Brian Lakey
Biographic Data
| ID | 650476 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Brian Lakey |
| GIVEN NAMES | Brian |
| FAMILY NAME | Lakey |
| SIGNATURE | LAKEY B |
| AFFILIATIONS | Grand Valley State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-6176-7139 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 22 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 141 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 22 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1982 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2022 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
The relational regulation of within‐person variation in personality expression
There is renewed interest in how people express different levels of personality across situations or times (within‐person variation). However, within‐person studies typically do not focus on the specific relationship partners that are linked to the expression of personality. To remedy this, we applied relational regulation theory (RRT) to the study of within‐person variation. RRT states that specific relationship partners are important social con…
Black Racial Identity, Perceived Support, and Mental Health Within Dyadic Relationships
Black racial identity (BRI), particularly centrality and private regard, have been linked to mental health and are often theorized to reflect trait-like and situational influences. We estimated the strength of trait and dyadic relationships (a type of situation) for BRI and its links to subclinical anxiety and depression. Black university students ( N = 110) rated their BRI, mental health, and perceived support when with or thinking about three r…
Ordinary Social Interaction and the Main Effect Between Perceived Support and Affect
Relational regulation theory hypothesizes that (a) the main effect between perceived support and mental health primarily reflects ordinary social interaction rather than conversations about stress and how to cope with it, and (b) the extent to which a provider regulates a recipient's mental health primarily reflects the recipient's personal taste (i.e., is relational), rather than the provider's objective supportiveness. In three round‐robin stud…
The role of ordinary conversation and shared activity in the main effect between perceived support and affect
People with high perceived support have better mental health, but how this occurs is not well understood. We tested hypotheses from relational regulation theory that the main effect between perceived support and affect primarily reflects ordinary conversation and shared activity. In two studies ( n = 193; n = 149), students rated three important network members and psychological reactions to each. In a third study ( n = 72) strangers shared an ac…
The social regulation of affect and self‐esteem among opiate‐dependent adults
This study extends basic theory and research on the social regulation of affect and thought to opiate‐dependent adults. Inner‐city, opiate‐dependent adults rated the supportiveness of, and conflict with, each of four support providers, and rated affect and self‐esteem experienced with each. This permitted the isolation of trait‐like aspects of these constructs (i.e., stable across providers) from their socially influenced aspects (i.e., varied ac…
Forecasting the student–professor matches that result in unusually effective teaching
BACKGROUND: Two important influences on students' evaluations of teaching are relationship and professor effects. Relationship effects reflect unique matches between students and professors such that some professors are unusually effective for some students, but not for others. Professor effects reflect inter-rater agreement that some professors are more effective than others, on average across students. AIMS: We attempted to forecast students' e…
Symbolic providers help people regulate affect relationally
Relational regulation theory (Lakey & Orehek, ) predicts that the correlation between perceived support and mental health emerges through ordinary conversation and shared activities rather than through conversations about stress and how to cope with it. Observing the conversations and activities of others also helps regulate mental health. Symbolic providers (known only through media) mimic how real providers regulate affect in that recipients ob…
Relational regulation theory
Perceived support is consistently linked to good mental health, which is typically explained as resulting from objectively supportive actions that buffer stress. Yet this explanation has difficulty accounting for the often-observed main effects between support and mental health. Relational regulation theory (RRT) hypothesizes that main effects occur when people regulate their affect, thought, and action through ordinary yet affectively consequent…
Forecasting the specific providers that recipients will perceive as unusually supportive
Perceived support primarily reflects the relationships among specific recipients and providers. These strong relational influences suggest a new approach to interventions: Match specific providers with specific recipients so that unusually supportive relationships emerge. For this approach to be successful, progress must be made on several basic research questions. For example, it must be possible to forecast the specific providers that recipient…
Low Social Support and Major Depression
Trait and Social Processes in the Link Between Social Support and Affect
This study investigated the extent to which the link between perceived social support and affect reflected support recipients' trait perceived support as well as three distinct social processes: the objective supportiveness of providers, the unique relationships among recipients and providers that were stable over occasions, as well as the unique relationships that varied across occasions. Ten recipients interacted with each of the same four prov…
The Relative Contribution of Trait and Social Influences to the Links Among Perceived Social Support, Affect, and Self‐Esteem
Although perceived support is influenced by both the personality traits of support recipients as well as various social factors, it is unknown to what extent these two types of influences account for perceived support's link to mental health. We investigated these relations using multivariate generalizability analyses. In three samples, both the trait and social influence components of perceived support were related to favorable affect and to sel…
How people make support judgments
Social support and other social judgments are composed of several distinct components, of which relationship effects are an important part. With regard to support judgments, relationship effects refer to the fact that when judging the same targets, people differ systematically in whom they see as supportive. One explanation for this effect is that people differ in how they combine information about targets to judge supportiveness. Participants ra…
Social Support Theory and Measurement
This chapter aims to provide researchers with the background to makeinformed decisions when selecting measures of social support. The premise isthat these decisions should be informed by theories of how social relationshipsinfluence health and well-being. More generally, social support research shouldhave a basis in theories about how social relationships influence our cognitions, emotions, behaviors, and biology.
