Jan Hofer
Biographic Data
| ID | 643015 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Jan Hofer |
| GIVEN NAMES | Jan |
| FAMILY NAME | Hofer |
| SIGNATURE | HOFER J |
| AFFILIATIONS | Universität Trier |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-5335-6110 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 35 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 82 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 35 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2004 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
Identity formation from a cross-cultural perspective: Identity statuses and profiles among German and Zambian adolescents
Perceived Societal Expectations Regarding Later Life Among Older People From Four Cultures
The study is aimed at identifying perceived societal expectations toward later life in older people and examining cultural differences in these prevailing expectations. One hundred ninety-nine people aged 60 years and above were recruited in four different cultures (Cameroon, Germany, Hong Kong, and Czech Republic). Older people responded to an open-ended question about societal expectations toward later life. Responses were transcribed and conte…
Successful Goal Attainment: Longitudinal Effects of Goal Commitment and Implicit Motives Among German and Zambian Adolescents
Goal commitment typically relates to successful goal realization. Yet, individuals differ in how much their goals correspond to their implicit motives. We hypothesized that for those adolescents high in a given implicit motive, goal commitment and goal success in the corresponding motive domain (i.e., achievement, affiliation, power) are more closely related than for those low in the implicit motive. Data were assessed in an individualistic (Germ…
Red light game identifies ineffective criminal deterrence
The proceeding investigates the ineffectiveness of law enforcement placement in specific circumstances from the penological framework of rational choice theory. This work employs game theory modeling to determine an individual's propensity to commit a crime. The succeeding illustrates how it is counterproductive to nudge potential criminals where socially preferable behavior corresponds to a pure strategy Nash equilibrium in a simultaneous two-pl…
Willingness of Nursing Home Residents and Students to Participate in an Intergenerational Program: Effects of Traits and Pressing Developmental Tasks
In the present study, we examined whether pressing developmental tasks, that is identity formation and generativity, and personality traits predict nursing home residents’ and students’ willingness to take part in an intergenerational encounter program. A total of 406 students and 114 nursing home residents reported on personality traits, age-relevant developmental tasks, and their willingness to participate in the program. Analyses verified that…
The Implicit Affiliation Motive, Evaluations of Social Life Events, and Life Satisfaction: Findings from a Cross-Cultural Study with German and Zambian Adolescents
Positively and negatively evaluated life events are associated with individuals’ life satisfaction. In the present study, we tested whether the link between individuals’ evaluations of life events in the social domain and their satisfaction with life is moderated by their implicit affiliation motive. Adolescent participants were recruited in Germany and Zambia. First, data on the implicit affiliation motive and life satisfaction were gathered. Ap…
Implicit motives across cultures
In recent years, methodological and substantial progress has been made in the field of cross-cultural studies on implicit motives. We propose that cross-cultural studies on implicit motives are indispensable to understand universal and culture-specific variations in individuals’ mental processes and behavior. It is assumed that implicit motives represent the first motivational system to be shaped in a human being’s ontogeny and that they have far…
Implicit Motives Across Cultures
In recent years, methodological and substantial progress has been made in the field of cross-cultural studies on implicit motives. We propose that cross-cultural studies on implicit motives are indispensable to understand universal and culture-specific variations in individuals’ mental processes and behavior. It is assumed that implicit motives represent the first motivational system to be shaped in a human being’s ontogeny and that they have far…
Effects of an intergenerational program on adolescent self‐concept clarity: A pilot study
OBJECTIVE: This pilot study examined the effects of a newly developed intergenerational program on self-concept clarity (SCC) of adolescent participants. METHOD: In 12 encounter groups, 58 secondary school students and 50 nursing home residents shared their life stories and discussed existential questions about life (e.g., important values in life, how to deal with failure and regret). The life story encounter program (LSEP) is based on the dyadi…
Dialogical Integration of Life Experiences and Successful Aging
This article examines the hypothesis that the dialogical integration of life experiences is related to successful aging. Life story interviews with 93 older Czech adults were sorted into categories characterized by specific patterns of life experience integration: (i) without dialogical processes, (ii) with differentiated I-positions, (iii) with dialogical relationships, (iv) partially integrated, and (v) completely integrated. The results indica…
