Patrick Nunn
Biographic Data
| ID | 627578 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Patrick Nunn |
| GIVEN NAMES | Patrick |
| FAMILY NAME | Nunn |
| SIGNATURE | NUNN P |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of the Sunshine Coast |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9295-5741 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 93 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 443 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 91 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 2 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1983 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 11 |
Handbook of Traditional Spirituality and Sustainability
Contextualizing future climate-forced community relocations on islands
Through a study of Ra Province (northeast Viti Levu Island, Fiji) involving both archival research and community engagement, we highlighted a long history of Indigenous population mobility. Many coastal settlements have mostly undocumented histories of relocating inland due to shoreline retreat and land loss over recent decades. Studies of Navutulevu and Vunitogoloa use oral histories and nineteenth-century accounts to show this. More recent auto…
Shell‐Dense Island Off Culasawani, Vanua Levu Island, Fiji
Investigations of a 3000 m 2 shell‐dense island surrounded by mangroves off the coast of Culasawani, a very lightly inhabited part of northern Vanua Levu Island in Fiji, suggest it is likely to be a ‘midden island’ rather than a (tsunami) wave deposit. Building an island that reaches 60 cm above mean high tide, the shell‐dense deposit (70%–90% shell) averages 20–40 cm thick and appears unstratified, characteristics that initially suggested that i…
Ridiculous Assertions or Eyewitness Accounts
During the last ice age about twenty thousand years ago when the ocean surface was some 125 metres lower, the Channel Islands archipelago (British Isles) was part of a land mass that included mainland Europe and the British Isles. As oceans rose subsequently, the English Channel widened. People relocated landwards, occupying the Channel Islands at least ten thousand years ago when several islands remained connected to mainland France. Stories rec…
Youth voices on climate
Enhancing Oral Tradition in Fiji for the Study of Archaeological Remains. The Case of the Hillforts in the Nadroga-Navosa Province
The Fiji Islands offer a compelling case for cross-cultural research integrating archaeology and oral tradition. Fijian society still practices oral transmission, preserving diverse stories with cultural significance. Many legends and beliefs are tied to past settlements, considered sacred due to their symbolic role. In June 2022, fieldwork in Nadroga-Navosa (Viti Levu) as part of the Environmental Changes and Heritage in the Fijian Islands proje…
Ancient mitogenomes of Lapita pigs confirm continuity of the Pacific Clade in Remote Oceania
The selective geography of volcanism in oral traditions
Oral traditions describing details of ancient volcanic eruptions and their effects survive throughout the inhabited world. Many such eruptions, especially those having catastrophic environmental and societal consequences, proved sufficiently memorable to form the basis of enduring oral traditions. Using global databases, we identified 2306 such eruptions from 477 inhabited locations that occurred before the start of the Common Era (CE) and are th…
Effective domestic climate policies to protect small island states
Traditional knowledge for climate resilience in the Pacific Islands
Pacific Islands, many relatively remote and small, have been occupied by people for more than 3000 years during which time they experienced climate‐driven environmental changes (both slow and rapid onset) that challenged human survival and led to the evolution of place‐based coping strategies expressed through traditional knowledge (TK). In today's globalized Pacific Islands region, into which western worldviews and global adaptation strategies h…
Calibrating Holocene human–environment interactions using ancient narratives
The essence of stories of human–environment interactions can be preserved in oral contexts for millennia, creating novel opportunities for humanizing the past. This study examines stories (knowledge-rich narratives) about the ancestral being Ngurunderi, told by Ngarrindjeri peoples of South Australia. Three elements of the Ngurunderi narrative are considered. The first recalls his journey along a 170-km long coastal barrier (Younghusband Peninsul…
The drowning of ‘Lyonesse
Stories about a submerged land named Lyonesse abound in culture traditions of Southwest Britain and plausibly derive from memories of land loss within the Scilly Isles.We review Lyonesse stories, their links to Arthurian romances and Greek/Roman accounts of the Cassiterides, and trace their divergent evolution.From this region's history of land-sea movements and human occupation, we propose Lyonesse stories originated more than 4000 years ago whe…
