Dirk H R Spennemann
Biographic Data
| ID | 649622 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Dirk H R Spennemann |
| GIVEN NAMES | Dirk H R |
| FAMILY NAME | Spennemann |
| SIGNATURE | SPENNEMANN D H R |
| AFFILIATIONS | Charles Sturt University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-2639-7950 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 100 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 197 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 100 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1984 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
The Role of Itinerancy in Australian History: Rethinking the Settler Narrative
Why bother whether a future sentient artificial intelligence might be interested in their own heritage? A polemic
The Formal Recognition of Scent as a Cultural Value in Australasian Heritage Registers
Cultural heritage arises from the interactions of people and the connected environment, manifesting in both tangible and intangible forms. Standard management aims to identify and register heritage assets, with subsequent conservation preserving identified values. Australian and New Zealand/Aotearoa heritage-specific legislation enshrines distinct ascribed values, formed in response to charters presenting heritage philosophies. Recent shifts towa…
Using special postal cancels to reconstruct the movements of a theatre troupe: The case of Schaefer’s Märchen-Stadt Liliput
An investigation of gender, parenthood, and marital status on perceptions and attitudes toward risk in outdoor recreation
While some literature exists in the role of gender in outdoor recreationists’ participation and risk perception, the nature and influence of gender roles shaping the perceptions and attitudes held by the general population toward risk in outdoor recreation is less known. Drawing on a global, quantitative survey dataset (3241 men and 1906 women), this research aims to extend the existing literature, examining the potential mediatory effects of gen…
What Might Be the Possible Conditions for Artificial Intelligence to Become Cultural Beings and to Develop a Cultural Heritage of Their Own
As artificial intelligence (AI) as a technology becomes ever more pervasive in a wide range of human endeavor, from highly specialized technological and scientific applications to mass-market generative AI ‘consumed’ by the public, the question arises whether, over time, artificial intelligence could become cultural beings and, by extension, could develop a heritage of their own. This paper reopens a 2007 examination of whether future sentient ro…
Towards a Resilient and Defensible Heritage Management Regime for Local Communities: Methodological Considerations and a Worked Example
The management of tangible cultural heritage assets in the framing of the authorised cultural heritage discourse entails the identification, documentation, and evaluation of sites for their cultural heritage significance and their subsequent recognition in government-authorised heritage lists. This inscription enables the imposition of administrative controls and protective instruments that inhibit development actions that may impact the integrit…
Collecting Christmas Commerce: Material Culture Related to German Christmas Markets Held in German Museum Collections
German Christmas markets form an integral component of the seasonal calendar. Given the significant role Christmas Markets play in German society, we ask the question whether and to what extent objects from these markets have been and/or are being collected by German cultural institutions. In doing so, the authors surveyed museums in all German communities that held Christmas markets before the intensified proliferation period of the late 1970s. …
The Identification and Documentation of On-site Sensory and Multisensory Experience-A Methodological Protocol
Single and multiple sense stimuli create sensescapes, which combine to be perceived as multisensory integrated products. Such encounters may be experienced across multiple spaces and have importance due to esthetic sensuality, cultural value, economic benefit, or religious significance. This article presents a methodological protocol for the identification and documentation of on-site sensory and multisensory experiences. It outlines currently ac…
Intangible Heritage and Its Associative Objects as Exemplified by the Materiality of the Portable Material Culture of German Christmas Markets
Many aspects of intangible cultural heritage have associated objects of material culture that augment or enable aspects of intangible heritage to be exercised or emphasized. Christmas markets have been publicized as the quintessential event in Germany leading up to Christmas, with the over 2000 locations attracting large numbers of local, domestic, and international visitors. From their origins as mercantile venues during the medieval period, Chr…
Badges of (Dis-)Honour: Manifesting the ‘Conquest’ of Uluṟu via Wearable Material Culture
Set in a wide open plain, the monolith of Uluṟu (‘Ayers Rock’) has become an internationally recognizable symbol for the Australian outback, currently attracting hundreds of thousands of tourists each year. Promoted since the 1950s as an exotic tourist destination, one of the major activities has been the ‘conquest’ of Uluṟu by completing the steep climb to the top. Always disapproved by the Aṉangu, the Indigenous Australian community of the area…