Motive-Driven Interpersonal Identity Development: Moderating Effects of Perceived Parenting Quality and Sense of Self-Determination
Living and acting in line with one's implicit motives fosters peoples' well-being across a wide array of cultural contexts. Yet, not all individuals commit to goals that reflect their implicit motives. Research points to resources that relate to congruence of implicit and explicit motives. We hypothesized that such resources also relate to motive-congruent identity development. In detail, we assumed that perceived parenting quality (Study 1) and …
In the Eye of the Beholder: Effects of Parent-reported Parenting and Adolescent-reported Parenting on Identity among German and Zambian Adolescents
While a substantial number of studies have shown that perceived parenting plays an important role in identity formation, research employing a multi-informant and cross-cultural approach is still lacking. Attempting to fill this gap, we hypothesized that adolescent-reported parenting mediates the link between parent-reported parenting and identity dimensions (i.e., commitment, in-depth exploration, and reconsideration of commitment) in German and …
Associations between the implicit needs for affiliation and power and identity development in a sample of Zambian adolescents
Research indicates that identity development is impacted by implicit motives. Because research in non-Western cultures is scarce, a sample from Zambia is examined; moreover, because previous research has exclusively focused on communal motives (n Affiliation), agentic motives (n Power) are taken into account additionally. We hypothesized that implicit motives relate to identity development only when adolescents report positive parenting experienc…
How negative parenting might hamper identity development: Spontaneous aggressiveness and personal belief in a just world
Based on studies indicating that identity formation is shaped by perceived negative parenting and personal factors, we hypothesized that negative parenting relates to adolescents’ self-reported spontaneous aggressiveness and their personal belief in a just world and consequently, is associated with problems developing a firm meaningful interpersonal identity. In a series of four studies, we gathered data from 807 German students aged between 13 a…
The Higher Your Implicit Affiliation‐Intimacy Motive, the More Loneliness Can Turn You Into a Social Cynic: A Cross‐Cultural Study
Research has shown that the strength of the implicit affiliation‐intimacy motive moderates the effects of satisfaction and frustration of the need for affiliation‐intimacy: Low relatedness was more closely related to envy for people high in the implicit affiliation‐intimacy motive. The present study tests a moderating effect of the strength of the implicit affiliation‐intimacy motive on the association between low relatedness and social cynicism …
Generativity does not necessarily satisfy all your needs: Associations among cultural demand for generativity, generative concern, generative action, and need satisfaction in the elderly in four cultu…
The present study examines the association between various facets of generativity, that is, cultural demand for generativity, generative concern, and generative action, with the satisfaction of the needs for relatedness, competence, and autonomy in samples of elderly from Cameroon, China (Hong Kong), the Czech Republic, and Germany. Participants provided information on self-transcendence values (internalized cultural demand), generative concern a…
Motivational Development: Cross-Cultural Perspectives
The Effect of Motive-Trait Interaction on Satisfaction of the Implicit Need for Affiliation Among German and Cameroonian Adults: Motive-Trait Interaction
Research provided evidence that personality traits influence the realization of implicit motives: Extraversion supported the successful realization of the implicit motives for affiliation and power, whereas introversion deflected implicit motives away from significant goals and created difficulties in goal attainment. Based on those findings on motive-trait interaction, we tested whether the traits of Neuroticism, Agreeableness, and Extraversion …
Self-regulation and milestones of adult development: Intimacy and generativity
In 2 separate studies, the idea is tested that the positive association between self-regulatory capacities and well-being is partly explained by the positive effect self-regulation has on the successful resolution of developmental crises in Eriksonian terms. In Study 1, attentional control, intimacy, and subjective well-being are assessed in 177 young adults. Results show that attentional control fosters intimacy, which in turn is beneficial to s…
Developing and Evaluating the Social Axioms Survey in Eleven Countries: Its Relationship With the Five-Factor Model of Personality
Based on a deductive, culturally decentered approach, new items were generated to improve the reliability of the original Social Axioms Survey, which measures individuals' general beliefs about the world. In Study 1, results from 11 countries support the original five-factor structure and achieve higher reliability for the axiom dimensions as measured by the new scale. Moreover, moderate but meaningful associations between axiom and Big-Five pers…