Social-ecological Factors, Stock Status, and Governance Relating to a Shellcraft Fishery in the Indo-Pacific Region
Shellcraft is a livelihood activity that utilizes shells and skeletal remains of marine taxa for producing ornamental and decorative items. Despite an increasing importance of shellcraft in coastal areas of the Indo-Pacific region, information necessary for stakeholders to identify and respond to change through policy and management decisions is often lacking for fisheries that support this activity. To address this knowledge gap, a quantitative …
Spirituality and Sustainable Development
While different in emphasis, spirituality and sustainable development are intertwined concepts that cannot be meaningfully discussed in isolation from each other. This is especially pertinent in Pacific Island countries that are characterised by both high degrees of vulnerability to climate change and high degrees of religious engagement. There is a paucity of research that examines the relationship between spirituality and sustainable developmen…
Associations of locus of control, information processing style and anti-reflexivity with climate change scepticism in an Australian sample
A proportion of the Australian public remains sceptical about the reality of climate change, its causes, impacts and the need for mitigatory action. To date, scepticism research largely focuses on factors highly resistant to change, particularly socio-demographic and value factors. This mixed-methods study investigated whether more malleable psychological factors: locus of control; information processing style; and anti-reflexivity, predicted cli…
Spirituality and sustainable development
There is a paucity of research that examines the relationship between spirituality and sustainable development, including in relation to Indigenous or non-Western worldviews. This Comment argues that closer integration of spirituality and sustainability will enable more effective and sustainable strategies for future development
The archaeology of orality
Aboriginal people have lived in Australia, continuously, for tens of thousands of years. Over that time, they developed complex knowledge systems that were committed to memory and passed to successive generations through oral tradition. The length of time oral traditions can be passed down while maintaining vitality is a topic of ongoing debate in the social sciences. In recent years, scientists have weighed into the debate by studying traditions…
"Understanding "Islandness
Islandness is a contested concept, not just between disciplines but also cultures, entangled with what islands, \nisland studies, and island identity are understood to be. The purpose of this article is to explore some of these \ndifferent meanings, without necessarily unifying or reconciling them, with the aim of keeping multiple \nunderstandings of islandness in creative tension. We begin by considering islandness as smallness, recognizing \nth…
First a wudd, and syne a sea
The question of whether culturally-grounded stories (myths and legends) have any value in understanding past environmental changes is uncertain. Focused on stories that plausibly recall movements of the land-sea interface in Scotland in postglacial times, this paper summarises details of 11 stories that refer to submergence and 7 stories that refer to emergence.Most submergence stories are confined to the Outer Hebrides and include those recallin…
Human observations of late Quaternary coastal change
A once capacious haven’
From the fourteenth to the nineteenth century the port of Calicut on the Malabar (Kerala) coast of western India was well known to ocean-going traders and others. Two contrasting sets of descriptions of Calicut exist and it has been universally assumed they refer to the same place and characterise its rise and fall
Small Island Developing States in a post‐pandemic world
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) have been impacted by and responded to COVID‐19 in ways that give us clues about vulnerabilities under climate change, as well as pathways to resilience. Here, we reflect on some of these experiences drawing on case study examples from the Caribbean, Pacific, and Indian Ocean SIDS, exploring how SIDS have responded to COVID‐19 and considering the potential for coping mechanisms enacted for the pandemic to sup…
Oceanic Histories
Island tales
In many long-enduring coastal cultures, there are stories – sometimes mythologized – about times when pieces of land became separated from mainlands by submergence, a process that created islands where none existed before. Using examples from northwest Europe and Australia, this paper argues that many such stories recall times, often millennia ago, when sea level in the aftermath of the Last Glaciation (last ice age) was rising and transforming c…
Vanished Islands and Hidden Continents of the Pacific
The Lapita Occupation at Naitabale, Moturiki Island, Central Fiji
