Andrew B Bernard
Biographic Data
| ID | 635456 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Andrew B Bernard |
| GIVEN NAMES | Andrew B |
| FAMILY NAME | Bernard |
| SIGNATURE | BERNARD A B |
| AFFILIATIONS | Dartmouth College |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7205-0187 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 21 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 97 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 21 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1972 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2022 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
The Origins of Firm Heterogeneity: A Production Network Approach
We explore firm size heterogeneity in production networks. In comprehensive data for Belgium, firms with more customers have higher total sales but lower sales and lower market shares per customer. Downstream factors, especially the number of customers, explain the vast majority of firm size dispersion. We rationalize these facts with a model of network formation and two-dimensional firm heterogeneity. Higher productivity generates more matches a…
Assessing the state of knowledge of contemporary climate change and primates
In recent years, interest in understanding the effects of climate change on species and ecological systems has sharply increased. We quantify and contextualize the current state of knowledge about the effects of contemporary climate change on non‐human primates, a taxon of great ecological and anthropological significance. Specifically, we report findings from a systematic literature search designed to assess the allocation of research effort on …
Production Networks, Geography, and Firm Performance
This paper examines the importance of buyer-supplier relationships, geography and the structure of the production network in firm performance. We develop a simple model where firms can outsource tasks and search for suppliers in different locations. Low search and outsourcing costs lead firms to search more and find better suppliers. This in turn drives down the firm's marginal production costs. We test the theory by exploiting the opening of a h…
Two-Sided Heterogeneity and Trade
This paper develops a multicountry model of international trade that provides a simple microfoundation for buyer-seller relationships in trade. We explore a rich data set that identifies buyers and sellers in trade and establish a set of basic facts that guide the development of the theoretical model. We use predictions of the model to examine the role of buyer heterogeneity in a market for firm-level adjustments to trade shocks, as well as to qu…
Intermediaries in International Trade: Products and Destinations
This paper examines the factors that give rise to intermediaries in exporting and explores the implications for trade volumes. Export intermediaries such as wholesalers serve different markets and export different products than manufacturing exporters do. Wholesalers are more prevalent in markets with higher destination-specific fixed costs and focus on products that are less differentiated, have lower contract intensity, and have large sunk entr…
Dental eruption in East African wild chimpanzees
The Empirics of Firm Heterogeneity and International Trade
This article reviews the empirical evidence on firm heterogeneity in international trade. A first wave of empirical findings from microdata on plants and firms proposed challenges for existing models of international trade and inspired the development of new theories emphasizing firm heterogeneity. Subsequent empirical research has examined additional predictions of these theories and explored other dimensions of the data not originally captured …
Multiproduct Firms and Trade Liberalization
This article develops a general equilibrium model of multiple-product, multiple-destination firms, which allows for heterogeneity in ability across firms and in product attributes within firms. Firms make endogenous entry and exit decisions and each surviving firm chooses optimally the range of products to supply to each market. We show that the resulting selection, across and within firms, provides a natural explanation for a number of features …
Comparative Advantage and Heterogeneous Firms
This paper presents a model of international trade that features heterogeneous firms, relative endowment differences across countries, and consumer taste for variety. The paper demonstrates that firm reactions to trade liberalization generate endogenous Ricardian productivity responses at the industry level that magnify countries' comparative advantage. Focusing on the wide range of firmlevel reactions to falling trade costs, the model also shows…
Firms in International Trade
Since the mid-1990s, researchers have used micro datasets to study countries' production and trade at the firm level and have found that exporting firms differ substantially from firms that solely serve the domestic market. Across a wide range of countries and industries, exporting firms have been shown to be larger, more productive, more skill- and capital-intensive, and to pay higher wages than nonexporting firms. These differences exist even b…
Survival of the best fit: Exposure to low-wage countries and the (uneven) growth of U.S. manufacturing plants
Who Wins the Olympic Games: Economic Resources and Medal Totals
This paper examines determinants of Olympic success at the country level. Does the United States win its fair share of Olympic medals? Why does China win only 6% of the medals even though it has one-fifth of the world's population? We consider the role of population and economic resources in determining medal totals from 1960 to 1996. At the margin, population and income per capita have similar effects, suggesting that both a large population and…
Why Some Firms Export
This paper examines the factors that increase the probability of entry into exporting. Using a panel of U.S. manufacturing plants, we test for the role of plant characteristics, spillovers from neighboring exporters, entry costs, and government export promotion expenditures. Entry and exit in the export market by U.S. plants is substantial, past exporters are apt to reenter, and plants are likely to export in consecutive years. However, we find t…
Plants and Productivity in International Trade
We reconcile trade theory with plant-level export behavior, extending the Ricardian model to accommodate many countries, geographic barriers, and imperfect competition. Our model captures qualitatively basic facts about U.S. plants: (i) productivity dispersion, (ii) higher productivity among exporters, (iii) the small fraction who export, (iv) the small fraction earned from exports among exporting plants, and (v) the size advantage of exporters. …
Exceptional exporter performance: Cause, effect, or both?