Generative Artificial Intelligence, Human Agency and the Future of Cultural Heritage
The first half of 2023 was dominated by a public discussion of the nature and implications of generative artificial intelligence (genAI) models that are poised to become the most significant cross-cultural global disruptor since the invention of the World-Wide Web. It can be predicted that genAI will affect how cultural heritage is being managed and practiced, primarily by providing analysis and decision-making tools, but also by genAI generated …
Will Artificial Intelligence Affect How Cultural Heritage Will Be Managed in the Future? Responses Generated by Four genAI Models
Generative artificial intelligence (genAI) language models have become firmly embedded in public consciousness. Their abilities to extract and summarise information from a wide range of sources in their training data have attracted the attention of many scholars. This paper examines how four genAI large language models (ChatGPT, GPT4, DeepAI, and Google Bard) responded to prompts, asking (i) whether artificial intelligence would affect how cultur…
Recognising Tactual Aspects of the Urban Environment Through Walking—A Critical Discussion of Touch-, Tactile-, and Haptic-Based Sensewalk Methodologies
Tactile aspects of the urban environment may be recognised through various capacities of human sensation, including cutaneous, kinaesthetic, and proprioceptive awareness. Haptic attributes often need intentional engagement for ultimate experience and information provision, but it is exactly this imprecision that initiates challenges when dealing with tactility in a space. Whilst tactile components can be experienced when stationary or through wal…
The exploration of sensory and multisensory experiences of Hobart’s Salamanca Market and their potential as intangible heritage
Reverberating Silence: The Termination of Bells and Bell Ringing as an Exercise of Political Power
The personal and community identity of many areas of greater Europe has been interwoven with religious practice, with the ringing of church bells often dictating the quotidian rhythms of life. The symbolism of churches and church bells can be likened to that of monuments, with the erection of bell towers and the installation of bells engendering certain political powers, both in the secular and sacred realm. Just as the creation of an auditory ma…
What Actually Is a Heritage Conservation Area? A Management Critique Based on a Systematic Review of New South Wales (Australia) Planning Documents
While the community of Australian planning professionals is familiar with the identification, interpretation and application of heritage conservation areas, this is not a concept that is familiar to the general public. Yet, none of the official publications issued by the New South Wales state heritage authorities provide a definition of the purpose of heritage conservation areas that goes beyond the declaring them to be a spatially bounded area c…
The Usefulness of the Johari Window for the Cultural Heritage Planning Process
The standard heritage planning process follows the trajectory of identification, nomination, evaluation, listing and protection. The epistemology of the nominations and valuations is only rarely, if ever, examined. The Johari window was developed by the psychologists Joseph Luft and Harrington Ingham as a tool to examine group dynamics, in particular an individual’s position in, and their relationship and interactions with others in a group. This…
Exhibiting the Heritage of Covid-19—A Conversation with ChatGPT
The documentation and management of the cultural heritage of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the heritage of the digital age are emerging discourses in cultural heritage management. The enthusiastic uptake of a generative artificial intelligence application (ChatGPT) by the general public and academics alike has provided an opportunity to explore (i) whether, and to what extent, generative AI can conceptualize an emergent, not well-described fie…
Computed Tomography Analysis of the Manufacture of Cast Head-Bust Figurines by Patricia ‘Pat’ Elvins (1922–2011)
The Alice Springs sculptor Patricia Elvins created a number of busts of Indigenous Australian men, women, and children, which were distributed as casts for the gift and souvenir market. Produced between the early-1960s and the early-1990s, these varnished casts exist with four different artists’ signatures, representing collaboration with different production potters who produced the casts. Macroscopic analysis shows significant differences in we…
The Digital Heritage of the Battle to Contain Covid-19 in Australia and Its Implications for Heritage Studies
One of the major public health measures to manage and contain the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic was to engage in systematic contact tracing, which required gastronomy, community and sporting venues to keep patron registers. Stand-alone and web-based applications, developed by a range of private IT providers, soon replaced pen-and-paper lists. With the introduction of a uniform, state-wide, mandatory data collection system, these private appli…
