived morphology of European Pleistocene teeth. The study of the deciduous dentition confirms the mosaic pattern of H. antecessor morphology revealed in previous studies of this hominin sample
Dentine morphology of Atapuerca‐Sima de los Huesos lower molars: Evolutionary implications through three‐dimensional geometric morphometric analysis
Our results are compatible with the idea that multiple evolutionary lineages or populations coexisted in Europe during the Middle Pleistocene, with the SH paradigm phylogenetically closer to Homo neanderthalensis. Further research could support the possibility of SH as a separate taxon. Alternatively, SH could be a subspecies of Neanderthals, with the variability of this clade being remarkably higher than previously thought
Modern humans sex estimation through dental tissue patterns of maxillary canines
OBJECTIVES: Dental tissue proportions of human permanent canines is one of only a few sexually dimorphic features that is present in childhood and maintained in adults, offering the opportunity for this to be used in sex determination. This study assesses dental tissue volumes and surface areas of maxillary permanent canines in a sample of known sex to provide new data and to explore the potential of these variables as reliable sexual estimators.…
Virtual reconstruction of the Early Pleistocene mandible ATD 6‐96 from Gran Dolina‐ TD 6‐2 (Sierra De Atapuerca, Spain)
H. antecessor is derived regarding the shape of the mandibular alveolar arcade within the genus Homo and points to an early divergence from contemporaneous African populations. Our results also ratify the affinities of H. antecessor with Neanderthals, although the precise relationship with this lineage needs further research
Early Pleistocene hominin teeth from Gongwangling of Lantian, Central China
Sexual dimorphism of dental tissues in modern human mandibular molars
OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have revealed that human permanent dental tissue proportions differ significantly between males and females, with females having relatively thicker enamel relative to overall crown area than males. The aims of this study are to investigate sexual dimorphism in permanent mandibular molars and to determine whether such differences can be used to estimate sex in modern humans reliably. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The permanen…
New methodology to reconstruct in 2‐D the cuspal enamel of modern human lower molars
OBJECTIVES: In the last years different methodologies have been developed to reconstruct worn teeth. In this article, we propose a new 2-D methodology to reconstruct the worn enamel of lower molars. Our main goals are to reconstruct molars with a high level of accuracy when measuring relevant histological variables and to validate the methodology calculating the errors associated with the measurements. METHODS: This methodology is based on polyno…
Comparative dental study between Homo antecessor and Chinese Homo erectus: Nonmetric features and geometric morphometrics
Quantifying the impact of μCT‐scanning of human fossil teeth on ESR age results
Fossil human teeth are nowadays systematically CT‐scanned by palaeoanthropologists prior to any further analysis. It has been recently demonstrated that this noninvasive technique has, in most cases, virtually no influence on ancient DNA preservation. However, it may have nevertheless an impact on other techniques, like Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) dating, by artificially ageing the apparent age of the sample. To evaluate this impact, we μCT‐sca…
Inter- and intrapopulation variability of dental tissue proportions of European and African modern human populations’ permanent canines
International audience
Ectopic maxillary third molar in Early Pleistocene Homo antecessor from Atapuerca‐Gran Dolina site (Burgos, Spain)
Objectives Here we describe the case of an ectopic maxillary third molar (M 3 ), preventing the eruption of the M 2 , in the individual H3 of the hominin hypodigm of level TD6.2 of the Early Pleistocene site of Gran Dolina (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain). Materials and Methods The fossil remains from the TD6.2 level of the Gran Dolina site (about 170 specimens) are assigned to Homo antecessor . Different geochronological methods place these hominins…
Early Pleistocene human mandible from Sima del Elefante (TE) cave site in Sierra de Atapuerca (Spain): A comparative morphological study
Early Pleistocene human mandible from Sima del Elefante (TE) cave site in Sierra de Atapuerca (Spain): A palaeopathological study
Early pleistocene human humeri from the gran dolina‐TD6 site (sierra de atapuerca, spain)
In this report, we present a morphometric comparative study of two Early Pleistocene humeri recovered from the TD6 level of the Gran Dolina cave site in Sierra de Atapuerca, northern Spain. ATD6‐121 belongs to a child between 4 and 6 years old, whereas ATD6‐148 corresponds to an adult. ATD6‐148 exhibits the typical pattern of the genus Homo, but it also shows a large olecranon fossa and very thin medial and lateral pillars (also present in ATD6‐1…