In 2003 the authors discovered and excavated a Lapita site at Naitabale close to the southern end of Moturiki Island (central Fiji). Today the site is 350 m inland from the coast, but in Lapita times it was located behind the active beach ridge. A large collection of potsherds (including 92 dentate-stamped or incised Lapita sherds), shell, and animal bones was recovered, together with a human burial. Sherd decorations show affinities with the Wes…
"Understanding "Islandness
Islandness is a contested concept, not just between disciplines but also cultures, entangled with what islands, \nisland studies, and island identity are understood to be. The purpose of this article is to explore some of these \ndifferent meanings, without necessarily unifying or reconciling them, with the aim of keeping multiple \nunderstandings of islandness in creative tension. We begin by considering islandness as smallness, recognizing \nth…
Aboriginal Memories of Inundation of the Australian Coast Dating from More than 7000 Years Ago
Stories belonging to Australian Aboriginal groups tell of a time when the former coastline of mainland Australia was inundated by rising sea level. Stories are presented from 21 locations from every part of this coastline. In most instances it is plausible to assume that these stories refer to events that occurred more than about 7000 years ago, the approximate time at which the sea level reached its present level around Australia. They therefore…
Moving People in a Changing Climate
High levels of vulnerability to climate change impacts are rendering some places uninhabitable. In Fiji, four communities have already initiated or completed the task of moving their homes and livelihoods to less exposed locations, with numerous more communities earmarked for future relocation. This paper documents people's lived experiences in two relocated communities in Fiji-Denimanu and Vunidogoloa villages-and assesses the outcomes of the re…
Edge of Memory
How much of the folk tales of our ancestors is rooted in fact, and what can they tell us about the future? In today’s society it is the written word that holds the authority. We are more likely to trust the words found in a history textbook over the version of history retold by a friend – after all, human memory is unreliable, and how can you be sure your friend hasn’t embellished the facts? But before humans were writing down their knowledge, th…
Human-Environment Relationships in the Pacific Islands around A.D. 1300
This paper traces the history of human-environment interactions in the Pacific Islands during the last millennium, focusing on three main periods: the Little Climatic Optimum, the Little Ice Age, and, in greatest detail, the transition around A.D. 1300 between the two. The Little Climatic Optimum (approximately A.D. 750-1300) was marked by warm, rising temperatures, rising sea level and probably increasing aridity. The latter condition was linked…
Preaching to different choirs
Adaptation to Climate Change in Small Island Developing States
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) share a common vulnerability to climate change. Adaptation to climate change and variability is urgently needed yet, while some is already occurring in SIDS, research on the nature and efficacy of adaptation across SIDS is fragmentary. In this article, we systematically review academic literature to identify where adaptation in SIDS is documented; what type of adaptation strategies are taken, and in response …
Early Lapita settlement site at Bourewa, southwest Viti Levu Island, Fiji
A newly‐discovered Lapita settlement at Bourewa on southwest Viti Levu Island, Fiji, was established originally on an offshore island perhaps as much as 1220 BCE by people whose main concern was optimal access to the broad fringing reef. Satellite settlements were established at nearby Rove and Waikereira later in Lapita times. The three oldest radiocarbon dates obtained from the base of the tightly‐packed shell midden layer excavated at Bourewa …
Nature‐society interactions in the pacific islands
This paper focuses on nature—society interactions in the Pacific Islands before European contact about 200 years ago. It argues that the character of early interactions was decided by both the nature of a particular island environment and the intentions of the human settlers. Throughout the pre‐European contact human history of the Pacific Islands, environmental changes of extraneous cause have been the main control of societal and cultural chang…
Times of Plenty, Times of Less
Audience segmentation and climate change communication
Engaging the public about mitigating or adapting to climate change threats poses significant challenges for scientists, policy makers, and others responsible for developing communication strategies. In response to these challenges, interest is growing in audience segmentation as a possible strategy to develop more effective communications that are tailored and targeted to subgroups of the public who share similar values, beliefs, behaviors, and/o…
Times of sand