Motivational Basis of Body Contact: A Multicultural Study of Mothers With Their Three-Month-Old Infants
Evidence suggests that ideas about parenting are often not directly related to parenting behavior, a phenomenon defined as the belief-behavior dilemma. The present study considers both explicit socialization goals but also implicit motives as predictors for parenting behavior emphasizing close body contact between mother and infant. Mothers with 3-month-old infants were recruited in three cultural contexts that represent different cultural models…
Interpersonal Identity Achievement Accounts for the Link Between Action Control and Self-Informed Realization of the Implicit Affiliation-Intimacy Motive
This study examines the relationship between a specific form of self-regulation (i.e., action control) and the dispositional mode of realization of the implicit affiliation-intimacy motive. This mode can either be self-informed or driven by external incentives. It was hypothesized that interpersonal identity achievement mediates the relationship between action control and the self-informed mode of motive realization of the implicit need for affil…
When the needs for affiliation and intimacy are frustrated: Envy and indirect aggression among German and Cameroonian adults
Is Self-Determined Functioning a Universal Prerequisite for Motive-Goal Congruence? Examining the Domain of Achievement in Three Cultures
Research has shown that capacity for accessing implicit motives promotes congruence between the implicit and the explicit motivational system: Individuals able to test a conscious goal for its fit with their implicit motivation commit themselves more fully to self-congruent goals. However, it has not yet been shown whether this is a universal phenomenon or limited to Euro-American cultures in which individual needs are less strictly constrained b…
Effects of motive-goal congruence on well-being in the power domain: Considering goals and values in a German and two Chinese samples
Individualism-collectivism as Descriptive Norms: Development of a Subjective Norm Approach to Culture Measurement
The development and validation of a new instrument for measuring the descriptive norms related to individualism-collectivism (IC) is presented. IC is conceptualized as a group- specific unidimensional cultural construct with four defining attributes (Triandis, 1995). Three studies are reported showing the dimensionality and validities at individual and cultural levels across samples from 11 cultures. The new instrument has good statistical proper…
Developing and Evaluating the Social Axioms Survey in Eleven Countries: Its Relationship With the Five-Factor Model of Personality
Based on a deductive, culturally decentered approach, new items were generated to improve the reliability of the original Social Axioms Survey, which measures individuals' general beliefs about the world. In Study 1, results from 11 countries support the original five-factor structure and achieve higher reliability for the axiom dimensions as measured by the new scale. Moreover, moderate but meaningful associations between axiom and Big-Five pers…
Self-regulation and milestones of adult development: Intimacy and generativity
In 2 separate studies, the idea is tested that the positive association between self-regulatory capacities and well-being is partly explained by the positive effect self-regulation has on the successful resolution of developmental crises in Eriksonian terms. In Study 1, attentional control, intimacy, and subjective well-being are assessed in 177 young adults. Results show that attentional control fosters intimacy, which in turn is beneficial to s…
The implicit power motive and sociosexuality in men and women: Pancultural effects of responsibility
Research has shown that an individual's implicit power motive relates to 2 types of behavioral clusters: either prosocial, socially appropriate behaviors or profligate, impulsive behaviors. The present study examined the relationship between individuals' implicit power motives and their tendency to engage in sexual activities without strong emotional ties (i.e., sociosexuality). For men, but not for women, this relationship was hypothesized to be…
Effects of motive-goal congruence on well-being in the power domain: Considering goals and values in a German and two Chinese samples
Arousal of Achievement Motivation Among Student Samples in Three Different Cultural Contexts: Self and Social Standards of Evaluation
This article examines the influence of different situational contexts on the arousal of need for achievement in student samples from different cultural contexts. Implicit achievement motivation was assessed by a Thematic Apperception Test-type story test for which two different instructions were used: Although one group was informed that the best performance would be identified (me-oriented instruction), the other group was told that only the per…
The Measurement of Implicit Motives in Three Cultures: Power and Affiliation in Cameroon, Costa Rica, and Germany
This article examines methodological issues related to the measurement of implicit motives in culturally divergent samples. Implicit motives are seen as basic needs shared by all human beings. However, crosscultural comparisons are very restricted because many cross-cultural studies on implicit motives with non-Western cultures developed and discussed culture-inherent stimuli. The aim of the study here was to search for a culture-independent set …