Datasets for Material Culture Studies: A Protocol for the Systematic Compilation of Items Held in Private Hands
Crowdsourcing has been widely used in cultural heritage research, but mainly from an institutional perspective. Research into items of material culture often requires the researcher to examine specimens held in private hands. The dispersed nature of such holdings, primarily as collectable and, thus, tradeable objects, requires different techniques for identification and access than that for items held in museum collections. Crowdsourcing data fro…
Conceptualizing a Methodology for Cultural Heritage Futures: Using Futurist Hindsight to Make ‘Known Unknowns’ Knowable
In a broad conceptual framing, cultural heritage is the result of humankind’s interactions with their environment and one another, both in its tangible and intangible expressions. Cultural heritage management is by nature a retrospective discipline, as the assessment and evaluation of cultural significance of heritage assets requires the passage of time. Practitioners often struggle with the evaluation and management of very modern and contempora…
Production of German Picture Postcards at the Western Front 1915–1916 as Exemplified by the Imagery of the Church Bell of Marquillies (Département du Nord, France)
During World War I the soldiers’ life at and behind the frontline was captured by personal photography. While heavily regulated and censored on the allied side, conditions were more relaxed for German soldiers, and for German officers, in particular. Drawing on a large sample set of images of the same subject matter, a French church bell with a patriotic, anti-German inscription, this paper surveys the private production of picture postcards by G…
Community Perceptions of the Importance of Heritage Protection Relative to Other Local Government Council Operations
Cultural heritage management at the local government level relies on community participation, mainly interested stakeholders, in the identification, nomination and, in some jurisdictions, the co-evaluation of heritage assets. These are then “listed,” i.e., included in planning schemes and other development controls. Such inclusion in planning schemes is predicated on the assumption that the local community values its heritage, appreciates its pro…
Availability of shellfish resources on prehistoric Tongatapu, Tonga: Effects of Human Predation and Changing Environment
The Future of Defunct Religious Buildings: Dutch Approaches to Their Adaptive Re-use
Across the Western world, membership in the established organized churches is on the decline with a concomitant reduction in the need for churches and church halls. As redundant and unused churches are the focus of vandalism and decay, owners and heritage managers are looking for options to adaptively re-use such buildings. This article reviews the literature on the re-use of churches in the Netherlands, which has long history of innovatively add…
Cowrie shell tools: Fact or Fiction
Fragmented cowrie shells found in Oceanic archaeological sites are very often interpreted as artefacts. This paper investigates the ethnographic record of documented uses of cowrie shells and compares the archaeological record. Based on experimental data an argument is advanced that some of the observed breakage is due to biogenic causes based on shell structure rather than on intentional anthropogenic action
Stille Nacht: Covid and the Ghost of Christmas 2020
Annually, there are between 2500 and 3000 Christmas markets in Germany. While purported to be rooted in century-old tradition, the current concept of the markets, shaped in the 1930s, gradually transformed from primarily mercantile operations to experiential events. The experiential dimension is a collection of visual, auditory, and olfactory components that create a compound sensory response: the ‘Christmas atmosphere’. The prevalence of COVID-1…
Of great apes and robots: Considering the future(s) of cultural heritage
Out of this World: Issues of Managing Tourism and Humanity's Heritage on the Moon
Space tourism has become a reality and is bound to become ever more affordable. It is now time to spend serious thought on how humanity is going to manage the human material culture and heritage sites on the surface of the Moon. After all, the Apollo XI mission is of global human significance inasmuch as it was the first time a human being set foot on another celestial body. Environmental conditions on the Moon are such that what is considered lo…
The Shifting Baseline Syndrome and Generational Amnesia in Heritage Studies
It is widely understood that the preservation of cultural heritage sites and objects is underpinned by values projected by the public onto essentially inanimate objects, that these values vary in strength, and that they are mutable qualities. Using hindsight, the contemporary values are projected on past creations that persist into the present. If deemed significant, these past creations will be listed on heritage lists and afforded various level…
The impact of visitors on Aboriginal sites in Mungo National Park