Environmental and personal determinants of support perceptions
The extent to which perceived social support reflects characteristics of the environment, the personality of the perceiver, and their interaction is unknown. This article shows how the methods of generalizability theory can be used to address these questions. When participants rate the same targets on the targets' supportiveness, generalizability theory provides methods for determining the extent to which support judgments are determined by effec…
A preventive, psychoeducational approach to increase perceived social support
Investigated the effects of a 13‐week preventive, psychoeducational intervention program to improve perceived social support. Fifty‐one, low‐perceived support, community residents were randomly assigned to an intervention or wait‐list control condition. Intervention subjects received training in social skills and cognitive reframing regarding the self and social relations. The intervention led to increased perceived social support from family, bu…
Dysphoria and Vulnerability to Subsequent Life Events
Cognitive processes in perceived social support
Les auteurs rapportent deux etudes dans lesquelles ils essaient de montrer que le soutien social percu fonctionne en partie comme un construit cognitif de personnalite
Personal and environmental antecedents of perceived social support developed at college
Social support from a friend, perceived support, and social problem solving
This research combined experimental and correlational methods to investigate the effects of social support on social problem-solving effectiveness and perceived stress. During a wait period, college students were given the opportunity to work on practice items from a mildly stressful social problem-solving task, either alone or in the company of a close friend. Participants and friends were allowed to talk about the practice items but were not re…
Response biases and the relation between negative life events and psychological symptoms
This research was an investigation of whether reporting biases can account for the correlation between negative life events (as measured via life events questionnaires) and subclinical psychological symptoms. Subjects completed two life events scales, a measure of psychological symptoms, a measure of depression, and a measure of social desirability. Friends were asked to report about life events experienced by the subjects. No evidence was found …
Locus of control as a stress moderator
The study investigated the effects of locus of control beliefs as an individual difference variable on (a) the relationship between negative life events and psychological disorder, (b) perceptions of control over negative life events, and (c) the receipt and impact of social support. Ninety-three college undergraduates (52 internals, 41 externals) reported the negative events which occurred to them in the past year, their perceived control over t…
Locus of control as a stress moderator
The study investigated the effects of locus of control beliefs as an individual difference variable on (a) the relationship between negative life events and psychological disorder, (b) perceptions of control over negative life events, and (c) the receipt and impact of social support. Ninety-three college undergraduates (52 internals, 41 externals) reported the negative events which occurred to them in the past year, their perceived control over t…
Cognitive processes in perceived social support
Les auteurs rapportent deux etudes dans lesquelles ils essaient de montrer que le soutien social percu fonctionne en partie comme un construit cognitif de personnalite
Environmental and personal determinants of support perceptions
The extent to which perceived social support reflects characteristics of the environment, the personality of the perceiver, and their interaction is unknown. This article shows how the methods of generalizability theory can be used to address these questions. When participants rate the same targets on the targets' supportiveness, generalizability theory provides methods for determining the extent to which support judgments are determined by effec…
A preventive, psychoeducational approach to increase perceived social support
Investigated the effects of a 13‐week preventive, psychoeducational intervention program to improve perceived social support. Fifty‐one, low‐perceived support, community residents were randomly assigned to an intervention or wait‐list control condition. Intervention subjects received training in social skills and cognitive reframing regarding the self and social relations. The intervention led to increased perceived social support from family, bu…
Personal and environmental antecedents of perceived social support developed at college
Social support from a friend, perceived support, and social problem solving
This research combined experimental and correlational methods to investigate the effects of social support on social problem-solving effectiveness and perceived stress. During a wait period, college students were given the opportunity to work on practice items from a mildly stressful social problem-solving task, either alone or in the company of a close friend. Participants and friends were allowed to talk about the practice items but were not re…
Response biases and the relation between negative life events and psychological symptoms