Methodological Considerations of Applying a Tat-Type Picture-Story Test in Cross-Cultural Research: A Comparison of German and Zambian Adolescents
This article examines problems associated with the selection and use of picture cues to assess data on implicit motives in cross-cultural research. A TAT-type picture-story test was administered to 121 Gwembe Tonga adolescents in Zambia. The stories were coded following Winter's scoring system. The cue strength of each of the five picture stimuli in Zambia was identified and compared to findings on cue strength in a German student sample. Cue str…
Generativity does not necessarily satisfy all your needs: Associations among cultural demand for generativity, generative concern, generative action, and need satisfaction in the elderly in four cultu…
The present study examines the association between various facets of generativity, that is, cultural demand for generativity, generative concern, and generative action, with the satisfaction of the needs for relatedness, competence, and autonomy in samples of elderly from Cameroon, China (Hong Kong), the Czech Republic, and Germany. Participants provided information on self-transcendence values (internalized cultural demand), generative concern a…
When the needs for affiliation and intimacy are frustrated: Envy and indirect aggression among German and Cameroonian adults
Red light game identifies ineffective criminal deterrence
The proceeding investigates the ineffectiveness of law enforcement placement in specific circumstances from the penological framework of rational choice theory. This work employs game theory modeling to determine an individual's propensity to commit a crime. The succeeding illustrates how it is counterproductive to nudge potential criminals where socially preferable behavior corresponds to a pure strategy Nash equilibrium in a simultaneous two-pl…
The Emergence of the Independent Self: Autobiographical Memory as a Mediator of False Belief Understanding and Sociocultural Motive Orientation in Cameroonian and German Preschoolers
Applying a preschooler version of an instrument measuring implicit motives (Operant Multimotive Test), the authors investigated the interrelations of autobiographical memory, theory of mind, and implicit motives in the preschool years. Four- to 6-year-old children from Bamenda (Cameroon, N = 30) and Osnabrück (Germany, N = 52) were tested using a location false belief task, and a second order task as measures for theory of mind and a version of W…
Methodological Considerations of Applying a Tat-Type Picture-Story Test in Cross-Cultural Research: A Comparison of German and Zambian Adolescents
This article examines problems associated with the selection and use of picture cues to assess data on implicit motives in cross-cultural research. A TAT-type picture-story test was administered to 121 Gwembe Tonga adolescents in Zambia. The stories were coded following Winter's scoring system. The cue strength of each of the five picture stimuli in Zambia was identified and compared to findings on cue strength in a German student sample. Cue str…
The Measurement of Implicit Motives in Three Cultures: Power and Affiliation in Cameroon, Costa Rica, and Germany
This article examines methodological issues related to the measurement of implicit motives in culturally divergent samples. Implicit motives are seen as basic needs shared by all human beings. However, crosscultural comparisons are very restricted because many cross-cultural studies on implicit motives with non-Western cultures developed and discussed culture-inherent stimuli. The aim of the study here was to search for a culture-independent set …
Motive Congruence and Interpersonal Identity Status
This article examines the relationship between interpersonal ego identity formation and congruence of self‐attributed and implicit affiliation motives. A TAT‐type picture‐story test, the Personality Research Form, and the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status were administered to 177 participants to assess data on affiliation motivation and interpersonal identity formation. According to a scoring system developed by Winter, the pictur…
Quality of Familial Relations in Childhood and Ego Identity Formation: The Moderating Influence of Dispositions of Action Control
This article examines the relation between the retrospective evaluation of family relationships in childhood, ego identity formation, and self-regulation (disposition of action control). The Relationship-Context-Scale, a short version of the Action Control Scale, and the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status were administered to 176 participants. Analyses revealed that the relation of early family context and identity formation is mod…
Socio-cultural Aspects of Identity Formation: The Relationship between Commitment and Well-Being in Student Samples from Cameroon and Germany
This article examines the relationship between ego identity formation (commitment statuses) and subjective well-being among student samples from Cameroon and Germany. The Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status was administered to Cameroonian and German participants. Additionally, data on life satisfaction and mood states were collected. Firstly, the equivalence of measurements across cultural groups was examined. Subsequent analyses re…