Virtual reconstruction of the Early Pleistocene mandible ATD 6‐96 from Gran Dolina‐ TD 6‐2 (Sierra De Atapuerca, Spain)
H. antecessor is derived regarding the shape of the mandibular alveolar arcade within the genus Homo and points to an early divergence from contemporaneous African populations. Our results also ratify the affinities of H. antecessor with Neanderthals, although the precise relationship with this lineage needs further research
Early Pleistocene hominin deciduous teeth from the Homo antecessor Gran Dolina‐TD6 bearing level (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain)
This study expands the list of plesiomorphic features of H. antecessor, and provides some information on the evolutionary status of this species. However, the identification of some advanced traits evinces a step towards the derived morphology of European Pleistocene teeth. The study of the deciduous dentition confirms the mosaic pattern of H. antecessor morphology revealed in previous studies of this hominin sample
Quantifying the impact of μCT‐scanning of human fossil teeth on ESR age results
Fossil human teeth are nowadays systematically CT‐scanned by palaeoanthropologists prior to any further analysis. It has been recently demonstrated that this noninvasive technique has, in most cases, virtually no influence on ancient DNA preservation. However, it may have nevertheless an impact on other techniques, like Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) dating, by artificially ageing the apparent age of the sample. To evaluate this impact, we μCT‐sca…
New methodology to reconstruct in 2‐D the cuspal enamel of modern human lower molars
OBJECTIVES: In the last years different methodologies have been developed to reconstruct worn teeth. In this article, we propose a new 2-D methodology to reconstruct the worn enamel of lower molars. Our main goals are to reconstruct molars with a high level of accuracy when measuring relevant histological variables and to validate the methodology calculating the errors associated with the measurements. METHODS: This methodology is based on polyno…
The earliest modern humans outside Africa
Earliest modern humans out of Africa Recent paleoanthropological studies have suggested that modern humans migrated from Africa as early as the beginning of the Late Pleistocene, 120,000 years ago. Hershkovitz et al. now suggest that early modern humans were already present outside of Africa more than 55,000 years earlier (see the Perspective by Stringer and Galway-Witham). During excavations of sediments at Mount Carmel, Israel, they found a fos…
Contribution of dental tissues to sex determination in modern human populations
OBJECTIVES: Accurate sex estimation is an essential step for the reconstruction of the biological profile of human remains. Earlier studies have shown that elements of the human permanent dentition are sexually dimorphic. The aims of this study are to determine the degree of sexual dimorphism in the dental tissue volumes and surface areas of mandibular canines and to explore its potential for reliable sex determination. METHOD: The teeth included…
Dentine morphology of Atapuerca‐Sima de los Huesos lower molars: Evolutionary implications through three‐dimensional geometric morphometric analysis
Our results are compatible with the idea that multiple evolutionary lineages or populations coexisted in Europe during the Middle Pleistocene, with the SH paradigm phylogenetically closer to Homo neanderthalensis. Further research could support the possibility of SH as a separate taxon. Alternatively, SH could be a subspecies of Neanderthals, with the variability of this clade being remarkably higher than previously thought
Modern humans sex estimation through dental tissue patterns of maxillary canines
OBJECTIVES: Dental tissue proportions of human permanent canines is one of only a few sexually dimorphic features that is present in childhood and maintained in adults, offering the opportunity for this to be used in sex determination. This study assesses dental tissue volumes and surface areas of maxillary permanent canines in a sample of known sex to provide new data and to explore the potential of these variables as reliable sexual estimators.…
Sexual dimorphism of dental tissues in modern human mandibular molars
OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have revealed that human permanent dental tissue proportions differ significantly between males and females, with females having relatively thicker enamel relative to overall crown area than males. The aims of this study are to investigate sexual dimorphism in permanent mandibular molars and to determine whether such differences can be used to estimate sex in modern humans reliably. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The permanen…
Ectopic maxillary third molar in Early Pleistocene Homo antecessor from Atapuerca‐Gran Dolina site (Burgos, Spain)