Interpreting tests of the convergence hypothesis
Productivity Across Industries and Countries: Time Series Theory and Evidence
In this paper, we test whether aggregate productivity movements, especially convergence, are also reflected at the industry level.Using a new result on the asymptotic normality of panel unit root estimators, we find evidence for convergence in total factor productivity for sectors such as services and construction in 14 OECD countries from 1970-1987.However, surprisingly, we find that convergence does not hold for the manufacturing sector.Converg…
Technology and Convergence
Journal Article Technology and Convergence Get access Andrew B. Bernard, Andrew B. Bernard Massachusetts Institute of Technology Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Charles I. Jones Charles I. Jones Stanford University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 106, Issue 437, 1 July 1996, Pages 1037–1044, https://doi.org/10.2307/2235376 Published: 01 …
Exporters, Jobs, and Wages in U.S. Manufacturing: 1976-1987
Andrew B. Bernard, J. Bradford Jensen, Robert Z. Lawrence, Exporters, Jobs, and Wages in U.S. Manufacturing: 1976-1987, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Microeconomics, Vol. 1995 (1995), pp. 67-119
Convergence in international output
This paper proposes and tests new definitions of convergence and common trends for per capita output. We define convergence for a group of countries to mean that each country has identical long‐run trends, either stochastic or deterministic, while common trends allow for proportionality of the stochastic elements. These definitions lead naturally to the use of cointegration techniques in testing. Using century‐long time series for 15 OECD economi…
Théories de la croissance économique
Firms in International Trade
Since the mid-1990s, researchers have used micro datasets to study countries' production and trade at the firm level and have found that exporting firms differ substantially from firms that solely serve the domestic market. Across a wide range of countries and industries, exporting firms have been shown to be larger, more productive, more skill- and capital-intensive, and to pay higher wages than nonexporting firms. These differences exist even b…
Technology and Convergence
Journal Article Technology and Convergence Get access Andrew B. Bernard, Andrew B. Bernard Massachusetts Institute of Technology Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Charles I. Jones Charles I. Jones Stanford University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 106, Issue 437, 1 July 1996, Pages 1037–1044, https://doi.org/10.2307/2235376 Published: 01 …
Dental eruption in East African wild chimpanzees
The Origins of Firm Heterogeneity: A Production Network Approach
We explore firm size heterogeneity in production networks. In comprehensive data for Belgium, firms with more customers have higher total sales but lower sales and lower market shares per customer. Downstream factors, especially the number of customers, explain the vast majority of firm size dispersion. We rationalize these facts with a model of network formation and two-dimensional firm heterogeneity. Higher productivity generates more matches a…
Production Networks, Geography, and Firm Performance
This paper examines the importance of buyer-supplier relationships, geography and the structure of the production network in firm performance. We develop a simple model where firms can outsource tasks and search for suppliers in different locations. Low search and outsourcing costs lead firms to search more and find better suppliers. This in turn drives down the firm's marginal production costs. We test the theory by exploiting the opening of a h…
Théories de la croissance économique
Exporters, Jobs, and Wages in U.S. Manufacturing: 1976-1987
Andrew B. Bernard, J. Bradford Jensen, Robert Z. Lawrence, Exporters, Jobs, and Wages in U.S. Manufacturing: 1976-1987, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Microeconomics, Vol. 1995 (1995), pp. 67-119
Convergence in international output
This paper proposes and tests new definitions of convergence and common trends for per capita output. We define convergence for a group of countries to mean that each country has identical long‐run trends, either stochastic or deterministic, while common trends allow for proportionality of the stochastic elements. These definitions lead naturally to the use of cointegration techniques in testing. Using century‐long time series for 15 OECD economi…
Interpreting tests of the convergence hypothesis
Productivity Across Industries and Countries: Time Series Theory and Evidence
In this paper, we test whether aggregate productivity movements, especially convergence, are also reflected at the industry level.Using a new result on the asymptotic normality of panel unit root estimators, we find evidence for convergence in total factor productivity for sectors such as services and construction in 14 OECD countries from 1970-1987.However, surprisingly, we find that convergence does not hold for the manufacturing sector.Converg…
Technology and Convergence
Journal Article Technology and Convergence Get access Andrew B. Bernard, Andrew B. Bernard Massachusetts Institute of Technology Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Charles I. Jones Charles I. Jones Stanford University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 106, Issue 437, 1 July 1996, Pages 1037–1044, https://doi.org/10.2307/2235376 Published: 01 …
Exceptional exporter performance: Cause, effect, or both?