Visitor impact is an inherent and dynamic component of cultural heritage management whenever cultural sites are accessed by people. Mungo National Park has become the focus of some 35,000 visitors per year. The impacts these visitors have on the archaeological record are investigated in this study. A series of fourteen mock sites, composed of stone artefact and bone scatters, were created in the park and the impacts that visitors had on these sit…
The politics of heritage: Second world war remains on central Pacific Islands
(1992). The politics of heritage: Second world war remains on central Pacific Islands. The Pacific Review: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 278-290
Differential representation of human skeletal remains in eroded and redeposited coastal deposits: A case study from the Marshall Islands
A historical cemetery on Majuro Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands, was partially washed away during an exceptional seasonal high tide. The osteological analysis of the human remains washed out by the tides showed that the anatomical representation of the bones found on the shoreline is distinctly skewed, caused by the erosion of the graves by wave action and the differential transport of bones by waves and currents. The two major factors in…
The Evidentiary Value of Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Postcards for Heritage Studies
A postcard ‘craze’ engulfed the developed world and colonial world during the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century, when over 2.3 million picture postcards were mailed in 1904 alone. Formally published picture postcards can provide a rich source of information for heritage studies as they depict landscape scenery, towns, individual buildings and public plantings such as parks. The evidentiary value of late nineteenth a…
Covid-19 on the Ground: Managing the Heritage Sites of a Pandemic
The standard methodology for the assessment of cultural heritage significance relies on hindsight, with a passage of time elapsed between the creation of the site or object and its assessment. There are, however, cases where heritage significance is instant (e.g., sites associated with the first Moon landing). This paper argues that hindsight will not be required to determine that the COVID-19 pandemic will come to be considered as a significant …
Will Artificial Intelligence Affect How Cultural Heritage Will Be Managed in the Future? Responses Generated by Four genAI Models
Generative artificial intelligence (genAI) language models have become firmly embedded in public consciousness. Their abilities to extract and summarise information from a wide range of sources in their training data have attracted the attention of many scholars. This paper examines how four genAI large language models (ChatGPT, GPT4, DeepAI, and Google Bard) responded to prompts, asking (i) whether artificial intelligence would affect how cultur…
Conceptualizing a Methodology for Cultural Heritage Futures: Using Futurist Hindsight to Make ‘Known Unknowns’ Knowable
In a broad conceptual framing, cultural heritage is the result of humankind’s interactions with their environment and one another, both in its tangible and intangible expressions. Cultural heritage management is by nature a retrospective discipline, as the assessment and evaluation of cultural significance of heritage assets requires the passage of time. Practitioners often struggle with the evaluation and management of very modern and contempora…
Sensory perception in cultural studies—a review of sensorial and multisensorial heritage
Following the "authorized heritage discourse" in heritage management, visual components have traditionally formed the basis of aesthetic value assessment of heritage assets. Despite being considered important by national legislation and international conventions, other sensory components have been comparatively under-researched and are generally ignored. No research to date has investigated the breadth and depth of these sensory components either…
To Ring or Not to Ring: What Covid-19 Taught Us about Religious Heritage Soundscapes in the Community
Despite church bell ringing being directly influenced by purposive human action, often as a liturgical function, it creates a community soundscape with ascribed heritage values. While general heritage management processes and decisions are informed by heritage professionals with a broader range of experience, we find that church bell ringing is contrary to this process. The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated how a stochastic disruptive event can …
Using 3D Spatial Visualisation to Interpret the Coverage of Anti-Aircraft Batteries on a World War II Battlefield
Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) focuses on the documentation and visualization of heritage properties which are confined in their permanent terrestrial space. This paper extended the concept of Heritage Building Information Modeling to the airspace above the sites. It presented a methodology for the 3D spatial visualisation of the aerial space controlled by anti-aircraft (AA) guns, taking into account the masking effects of the unde…
Extreme cultural tourism from Antarctica to the Moon
A Line in the Sand? Explorations of the Cultural Heritage Value of Hominid, Pongid, and Robotid Artifacts