This research was an investigation of whether reporting biases can account for the correlation between negative life events (as measured via life events questionnaires) and subclinical psychological symptoms. Subjects completed two life events scales, a measure of psychological symptoms, a measure of depression, and a measure of social desirability. Friends were asked to report about life events experienced by the subjects. No evidence was found …
The role of ordinary conversation and shared activity in the main effect between perceived support and affect
People with high perceived support have better mental health, but how this occurs is not well understood. We tested hypotheses from relational regulation theory that the main effect between perceived support and affect primarily reflects ordinary conversation and shared activity. In two studies ( n = 193; n = 149), students rated three important network members and psychological reactions to each. In a third study ( n = 72) strangers shared an ac…
Forecasting the student–professor matches that result in unusually effective teaching
BACKGROUND: Two important influences on students' evaluations of teaching are relationship and professor effects. Relationship effects reflect unique matches between students and professors such that some professors are unusually effective for some students, but not for others. Professor effects reflect inter-rater agreement that some professors are more effective than others, on average across students. AIMS: We attempted to forecast students' e…
Symbolic providers help people regulate affect relationally
Relational regulation theory (Lakey & Orehek, ) predicts that the correlation between perceived support and mental health emerges through ordinary conversation and shared activities rather than through conversations about stress and how to cope with it. Observing the conversations and activities of others also helps regulate mental health. Symbolic providers (known only through media) mimic how real providers regulate affect in that recipients ob…
Dysphoria and Vulnerability to Subsequent Life Events
Locus of control as a stress moderator
The study investigated the effects of locus of control beliefs as an individual difference variable on (a) the relationship between negative life events and psychological disorder, (b) perceptions of control over negative life events, and (c) the receipt and impact of social support. Ninety-three college undergraduates (52 internals, 41 externals) reported the negative events which occurred to them in the past year, their perceived control over t…
Response biases and the relation between negative life events and psychological symptoms
This research was an investigation of whether reporting biases can account for the correlation between negative life events (as measured via life events questionnaires) and subclinical psychological symptoms. Subjects completed two life events scales, a measure of psychological symptoms, a measure of depression, and a measure of social desirability. Friends were asked to report about life events experienced by the subjects. No evidence was found …
Social support from a friend, perceived support, and social problem solving
This research combined experimental and correlational methods to investigate the effects of social support on social problem-solving effectiveness and perceived stress. During a wait period, college students were given the opportunity to work on practice items from a mildly stressful social problem-solving task, either alone or in the company of a close friend. Participants and friends were allowed to talk about the practice items but were not re…
Personal and environmental antecedents of perceived social support developed at college
Cognitive processes in perceived social support
Les auteurs rapportent deux etudes dans lesquelles ils essaient de montrer que le soutien social percu fonctionne en partie comme un construit cognitif de personnalite
Dysphoria and Vulnerability to Subsequent Life Events
A preventive, psychoeducational approach to increase perceived social support
Investigated the effects of a 13‐week preventive, psychoeducational intervention program to improve perceived social support. Fifty‐one, low‐perceived support, community residents were randomly assigned to an intervention or wait‐list control condition. Intervention subjects received training in social skills and cognitive reframing regarding the self and social relations. The intervention led to increased perceived social support from family, bu…
Environmental and personal determinants of support perceptions
The extent to which perceived social support reflects characteristics of the environment, the personality of the perceiver, and their interaction is unknown. This article shows how the methods of generalizability theory can be used to address these questions. When participants rate the same targets on the targets' supportiveness, generalizability theory provides methods for determining the extent to which support judgments are determined by effec…
Social Support Theory and Measurement
This chapter aims to provide researchers with the background to makeinformed decisions when selecting measures of social support. The premise isthat these decisions should be informed by theories of how social relationshipsinfluence health and well-being. More generally, social support research shouldhave a basis in theories about how social relationships influence our cognitions, emotions, behaviors, and biology.