Objectives Here we describe the case of an ectopic maxillary third molar (M 3 ), preventing the eruption of the M 2 , in the individual H3 of the hominin hypodigm of level TD6.2 of the Early Pleistocene site of Gran Dolina (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain). Materials and Methods The fossil remains from the TD6.2 level of the Gran Dolina site (about 170 specimens) are assigned to Homo antecessor . Different geochronological methods place these hominins…
The Ratón Pérez collection: Modern deciduous human teeth at the Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (Burgos, Spain)
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this report is to present the large deciduous tooth collection of identified children that is housed at the National Research Center on Human Evolution (CENIEH) in Burgos, Spain. METHODS: Yearly, members of the Dental Anthropology Group of the CENIEH are in charge of collecting the teeth and registering all the relevant information from the donors at the time of collection. In compliance with Spanish Law 14/2007 of July 3, …
Comparative dental study between Homo antecessor and Chinese Homo erectus: Nonmetric features and geometric morphometrics
Middle Pleistocene hominin teeth from Biache-Saint-Vaast, France
The study of dental morphology can be a very useful tool to understand the origin and evolution of Neanderthals in Europe during the Middle Pleistocene (MP). At present, the earliest evidence, ca. 430 ka, of a pre-Neanderthal population in Europe is the hominin sample from Atapuerca-Sima de los Huesos (SH) that present clear dental affinities with Neanderthals while other penecontemporaneous populations, such as Arago or Mala Balanica, exhibit le…
Comparing the Boxgrove and Atapuerca (Sima de los Huesos) human fossils: Do they represent distinct paleodemes
The early Middle Pleistocene human material from Boxgrove (West Sussex, UK) consists of a partial left tibia and two lower incisors from a separate adult individual. These remains derive from deposits assigned to the MIS 13 interglacial at about 480 ka and have been referred to as Homo cf. heidelbergensis. The much larger skeletal sample from the Sima de los Huesos (Atapuerca, Spain) is dated to the succeeding MIS 12, at about 430 ka. This fossil…
Early Pleistocene hominin teeth from Gongwangling of Lantian, Central China
Inter- and intrapopulation variability of dental tissue proportions of European and African modern human populations’ permanent canines
International audience
New discoveries and re-discoveries of human remains from the late Middle Pleistocene
The fame of the prehistoric sites of Montmaurin is based on the discovery in 1949 of a human mandible of archaic morphology appearance, now curated at the Musée de l’Homme. It comes from a karstic chimney called La Niche. Nearby is the Coupe-Gorge cave, which is larger than the Niche, although it was cut off by a quarry, and in which Louis Méroc undertook excavations with his team from 1946 to 1961. He uncovered some human remains which were late…
Focus at 250 ka within the Neanderthal lineage: Comparison of teeth from Biache-Saint-Vaast (Somme) and Payre (Ardèche) in France
Ce document a t gnr automatiquement le 17 dcembre 2025.Le texte seul est utilisable
On the impact of micro-CT scanning on radiocarbon dating of fossil material: A cautionary note for the palaeoanthropological community and beyond
In this study, we investigate the impact of X-rays produced by conventional mCT instruments on fossil materials dated by radiocarbon. Our results clearly show a decrease on the collagen preservation in fossil and modern bones and teeth, and therefore on the radiocarbon analytical results (in particular, the collagen yield and, possibly, stable isotope composition), after mCT scanning. In other words, all the samples analysed here have experienced…
Reassessment and new evidence of the dental remains from Payre site (France)
Morphological evidence suggests that European Middle Pleistocene hominins share a common phylogenetic history, yet they display a substantial morphometric variability. In particular, MIS 7 − 5 hominins have been proposed to exhibit a distinctive combination of traits differentiating them from both earlier and later Neanderthal populations. However, the scarcity of fossil remains from this period limits our understanding of Neanderthal evolutionar…
Reconstructing dietary preferences in the Middle Pleistocene Sima de los Huesos population: A molar macrowear perspective
Molar macrowear analysis is a valuable tool for inferring dietary preferences in extinct hominins, ultimately aiding in the reconstruction of subsistence strategies and paleoenvironmental conditions. Radiometric studies suggest that the Middle Pleistocene population from the Atapuerca-Sima de los Huesos site likely lived during Marine Isotope Stage 12, one of the coldest global periods. In this study, we applied the occlusal fingerprint analysis …
Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology (21 works) · Biology (17 works) · Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies (17 works) · Geography (14 works) · Paleontology (14 works) · Paleontology (13 works) · Pleistocene (13 works) · Archaeology (12 works) · Evolutionary biology (11 works) · Medicine (10 works)