Although cultural heritage management is an inherently retrospective discipline, there is a need for strategic forward thinking. Too many valuable heritage places have been lost because they are not recognized and assessed in time. As cultural heritage management begins to examine modern structures and sites, this paper takes strategic thinking in cultural heritage management one step further and addresses the management of artifactual material c…
Decomposition of human bodies and the interpretation of burials in the tropical Pacific
Burial space on many Pacific Islands is limited, and the same burial location is used over and over again. Many interments intercut each other with the more recent burial disturbing the previous one. In order to provide some time line data on the sequence and relationship of the interments beyond simple relative archaeological chronology, it is necessary to understand the rate of decomposition of buried human bodies on small tropical islands.Exhu…
The impact of cyclonic tidal surge on archaeological sites in Tonga
On the Bronze Age ship model from Flores, Indonesia
International Journal of Nautical ArchaeologyVolume 14, Issue 3 p. 237-241 On the Bronze Age ship model from Flores, Indonesia Dirk R. Spennemann, Dirk R. Spennemann Seminar für Vor-und Frühgeschichte, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität, Arndtstrasse II, 6000 Frankfurt am Main, FRGSearch for more papers by this author Dirk R. Spennemann, Dirk R. Spennemann Seminar für Vor-und Frühgeschichte, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität, Arndtstrasse II, 60…
The Digital Heritage of the Battle to Contain Covid-19 in Australia and Its Implications for Heritage Studies
One of the major public health measures to manage and contain the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic was to engage in systematic contact tracing, which required gastronomy, community and sporting venues to keep patron registers. Stand-alone and web-based applications, developed by a range of private IT providers, soon replaced pen-and-paper lists. With the introduction of a uniform, state-wide, mandatory data collection system, these private appli…
Datasets for Material Culture Studies: A Protocol for the Systematic Compilation of Items Held in Private Hands
Crowdsourcing has been widely used in cultural heritage research, but mainly from an institutional perspective. Research into items of material culture often requires the researcher to examine specimens held in private hands. The dispersed nature of such holdings, primarily as collectable and, thus, tradeable objects, requires different techniques for identification and access than that for items held in museum collections. Crowdsourcing data fro…
Production of German Picture Postcards at the Western Front 1915–1916 as Exemplified by the Imagery of the Church Bell of Marquillies (Département du Nord, France)
During World War I the soldiers’ life at and behind the frontline was captured by personal photography. While heavily regulated and censored on the allied side, conditions were more relaxed for German soldiers, and for German officers, in particular. Drawing on a large sample set of images of the same subject matter, a French church bell with a patriotic, anti-German inscription, this paper surveys the private production of picture postcards by G…
Some critical remarks on the boats depicted on the South East Asian kettledrums: An assessment of the daggerboards
Right- and left-handedness in early South-east Asia: The graphic evidence of the Borobudur
On the Bronze Age ship model from Flores, Indonesia
International Journal of Nautical ArchaeologyVolume 14, Issue 3 p. 237-241 On the Bronze Age ship model from Flores, Indonesia Dirk R. Spennemann, Dirk R. Spennemann Seminar für Vor-und Frühgeschichte, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität, Arndtstrasse II, 6000 Frankfurt am Main, FRGSearch for more papers by this author Dirk R. Spennemann, Dirk R. Spennemann Seminar für Vor-und Frühgeschichte, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität, Arndtstrasse II, 60…
A note on the metallurgy of Southeast Asian kettle-drums: Proportions of lead and tin and implications for chronology
Northern Ethiopian Bronze Implements for Left-Handed Individuals
Rudolf Gerharz has been making a detailed comparative study of African metal tools, ethnographic as well as archaeological, across the continent. He is preparing a corpus. The present note is the result of fruitful collaboration with Dirk Spennemann, formerly a student of European prehistory and now engaged in the archaeology of the South Pacific. Both authors are at the Seminar fur Vor- und Frühgeschichte of the University of Frankfurt-am-Main. …
A rediscovered Javanese ceremonial axe housed in the Museum of Natural history at Mayence, FRG
The impact of cyclonic tidal surge on archaeological sites in Tonga
News and Short Contributions
Experiences with Mapping Sites on Aerial Photographs
Experiences with Mapping Sites on Aerial Photographs." Journal of Field Archaeology, 14(2), p. 225
Perspectives
Availability of shellfish resources on prehistoric Tongatapu, Tonga: Effects of Human Predation and Changing Environment
Evolution of southeast Asian kettle-drums