How people make support judgments
Social support and other social judgments are composed of several distinct components, of which relationship effects are an important part. With regard to support judgments, relationship effects refer to the fact that when judging the same targets, people differ systematically in whom they see as supportive. One explanation for this effect is that people differ in how they combine information about targets to judge supportiveness. Participants ra…
The Relative Contribution of Trait and Social Influences to the Links Among Perceived Social Support, Affect, and Self‐Esteem
Although perceived support is influenced by both the personality traits of support recipients as well as various social factors, it is unknown to what extent these two types of influences account for perceived support's link to mental health. We investigated these relations using multivariate generalizability analyses. In three samples, both the trait and social influence components of perceived support were related to favorable affect and to sel…
Trait and Social Processes in the Link Between Social Support and Affect
This study investigated the extent to which the link between perceived social support and affect reflected support recipients' trait perceived support as well as three distinct social processes: the objective supportiveness of providers, the unique relationships among recipients and providers that were stable over occasions, as well as the unique relationships that varied across occasions. Ten recipients interacted with each of the same four prov…
Low Social Support and Major Depression
Relational regulation theory
Perceived support is consistently linked to good mental health, which is typically explained as resulting from objectively supportive actions that buffer stress. Yet this explanation has difficulty accounting for the often-observed main effects between support and mental health. Relational regulation theory (RRT) hypothesizes that main effects occur when people regulate their affect, thought, and action through ordinary yet affectively consequent…
Forecasting the specific providers that recipients will perceive as unusually supportive
Perceived support primarily reflects the relationships among specific recipients and providers. These strong relational influences suggest a new approach to interventions: Match specific providers with specific recipients so that unusually supportive relationships emerge. For this approach to be successful, progress must be made on several basic research questions. For example, it must be possible to forecast the specific providers that recipient…
Symbolic providers help people regulate affect relationally
Relational regulation theory (Lakey & Orehek, ) predicts that the correlation between perceived support and mental health emerges through ordinary conversation and shared activities rather than through conversations about stress and how to cope with it. Observing the conversations and activities of others also helps regulate mental health. Symbolic providers (known only through media) mimic how real providers regulate affect in that recipients ob…
The social regulation of affect and self‐esteem among opiate‐dependent adults
This study extends basic theory and research on the social regulation of affect and thought to opiate‐dependent adults. Inner‐city, opiate‐dependent adults rated the supportiveness of, and conflict with, each of four support providers, and rated affect and self‐esteem experienced with each. This permitted the isolation of trait‐like aspects of these constructs (i.e., stable across providers) from their socially influenced aspects (i.e., varied ac…
Forecasting the student–professor matches that result in unusually effective teaching
BACKGROUND: Two important influences on students' evaluations of teaching are relationship and professor effects. Relationship effects reflect unique matches between students and professors such that some professors are unusually effective for some students, but not for others. Professor effects reflect inter-rater agreement that some professors are more effective than others, on average across students. AIMS: We attempted to forecast students' e…
Ordinary Social Interaction and the Main Effect Between Perceived Support and Affect
Relational regulation theory hypothesizes that (a) the main effect between perceived support and mental health primarily reflects ordinary social interaction rather than conversations about stress and how to cope with it, and (b) the extent to which a provider regulates a recipient's mental health primarily reflects the recipient's personal taste (i.e., is relational), rather than the provider's objective supportiveness. In three round‐robin stud…
The role of ordinary conversation and shared activity in the main effect between perceived support and affect
People with high perceived support have better mental health, but how this occurs is not well understood. We tested hypotheses from relational regulation theory that the main effect between perceived support and affect primarily reflects ordinary conversation and shared activity. In two studies ( n = 193; n = 149), students rated three important network members and psychological reactions to each. In a third study ( n = 72) strangers shared an ac…
The relational regulation of within‐person variation in personality expression
There is renewed interest in how people express different levels of personality across situations or times (within‐person variation). However, within‐person studies typically do not focus on the specific relationship partners that are linked to the expression of personality. To remedy this, we applied relational regulation theory (RRT) to the study of within‐person variation. RRT states that specific relationship partners are important social con…
Black Racial Identity, Perceived Support, and Mental Health Within Dyadic Relationships
Black racial identity (BRI), particularly centrality and private regard, have been linked to mental health and are often theorized to reflect trait-like and situational influences. We estimated the strength of trait and dyadic relationships (a type of situation) for BRI and its links to subclinical anxiety and depression. Black university students ( N = 110) rated their BRI, mental health, and perceived support when with or thinking about three r…
Psychology (22 works) · Social Psychology (18 works) · Attachment and Relationship Dynamics (9 works) · Developmental psychology (9 works) · Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development (8 works) · Health disparities and outcomes (7 works) · Communication (6 works) · Social Psychology (6 works) · Social support (6 works) · Affect (linguistics) (5 works)