Plants and Productivity in International Trade
We reconcile trade theory with plant-level export behavior, extending the Ricardian model to accommodate many countries, geographic barriers, and imperfect competition. Our model captures qualitatively basic facts about U.S. plants: (i) productivity dispersion, (ii) higher productivity among exporters, (iii) the small fraction who export, (iv) the small fraction earned from exports among exporting plants, and (v) the size advantage of exporters. …
Who Wins the Olympic Games: Economic Resources and Medal Totals
This paper examines determinants of Olympic success at the country level. Does the United States win its fair share of Olympic medals? Why does China win only 6% of the medals even though it has one-fifth of the world's population? We consider the role of population and economic resources in determining medal totals from 1960 to 1996. At the margin, population and income per capita have similar effects, suggesting that both a large population and…
Why Some Firms Export
This paper examines the factors that increase the probability of entry into exporting. Using a panel of U.S. manufacturing plants, we test for the role of plant characteristics, spillovers from neighboring exporters, entry costs, and government export promotion expenditures. Entry and exit in the export market by U.S. plants is substantial, past exporters are apt to reenter, and plants are likely to export in consecutive years. However, we find t…
Survival of the best fit: Exposure to low-wage countries and the (uneven) growth of U.S. manufacturing plants
Comparative Advantage and Heterogeneous Firms
This paper presents a model of international trade that features heterogeneous firms, relative endowment differences across countries, and consumer taste for variety. The paper demonstrates that firm reactions to trade liberalization generate endogenous Ricardian productivity responses at the industry level that magnify countries' comparative advantage. Focusing on the wide range of firmlevel reactions to falling trade costs, the model also shows…
Firms in International Trade
Since the mid-1990s, researchers have used micro datasets to study countries' production and trade at the firm level and have found that exporting firms differ substantially from firms that solely serve the domestic market. Across a wide range of countries and industries, exporting firms have been shown to be larger, more productive, more skill- and capital-intensive, and to pay higher wages than nonexporting firms. These differences exist even b…
Multiproduct Firms and Trade Liberalization
This article develops a general equilibrium model of multiple-product, multiple-destination firms, which allows for heterogeneity in ability across firms and in product attributes within firms. Firms make endogenous entry and exit decisions and each surviving firm chooses optimally the range of products to supply to each market. We show that the resulting selection, across and within firms, provides a natural explanation for a number of features …
The Empirics of Firm Heterogeneity and International Trade
This article reviews the empirical evidence on firm heterogeneity in international trade. A first wave of empirical findings from microdata on plants and firms proposed challenges for existing models of international trade and inspired the development of new theories emphasizing firm heterogeneity. Subsequent empirical research has examined additional predictions of these theories and explored other dimensions of the data not originally captured …
Intermediaries in International Trade: Products and Destinations
This paper examines the factors that give rise to intermediaries in exporting and explores the implications for trade volumes. Export intermediaries such as wholesalers serve different markets and export different products than manufacturing exporters do. Wholesalers are more prevalent in markets with higher destination-specific fixed costs and focus on products that are less differentiated, have lower contract intensity, and have large sunk entr…
Dental eruption in East African wild chimpanzees
Two-Sided Heterogeneity and Trade
This paper develops a multicountry model of international trade that provides a simple microfoundation for buyer-seller relationships in trade. We explore a rich data set that identifies buyers and sellers in trade and establish a set of basic facts that guide the development of the theoretical model. We use predictions of the model to examine the role of buyer heterogeneity in a market for firm-level adjustments to trade shocks, as well as to qu…
Production Networks, Geography, and Firm Performance
This paper examines the importance of buyer-supplier relationships, geography and the structure of the production network in firm performance. We develop a simple model where firms can outsource tasks and search for suppliers in different locations. Low search and outsourcing costs lead firms to search more and find better suppliers. This in turn drives down the firm's marginal production costs. We test the theory by exploiting the opening of a h…
Assessing the state of knowledge of contemporary climate change and primates
In recent years, interest in understanding the effects of climate change on species and ecological systems has sharply increased. We quantify and contextualize the current state of knowledge about the effects of contemporary climate change on non‐human primates, a taxon of great ecological and anthropological significance. Specifically, we report findings from a systematic literature search designed to assess the allocation of research effort on …
The Origins of Firm Heterogeneity: A Production Network Approach
We explore firm size heterogeneity in production networks. In comprehensive data for Belgium, firms with more customers have higher total sales but lower sales and lower market shares per customer. Downstream factors, especially the number of customers, explain the vast majority of firm size dispersion. We rationalize these facts with a model of network formation and two-dimensional firm heterogeneity. Higher productivity generates more matches a…
Economics (18 works) · Global trade and economics (13 works) · Business (10 works) · International trade (9 works) · Industrial organization (8 works) · International economics (8 works) · Economic Growth and Productivity (7 works) · Macroeconomics (7 works) · Microeconomics (6 works) · Productivity (6 works)