The orthodox archaeological sequence at the Sigatoka Dunes site (VL 16/1) in Fiji proposes three phases of occupation spanning Fijian prehistory, each associated with a period of dune stability. It has been taken as the standard model of Fijian prehistory for more than 30 years. Recently, however, it has been argued that there is no stratigraphic support for three discrete levels and that the occupation history was fragmented, complex, and contin…
Recent Environmental Changes on Pacific Islands
The origins of the various views about environmental change in the Pacific islands are described, as is the ancestry of the common contemporary view that recent environmental changes are mostly the results of human activity. A description is given of the environmental changes which occurred in three periods. Changes prior to the islands' initial settlement were caused by climate and sea-level changes among other factors. The origin of Pacific isl…
Value of traditional oral narratives in building climate-change resilience
Janif, S. Z., P. D. Nunn, P. Geraghty, W. Aalbersberg, F. R. Thomas, and M. Camailakeba. 2016. Value of traditional oral narratives in building climate-change resilience: insights from rural communities in Fiji. Ecology and Society 21(2):7.http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-08100-210207
Human‐Mediated Prehistoric Marine Extinction in the Tropical P acific? Understanding the Presence of H ippopus hippopus (Linn. 1758) in Ancient Shell Middens on the R ove P eninsula, Southwest V iti L…
At the L apita‐era (1100‐550 B.C. ) settlements ( B ourewa and Q oqo) along the R ove P eninsula in F iji, valves of the reef‐surface‐dwelling giant clam H ippopus hippopus (long extirpated in F iji) occur in shell midden. Valve size/weight increase with depth, suggesting that human predation contributed to its local disappearance. The timing of this event is constrained by (a) the confinement of H . hippopus remains to the lower part of the midd…
Revising ideas about environmental determinism
Rapid cooling and sea–level fall around AD 1300, perhaps accompanied by increased storminess, had major impacts on Pacific Island environments including water–table fall, reef–surface death, increased lagoonal turbidity, and the conversion of seawater embayments to brackish–water wetlands. These environmental changes had severe and lasting impacts on Pacific Island societies, largely associated with a massive (perhaps 80 per cent) reduction in th…
A livelihood analysis of resettlement outcomes
Measuring Peripherality as a Proxy for Autonomous Community Coping Capacity
Over the past thirty years, externally-driven interventions for climate-change adaptation in rural Pacific Island contexts have largely failed to be effective or sustained. One reason is that traditional (culturally-grounded) autonomous community coping capacity has been overlooked, many external agencies viewing all such communities as both homogenous and helpless. A community's autonomous coping capacity can be proxied by peripherality, a measu…
On the convergence of myth and reality
Various (groups of) myths from the Pacific Islands are discussed. Generic groups considered are diluvian myths, myths involving abrupt subsidence, abrupt uplift, and simultaneous abrupt subsidence and uplift. Specific myths, recently validated, illustrate the superiority of the mythic explanation for recent volcanism over available geological information, and the possibility of myth recalling a migration which took place nearly 3000 years ago. Th…
Isotopic evidence of human mobility and diet in a prehistoric/protohistoric F ijian coastal environment (c. 750–150 BP )
OBJECTIVES: Bourewa, on the southwest coast of Viti Levu in Fiji, is a multi-period site that contained burials dated to the later Vuda Phase (750-150 BP), a period of climatic fluctuations that potentially impacted the availability of food resources. We aim to investigate diet and movement at this site during a time of possible ecological pressure and political change. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed δ(13) C, δ(15) N, and (87) Sr/(86) Sr of t…
From community-based to locally led adaptation
Small Island Developing States in a post‐pandemic world
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) have been impacted by and responded to COVID‐19 in ways that give us clues about vulnerabilities under climate change, as well as pathways to resilience. Here, we reflect on some of these experiences drawing on case study examples from the Caribbean, Pacific, and Indian Ocean SIDS, exploring how SIDS have responded to COVID‐19 and considering the potential for coping mechanisms enacted for the pandemic to sup…
Na Koronivalu ni Bā
Former settlements, now abandoned, are found in inland upland locations on many larger islands in the tropical Pacific. In Fiji, such settlements are known today as koronivalu (war-towns) and, as elsewhere in the region, appear to have been established within the same period during the first half of the last millennium. Twenty-seven koronivalu were mapped for this research in the Bā Valley and nearby Vatia Peninsula, northern Viti Levu Island (Fi…
The A.D. 1300 Event in the Pacific Basin