Concern for Generativity and Its Relation to Implicit Pro‐Social Power Motivation, Generative Goals, and Satisfaction With Life: A Cross‐Cultural Investigation
So far, cross‐cultural research on generativity has been lacking. The present study tests the cross‐cultural applicability of an integrative model of generativity proposed by McAdams and de St. Aubin. Measures of implicit pro‐social power motivation, a general disposition for generativity, generative goals, and life satisfaction were administered to adults in Cameroon, Costa Rica, and Germany. These measures cover the intrapersonal part of the ge…
Individualism-collectivism as Descriptive Norms: Development of a Subjective Norm Approach to Culture Measurement
The development and validation of a new instrument for measuring the descriptive norms related to individualism-collectivism (IC) is presented. IC is conceptualized as a group- specific unidimensional cultural construct with four defining attributes (Triandis, 1995). Three studies are reported showing the dimensionality and validities at individual and cultural levels across samples from 11 cultures. The new instrument has good statistical proper…
Is Self-Determined Functioning a Universal Prerequisite for Motive-Goal Congruence? Examining the Domain of Achievement in Three Cultures
Research has shown that capacity for accessing implicit motives promotes congruence between the implicit and the explicit motivational system: Individuals able to test a conscious goal for its fit with their implicit motivation commit themselves more fully to self-congruent goals. However, it has not yet been shown whether this is a universal phenomenon or limited to Euro-American cultures in which individual needs are less strictly constrained b…
Effects of motive-goal congruence on well-being in the power domain: Considering goals and values in a German and two Chinese samples
The implicit power motive and sociosexuality in men and women: Pancultural effects of responsibility
Research has shown that an individual's implicit power motive relates to 2 types of behavioral clusters: either prosocial, socially appropriate behaviors or profligate, impulsive behaviors. The present study examined the relationship between individuals' implicit power motives and their tendency to engage in sexual activities without strong emotional ties (i.e., sociosexuality). For men, but not for women, this relationship was hypothesized to be…
Arousal of Achievement Motivation Among Student Samples in Three Different Cultural Contexts: Self and Social Standards of Evaluation
This article examines the influence of different situational contexts on the arousal of need for achievement in student samples from different cultural contexts. Implicit achievement motivation was assessed by a Thematic Apperception Test-type story test for which two different instructions were used: Although one group was informed that the best performance would be identified (me-oriented instruction), the other group was told that only the per…
The Emergence of the Independent Self: Autobiographical Memory as a Mediator of False Belief Understanding and Sociocultural Motive Orientation in Cameroonian and German Preschoolers
Applying a preschooler version of an instrument measuring implicit motives (Operant Multimotive Test), the authors investigated the interrelations of autobiographical memory, theory of mind, and implicit motives in the preschool years. Four- to 6-year-old children from Bamenda (Cameroon, N = 30) and Osnabrück (Germany, N = 52) were tested using a location false belief task, and a second order task as measures for theory of mind and a version of W…
Interpersonal Identity Achievement Accounts for the Link Between Action Control and Self-Informed Realization of the Implicit Affiliation-Intimacy Motive
This study examines the relationship between a specific form of self-regulation (i.e., action control) and the dispositional mode of realization of the implicit affiliation-intimacy motive. This mode can either be self-informed or driven by external incentives. It was hypothesized that interpersonal identity achievement mediates the relationship between action control and the self-informed mode of motive realization of the implicit need for affil…
When the needs for affiliation and intimacy are frustrated: Envy and indirect aggression among German and Cameroonian adults
Self-regulation and milestones of adult development: Intimacy and generativity
In 2 separate studies, the idea is tested that the positive association between self-regulatory capacities and well-being is partly explained by the positive effect self-regulation has on the successful resolution of developmental crises in Eriksonian terms. In Study 1, attentional control, intimacy, and subjective well-being are assessed in 177 young adults. Results show that attentional control fosters intimacy, which in turn is beneficial to s…
Developing and Evaluating the Social Axioms Survey in Eleven Countries: Its Relationship With the Five-Factor Model of Personality