As any parent knows, a metal saucepan turned upside down makes an admirable drum. This simple observation has implications for the evolution of one of the more splendid kinds of ancient bronze artefact
Of Wheels and Tracks: Experiences with Heavy Excavating Equipment
The author recounts the experiences he had while he was carrying extremely heavy excavating equipment during the salvage excavations conducted in Tonga
The politics of heritage: Second world war remains on central Pacific Islands
(1992). The politics of heritage: Second world war remains on central Pacific Islands. The Pacific Review: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 278-290
Differential representation of human skeletal remains in eroded and redeposited coastal deposits: A case study from the Marshall Islands
A historical cemetery on Majuro Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands, was partially washed away during an exceptional seasonal high tide. The osteological analysis of the human remains washed out by the tides showed that the anatomical representation of the bones found on the shoreline is distinctly skewed, caused by the erosion of the graves by wave action and the differential transport of bones by waves and currents. The two major factors in…
News and Short Contributions
Marshall Islands Approves Comprehensive Preservation Legislation
Marshall Islands Approves Comprehensive Preservation Legislation." Journal of Field Archaeology, 20(4), pp. 504–505
Cowrie shell tools: Fact or Fiction
Fragmented cowrie shells found in Oceanic archaeological sites are very often interpreted as artefacts. This paper investigates the ethnographic record of documented uses of cowrie shells and compares the archaeological record. Based on experimental data an argument is advanced that some of the observed breakage is due to biogenic causes based on shell structure rather than on intentional anthropogenic action
Decomposition of human bodies and the interpretation of burials in the tropical Pacific
Burial space on many Pacific Islands is limited, and the same burial location is used over and over again. Many interments intercut each other with the more recent burial disturbing the previous one. In order to provide some time line data on the sequence and relationship of the interments beyond simple relative archaeological chronology, it is necessary to understand the rate of decomposition of buried human bodies on small tropical islands.Exhu…
The Association between El Niño/Southern Oscillation Events and Typhoons in the Marshall Islands
An analysis of the historic record of typhoons in the Marshall Islands has identified a significant association between the occurrence of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation phenomenon (ENSO) and the occurrence of typhoons in the Marshall Islands. Whilst typhoons normally occur further to the east, the warming of the ocean waters around the Marshall Islands, as part of the ENSO phenomenon, generates typhoons further to the west. The results suggest …
Floating obsidian and its implications for the interpretation of Pacific prehistory
A piece of pumice among drift material on Nadikdik Atoll, Marshall Islands, in far Micronesia had a large chunk of flakeable obsidian attached. As the atoll had been devastated by a typhoon and associated storm surge in 1905, the piece must have arrived by sea within the last 90 years. This and similar incidences of raw materials distributed by ocean drift show how sea-borne dispersal cannot be excluded offhand in the occurrence of obsidian in fa…
The United States annexation of Wake Atoll, Central Pacific Ocean
Japanese poaching and the enforcement of German colonial sovereignty in the Marshall Islands
In the first decade of the 20th century Japanese plumage hunters visited many of the uninhabited Central Pacific atolls, depleting the local bird populations. When a group of Marshallese engaged in traditional birding surprised a group of Japanese on remote Bokak Atoll in 1909, the German colonial administrator was forced to deal with the issue without guidance from Berlin. This paper describes the events and reviews the German actions in the lig…
The impact of visitors on Aboriginal sites in Mungo National Park
Visitor impact is an inherent and dynamic component of cultural heritage management whenever cultural sites are accessed by people. Mungo National Park has become the focus of some 35,000 visitors per year. The impacts these visitors have on the archaeological record are investigated in this study. A series of fourteen mock sites, composed of stone artefact and bone scatters, were created in the park and the impacts that visitors had on these sit…
Science and Education: The beginnings of agricultural extension in 1890s New South Wales
Agricultural extension began in New South Wales (Australia) with the foundation of the Department of Agriculture in 1890 and the establishment of a body of scientists to answer farmers’ queries and to educate farmers about their findings. This paper charts the growth of extension, and the various concepts developed, highlighting the contributions of Nathan A. Cobb (1859–1932)
Archaeology (59 works) · History (55 works) · Geography (45 works) · History (43 works) · Political science (40 works) · Law (36 works) · Computer Science (33 works) · Sociology (33 works) · Law (29 works) · Cultural heritage (27 works)