Around a.d. 1300 the entire Pacific Basin (continental Pacific Rim and oceanic Pacific Islands) was affected by comparatively rapid cooling and sea‐level fall, and possibly increased storminess, that caused massive and enduring changes to Pacific environments and societies. For most Pacific societies, adapted to the warmer, drier, and more stable climates of the preceding Medieval Climate Anomaly (a.d. 750–1250), the effects of this A.D. 1300 Eve…
The Development of the River Thames in Central London during the Flandrian
Reconstruction of the pre-urban situation from historical sources and contour mapping of subsurface information demonstrate the existence of a system of eyots and channels within the flood-plain of the Thames in central London. Their formation is explained by predominantly northward migration of the Thames channel during the Flandrian. Analysis of the tributary drainage pattern allows a more precise description of the mechanics of migration and i…
Small Islands and Geomorphology
Patrick D. Nunn, Small Islands and Geomorphology: Review and Prospect in the Context of Historical Geomorphology, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 12, No. 2 (1987), pp. 227-239
An Introduction to Theoretical Geomorphology
Recent Environmental Changes on Pacific Islands
The origins of the various views about environmental change in the Pacific islands are described, as is the ancestry of the common contemporary view that recent environmental changes are mostly the results of human activity. A description is given of the environmental changes which occurred in three periods. Changes prior to the islands' initial settlement were caused by climate and sea-level changes among other factors. The origin of Pacific isl…
Holocene tectonic histories for five islands in the south-central Lau group, south Pacific
Low-level (<30 m) evidence for emergence is reported for five islands along the south-central Lau Ridge, which has a well-documented history of late Cenozoic uplift. Most of the evidence is erosional, some of the lowest is emerged reef and beachrock: all can be linked to higher relative sea levels. Correlations are established between islands and most of the series of emerged shorelines found to exhibit characteristics of coseismically uplifted s…
Oceanic Islands
Environmental catastrophe in the Pacific Islands around A.D. 1300
Paleosea-level data for the Pacific Islands suggest that sea level in the region fell, possibly in two stages, between 680 and 475 cal yr B.P. (A.D. 1270–1475). This was associated with a ∼1.5°C fall in temperature (determined from oxygen-isotope analysis) and an observed increase in El Niño frequency. For a long time, it has been clear that these changes—characterized as the “A.D. 1300 event”—brought about environmental and cultural changes on P…
Coastal Changes Over the Past 200 Years Around Ovalau and Moturiki Islands, Fiji
The islands Ovalau and Moturiki in central Fiji are selected for the investigation of coastal change over the past c.200 years. Although having coastal environments typical of many tropical Pacific Islands, Ovalau and Moturiki are also atypical because they experienced urban and infrastructural developments before most other parts. The associated records enable recent coastal changes to be discerned more clearly here than has been possible elsewh…
New Finds of Lapita Pottery in Northeast Fiji
Pacific Island Landscapes
Far-Field Test of the ICE-4G Model of Global Isostatic Response to Deglaciation Using Empirical and Theoretical Holocene Sea-Level Reconstructions for the Fiji Islands, Southwestern Pacific
Holocene paleosea-level data for Fiji, represented by 77 dates and emergence magnitudes, are presented, screened, and adjusted. Most data are from coral microatolls, potentially the most precise paleosea-level indicators in this region. Holocene sea-level changes are reconstructed for five areas within Fiji known to have had different late Quaternary tectonic histories. Resulting analysis suggests that postglacial sea level in Fiji reached its pr…
Human-Environment Relationships in the Pacific Islands around A.D. 1300
This paper traces the history of human-environment interactions in the Pacific Islands during the last millennium, focusing on three main periods: the Little Climatic Optimum, the Little Ice Age, and, in greatest detail, the transition around A.D. 1300 between the two. The Little Climatic Optimum (approximately A.D. 750-1300) was marked by warm, rising temperatures, rising sea level and probably increasing aridity. The latter condition was linked…
On the convergence of myth and reality
Various (groups of) myths from the Pacific Islands are discussed. Generic groups considered are diluvian myths, myths involving abrupt subsidence, abrupt uplift, and simultaneous abrupt subsidence and uplift. Specific myths, recently validated, illustrate the superiority of the mythic explanation for recent volcanism over available geological information, and the possibility of myth recalling a migration which took place nearly 3000 years ago. Th…