Based on a deductive, culturally decentered approach, new items were generated to improve the reliability of the original Social Axioms Survey, which measures individuals' general beliefs about the world. In Study 1, results from 11 countries support the original five-factor structure and achieve higher reliability for the axiom dimensions as measured by the new scale. Moreover, moderate but meaningful associations between axiom and Big-Five pers…
Motivational Basis of Body Contact: A Multicultural Study of Mothers With Their Three-Month-Old Infants
Evidence suggests that ideas about parenting are often not directly related to parenting behavior, a phenomenon defined as the belief-behavior dilemma. The present study considers both explicit socialization goals but also implicit motives as predictors for parenting behavior emphasizing close body contact between mother and infant. Mothers with 3-month-old infants were recruited in three cultural contexts that represent different cultural models…
Motivational Development: Cross-Cultural Perspectives
The Effect of Motive-Trait Interaction on Satisfaction of the Implicit Need for Affiliation Among German and Cameroonian Adults: Motive-Trait Interaction
Research provided evidence that personality traits influence the realization of implicit motives: Extraversion supported the successful realization of the implicit motives for affiliation and power, whereas introversion deflected implicit motives away from significant goals and created difficulties in goal attainment. Based on those findings on motive-trait interaction, we tested whether the traits of Neuroticism, Agreeableness, and Extraversion …
Generativity does not necessarily satisfy all your needs: Associations among cultural demand for generativity, generative concern, generative action, and need satisfaction in the elderly in four cultu…
The present study examines the association between various facets of generativity, that is, cultural demand for generativity, generative concern, and generative action, with the satisfaction of the needs for relatedness, competence, and autonomy in samples of elderly from Cameroon, China (Hong Kong), the Czech Republic, and Germany. Participants provided information on self-transcendence values (internalized cultural demand), generative concern a…
The Higher Your Implicit Affiliation‐Intimacy Motive, the More Loneliness Can Turn You Into a Social Cynic: A Cross‐Cultural Study
Research has shown that the strength of the implicit affiliation‐intimacy motive moderates the effects of satisfaction and frustration of the need for affiliation‐intimacy: Low relatedness was more closely related to envy for people high in the implicit affiliation‐intimacy motive. The present study tests a moderating effect of the strength of the implicit affiliation‐intimacy motive on the association between low relatedness and social cynicism …
How negative parenting might hamper identity development: Spontaneous aggressiveness and personal belief in a just world
Based on studies indicating that identity formation is shaped by perceived negative parenting and personal factors, we hypothesized that negative parenting relates to adolescents’ self-reported spontaneous aggressiveness and their personal belief in a just world and consequently, is associated with problems developing a firm meaningful interpersonal identity. In a series of four studies, we gathered data from 807 German students aged between 13 a…
Dialogical Integration of Life Experiences and Successful Aging
This article examines the hypothesis that the dialogical integration of life experiences is related to successful aging. Life story interviews with 93 older Czech adults were sorted into categories characterized by specific patterns of life experience integration: (i) without dialogical processes, (ii) with differentiated I-positions, (iii) with dialogical relationships, (iv) partially integrated, and (v) completely integrated. The results indica…
Motive-Driven Interpersonal Identity Development: Moderating Effects of Perceived Parenting Quality and Sense of Self-Determination
Living and acting in line with one's implicit motives fosters peoples' well-being across a wide array of cultural contexts. Yet, not all individuals commit to goals that reflect their implicit motives. Research points to resources that relate to congruence of implicit and explicit motives. We hypothesized that such resources also relate to motive-congruent identity development. In detail, we assumed that perceived parenting quality (Study 1) and …
In the Eye of the Beholder: Effects of Parent-reported Parenting and Adolescent-reported Parenting on Identity among German and Zambian Adolescents
While a substantial number of studies have shown that perceived parenting plays an important role in identity formation, research employing a multi-informant and cross-cultural approach is still lacking. Attempting to fill this gap, we hypothesized that adolescent-reported parenting mediates the link between parent-reported parenting and identity dimensions (i.e., commitment, in-depth exploration, and reconsideration of commitment) in German and …
Psychology (34 works) · Social Psychology (32 works) · Developmental psychology (24 works) · Psychological Testing and Assessment (19 works) · Cognitive Abilities and Testing (13 works) · Identity, Memory, and Therapy (13 works) · Social Psychology (12 works) · German (11 works) · Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology (8 works) · Computer Science (7 works)