Revising ideas about environmental determinism
Rapid cooling and sea–level fall around AD 1300, perhaps accompanied by increased storminess, had major impacts on Pacific Island environments including water–table fall, reef–surface death, increased lagoonal turbidity, and the conversion of seawater embayments to brackish–water wetlands. These environmental changes had severe and lasting impacts on Pacific Island societies, largely associated with a massive (perhaps 80 per cent) reduction in th…
Nature‐society interactions in the pacific islands
This paper focuses on nature—society interactions in the Pacific Islands before European contact about 200 years ago. It argues that the character of early interactions was decided by both the nature of a particular island environment and the intentions of the human settlers. Throughout the pre‐European contact human history of the Pacific Islands, environmental changes of extraneous cause have been the main control of societal and cultural chang…
Fished Up or Thrown Down
Myths recalling how islands were “fished up” or “thrown down” by (demi)gods are widespread in the Pacific Islands. Fishing-up myths are more numerous and are concentrated in a heartland comprising parts of Samoa, Tonga, the southern Cook Islands, and the Society Islands of French Polynesia. Geological details in many fishing-up myths suggest these recall the activities of shallow submarine (jack-in-the-box) volcanoes, notably in Tonga, and that t…
Through a Mist on the Ocean
Although generally distinct from continental environments, and therefore of interest in their own right, island environments have been generally misunderstood, misinterpreted, and mismanaged. The main reason is that they have been interpreted for management purposes largely by continent‐trained observers. An example of views towards island size is given. It is argued that the pejorative label ‘small’ should no longer be used to characterise islan…
Recent archaeological findings at Qaranilaca Cave, Vanuabalavu Island, Fiji
A large sea cave on the southeastern tip of Vanuabalavu Island, northeast Fiji was excavated and shown to have been used by humans from about 1100 cal BP with rapid accumulation of material. The cave may have been uninhabitable until sufficient sand had built up to make flooding by the sea a rare event, and a possible fall in sea‐level could have contributed. With rapid cooling and sea‐level fall after about 700 BP, more intensive use followed. T…
Early Lapita settlement site at Bourewa, southwest Viti Levu Island, Fiji
A newly‐discovered Lapita settlement at Bourewa on southwest Viti Levu Island, Fiji, was established originally on an offshore island perhaps as much as 1220 BCE by people whose main concern was optimal access to the broad fringing reef. Satellite settlements were established at nearby Rove and Waikereira later in Lapita times. The three oldest radiocarbon dates obtained from the base of the tightly‐packed shell midden layer excavated at Bourewa …
Human responses to climate change around AD 1300
Times of sand
The orthodox archaeological sequence at the Sigatoka Dunes site (VL 16/1) in Fiji proposes three phases of occupation spanning Fijian prehistory, each associated with a period of dune stability. It has been taken as the standard model of Fijian prehistory for more than 30 years. Recently, however, it has been argued that there is no stratigraphic support for three discrete levels and that the occupation history was fragmented, complex, and contin…
Evidence for introduced taro (Colocasia esculenta) and lesser yam (Dioscorea esculenta) in Lapita-era (c. 3050–2500 cal. yr BP) deposits from Bourewa, southwest Viti Levu Island, Fiji
Tourism and Global Environmental Change
The A.D. 1300 Event in the Pacific Basin
Around a.d. 1300 the entire Pacific Basin (continental Pacific Rim and oceanic Pacific Islands) was affected by comparatively rapid cooling and sea‐level fall, and possibly increased storminess, that caused massive and enduring changes to Pacific environments and societies. For most Pacific societies, adapted to the warmer, drier, and more stable climates of the preceding Medieval Climate Anomaly (a.d. 750–1250), the effects of this A.D. 1300 Eve…
The Lapita Occupation at Naitabale, Moturiki Island, Central Fiji
In 2003 the authors discovered and excavated a Lapita site at Naitabale close to the southern end of Moturiki Island (central Fiji). Today the site is 350 m inland from the coast, but in Lapita times it was located behind the active beach ridge. A large collection of potsherds (including 92 dentate-stamped or incised Lapita sherds), shell, and animal bones was recovered, together with a human burial. Sherd decorations show affinities with the Wes…
Geography (69 works) · Pacific and Southeast Asian Studies (47 works) · Geology (45 works) · Archaeology (39 works) · Oceanography (35 works) · Geology and Paleoclimatology Research (32 works) · Island Studies and Pacific Affairs (32 works) · Climate change (28 works) · Ecology (21 works) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (20 works)